英語詞匯學(xué)教程（第四版）課件：Minor Means

MinorMeansBlendingTaskHowareblendsmade?Examples:flush(flash1+blush2)beefburger(beef1+hamburger2)Eurasia(Europe1+Asia2)Blending=theprocessofmakingnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsoraword+partofanotherwordor

viceversa.(pw1+pw2)(pw1+w2)(w1+pw2)p=partofw=wordBlendingNamesofsuchwords:blends

pormanteauwordsBlendingPatternsofblending1.head+tail

autocide(automobile+suicide)撞車自殺

motel(motor+hotel)汽車旅館

cremains(cremate+remains)骨灰Blending2.head+head

comsat(communications+satellite)

通訊衛(wèi)星

Amerind(American+Indian)美印地安人

sitcom(situation+comedy)情景喜劇

fansub(fanatic+subtitle)影迷字幕Blending3.head+word

medicare(medical+care)醫(yī)療照顧制度

telequiz(telephone+quiz)電話測(cè)試

autocamp(automobile+camp)汽車野營

livelihard(livelihood+hard)人生艱難

cruisee(cruiser+see)圍觀Blending4.word+tail

netizen(net+

citizen)網(wǎng)民

lunarnaut(lunar+astronaut)登月宇航員

bookmobile(book+automobile) 流動(dòng)書店

workfare(work+welfare)勞動(dòng)福利

shitizen(shit+

citizen)屁網(wǎng)民

Blendingautocide(automobile+suicide)撞車自殺sitcom(situation+comedy)情景喜劇autocamp(automobile+camp)汽車野營workfare(work+welfare)勞動(dòng)福利Alltheexamplesarenouns.BlendingAfewverbs:guestimate(guess+estimate)估猜breathalyse(breath+analyse) 對(duì)呼吸測(cè)酒分析Wordsofsucharelessthanformal.BlendingNewwords:sci-tech科技bio-tech生物技術(shù)globesity(global+obesity）全球性肥胖

Clipping

Clipping

Example:plane(aeroplane)exam(examination)taxi(taximetercabriolet)DefinitionClipping=shortenawordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinsteadClippingTypesofclipping:1.Frontclipping

quake(earthquake)

scope(telescope)2.Backclipping

memo(memorandum)

disco(discotheque)

Clipping3.Frontandbackclipping

flu(influenza)

fridge(refrigerater)4.Phraseclipping

pub(publichouse)

zoo(zoologicalgarden)Taskfridge(refrigerator) →frige

bike(bicycle) →bic

coke(cocoacola) →coc

telly(television) →tele

pram(perambulator)→

peram

Whyaretheresuchchanges?(pronuniation)(p&spelling)(spelling)(pronunciation(spelling)ClippingCharacteristic:Clippedwordsareinformal,generallyusedinconversations.A`cronymy

Acronymy

Definition:formingnewwordsbyjoininginitiallettersof

namesoforganizationsortechnicaltermsWordsmadeare

called

initialisms(alphabetism)or`acronyms.

Acronymy

Exceptions:TV(television)TB(tuberculosis)ID(identificationcard/identitycard)Acronymy

Acronyms:pronouncedasnormalwordsAIDS (acquiredimmunedeficiency syndrome)CORE (CongressofRacialEquality)Oneletterfromeachofthewords.Acronymy

WAVES(WomenAppointedfor

Voluntary EmergencyService)TOEFL (teachingofEnglishas

a

foreign language)laser (lightwaveamplificationby

stimulatedemissionofradiation)radar (radiodetectingandranging)Acronymy

Takingoneormorelettersfromonewordandleavingoutothers.Hybridwords:G-man (Governmentman)D-Day (DecimalizationDay)V-Day (VictoryDay)Acronymyisveryproductive.Taskinitialism

vs

acronym

initialism:VOA(VoiceofAmerica)WTO(WorldTradeOrganization)acronym:CORE/k?:/(CongressofRacialEquality)AIDS/eidz/(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)pronouncedletterbyletterpronouncedasanordinarywordBackformationBackformationExamples:editor editbutler butlelaser lasediagnosisdiagnoseDefinition:Backformationistomakenewwordsbyremovingtheso-calledsuffixes.BackformationSourcewordsforbackformation:1.Abstractnouns

enthusiasm enthusedonation donateemotion emoteBackformation2.Humannouns

sculptor sculptauthor authloafer loafBackformation3.Adjectives

drowsy drowselazy laze

Backformation4.Compoundnounsandothersmerrymaking merry-makeeavesdropping eavesdropmass-production mass-produce

BackformationAlmostalltheback-formedwordsareverbs.Theyareallinformal.TaskbackformationvsbackclippingbackformationBabackclippingoldnewoldnewtelevision

televiseadvertisementadauthor

authbachelor

bachlaserlasefanaticfanbantingbantpublichousepubTheremovedlooklikesuffixes.Theremoveddonotlooklikesuffixes.

SoundReduplicationSoundReduplicationExamples:goody-goody 好好先生willy-nilly 亂七八糟/不管怎樣shilly-shally 優(yōu)柔寡斷Soundreduplicationisarepetitionofawordformwithalittleornochange.SoundReduplicationFourtypesofreduplication:1.Wordsimitatingnaturalsounds(equalto onomatopeicwords)

tick-tuck

滴答滴答

hahaha

哈哈哈

bow-wow

汪汪汪

cock-a-doodle-doo

喔喔喔SoundReduplication2.wordssuggestingalternatingmovements

ping-pang 乒乓

seesaw

蹺蹺板/上下起伏

flip-flop 啪嗒啪嗒

SoundReduplication3.Wordssuggesting‘instability,non-sense, insincerity,vacillation’,etc.

fingle-fangle

標(biāo)新立異

miz-maze

迷津/頭腦混亂

higgledy-piggledy

雜亂無章

dilly-dally

三心二意/浪費(fèi)時(shí)間SoundReduplication4.Wordsforintensifying

teeny-weeny

小小的

tip-top

頂尖的/出色的

super-duper

了不起/出色CommonizationofProperNounsCommonizationbanting=reducingweightbygoingonadiet 節(jié)食減肥療法Banting=adoctorwhodevelopedthistheraphy DefinitionCommonizatonistheformationofnewwordsbyusingpropernamesascommonwords.CommonizationTypesofpropernames:1.Namesofpeopleampere FrenchphysicistAmperefarad BritishphysicistFaradayohm GermanphysicistOhmvolt ItalianphysicistVoltawatt ScottishinventorWattCommonizationprotean

Proteus,aseadeitywiththe powertoassumedifferent formsmeaning: abletoassumedifferent formsorcharacters;versatile

Commonization

quixotic Don

Quixoteinthenovel DonQuixotedelaMancha byCervantésmeaning: extravagantlyromantic, idealistic,chivalrousCommonizationbobby SirRobertPeel,founderof Londonpoliceinearly19th centurymeaning: policeman(BrE)Commonization2.Namesofplaces

china fromChina

meaning: porcelainchampagne fromChampagne

inFrancemeaning: wine(ofthatname)rugby fromaBritishRugbySchoolmeaning: ballgameofrugby

Commonization

3.Namesofbooks

utopia fromSirThomasMore'sbook Utopia

meaning: animaginaryperfectsocietyodyssey fromHomer'sepicTheOdyssey

meaning: alongjourneyfullofhardships

Commonization4.Tradenames

nylon 尼龍 (音譯)orlon 奧綸 (音譯)dacron 的確良 (音譯)rayon

人造絲 (義譯)frisbee

飛碟 (義譯)CommonizationFormandpartofspeech:

boycott(n&v) 19thcenturyLandlord CaptainBoycottmeaning: refusalorrefusetodo businesswith

聯(lián)合抵制

Commonizationcabal(n&v) Clifford,Ashley, Bucki