植物光生理學溫室光控

植物光生理學溫室光控甚么是光?可以產生視覺效果的電磁波能量光的不同應用光周期調控photoperiodism光合作用補光photosynthesis光質影響photomorphogenesis與栽培作物相關的光的特質?

光量強(度)–

光合作用?

光質(波長-顏色)–

光型態(tài)發(fā)生?

累計時間

–

光周期光的兩種說法?顆粒–

光的行為就像一堆有能量的粒子–

光子(光量子)?

對作物非常重要?

波–電磁波可有很短或很長的波長–能量與波長成反比–短波長代表高能量能量與波長(λ的)關系低能量高能量Far-redPhotosynthetic

&Visible

Light電磁波如何產生任何物體溫度在絕對零度以上都會輻射電

磁波?輻射的電磁波能量取決于物體的溫度?

提高物體溫度等于提高總輻射出去的能量?史蒂芬-波茲曼Stephan-Boltzman

定律溫度

vs.波長(λ)?

溫度與輻射出去的電磁波波長成反比?

煒恩定律：由物體輻射出去的電磁波波峰

位置的波長與絕對溫度成反比

(λ=2897/T,λ

inum,Tin

K)?

可以透過控制物體的溫度來控制光的顏色色素與光吸收吸收特定波長的物體色素是物體內的一種化學物質可接受特

定波長使得該物體具有某種特性。COLOR光的受體葉綠素chlorophylla

a,b的吸收峰位于紅光600~700

nm

與藍光400~500nm

波段植物體內的色素PigmentLight

AbsorbedLightReflectedChlorophyll綠素violet,blue,redCarotenoids類胡蘿卜素

blueYellow

OrangeZanthophyll葉黃素

blueYellow

OrangeMelanin黑色素

mostvisiblelightBlackAnthocyaninsblue,

UVRedPhenolicsUV葉光量量測：光傳感器QuantumSensor

光量Photosynthesis,in

μmol/m2/sPyranometer輻射能Solarenergy,

inW/m2Photometer照度Illumination,in

Lux四種光傳感器安裝于于溫室內412,3TSR全太陽輻射感測器PAR

光量傳感器Pyrarometer太陽輻射傳感器凈輻射傳感器

(上方扣除下方)光傳感器?全太陽輻射光譜，單位：

W/m2?PAR(PhotosyntheticallyActiveRadiation)：

光合作用有效光，400~700

nm范圍內的

光子數量，單位：umol/m2/s?輻射傳感器，單位：W/m2?所有光量傳感器都必須水平擺放，一般

會安置于可調整水平的座臺上照度計其他太陽能相關傳感器便攜式三種不同量測單位LI-190:

QuantumLI-200:

PyranometerLI-210:

Photometricmeter人眼與植物的敏感度曲線及太陽光譜Human

PlantSpectralirradiation

vs.sensitivitycurveofPlants量測照度?以人眼對光線的敏感度為依據?

非常主觀?

常用單位=1呎燭光foot

candle(ftc),lux?ftc

orfc距:離1根蠟燭1英呎量到的照度

?Lux距:離1根蠟燭1m量到的照度光的敏感度曲線人眼

vs.葉片人眼與植物感受到的光相差頗遠園藝業(yè)界改不過來的陋習?

仍然使用Lux或fc的照度單位?此單位只對空間照明有意義?涉及人類眼睛內的錐狀體與柱狀體對光

線的敏感度?由于植物感光機制與人眼不同，不宜使

用此單位，但已積習難改?此類傳感器稱為photometricsensor量測輻射能?

以能量的觀點量測電磁輻射?

使用單位=

W/m2?

缺點–

與波長不相關量測光量子?只量測與光合作用直接相關的波段

，以光合

作用有效光Photosynthetic

Photon

Flux(PPF)

稱之?波段范圍侷限于400-700nm?

使用單位：μmol/m2/s其中

=mol=(6.02x

1023)photons=

μmol=(6.02x

1017)photons傳感器的敏感度曲線光量子傳感器的限制Quantum(

μmol/m2/s/nm)0.400.300.200.100.003004005006007008009wavelength(nm)QuantumSensorcannotbeusedtomeasureredor

blue

LEDsRedLED-

Max

at

634nmBlue

LED

Max

at

462nm光量

（光的強度）直接影響：1.

光合作用?直接與接受到的光子數量有關CO2

+H2O+LightEnergy

→(CH2O)n

+O22.植株高度3.植株分化開(花)可用光的限制因子?季節(jié)?緯度?

一天中的時間?

云層、設施被覆資材影響太陽的角度一天中太陽的軌跡3

DViewSouthernLat.32deg.光線的入射角與強度Lambert’scosineLawAsyouchangetheangleof

incidence(θ),theintensityof

alightbeamwilldecreaseastheangleof

incidencedecreasesθθThereductioncarries

overintotheamount

of

lightthatpassesthroughthegreenhousecovering.入射角90o

isthe

angle

atwhichtransmission

intensity

occursAsthe

angle

of

the

sunhitting

thegreenhouse

roofincreasesto90o,light

transmission

into

the

greenhouse

increases.Ingeneral,

thehigher

the

sunis

inthe

sky,

the

greater

thetransmission

intothe

greenhouse.Low

sunangle

inthewinter

along

with

short

days

dramatically

reduce

light

levels

inthegreenhouse

during

thattime

of

theyear.Time

of

YearCloudCover五月的陰天可比十二月的晴天提供更多的光量是由

于光期時間的拉長低光狀態(tài)下的植物生理1較.長的節(jié)間距離，使莖拉長2較.大的葉表面積3較.

薄的葉片與莖4較.

薄的角質層

5.一層柵狀細胞為了最大化光合作用所做的調整Sunvs.

ShadeLeafShadeSun猜猜哪一株沒見過光線兩株百合都開花了

但高度相差這么多光質?ControlsPhotomorphogenesis(plant

developmentandform)?Mediatedbyphytochrome(proteinpigment)–

redlight

absorbing

form

(Pr)–

FRlight

absorbing

form

(Pfr)–

Forms

arephotoinconvertible,

depending

onthe

whichtype

of

light

is

absorbed光質紅光REDPr

Pfr遠紅光FR?

兩者均影響植物?最終的影響就看是何者主控人眼看不到FR

Red

此FR盒有5倍于

R盒的能量FR植物對較低的

R:FR值(通常<

1的)反應Low

R:FRcanresult

from

increase

inFR

orreduction

inRedand

is

indicated

by:1.Elongatedinternodes

(stretching)2.Reducedlateralbranching3.Elongatedpetioles4.Larger,thinner

leaf

blades5.Smaller

totalleafarea(duetolowernumbers

of

leaves6.Reducedchlorophyll

synthesis植物對較高的

R:FR值(通常>

1的)反應較高的R:FR值可能是減少紅外光(

FR)或是增加

紅光(R)1.節(jié)間縮短2.

增加側芽3.

較小花瓣4.

較厚較小葉片5.

較多總葉面積6.增加葉綠體數量(深綠色)R:FR<

1Elongatedinternodes(stretching)Reducedlateralbranching

ElongatedpetiolesLarger,thinnerSmaller

totalleafarea(dueto

lowernumbers

of

leaves)Reducedchlorophyll

synthesisR:FR>

1Reducedinternode

length(shortstems)IncreasedlateralbranchingShorterpetiolesThicker,

smaller

leavesGreatertotalleafareaGreen(increased

chlorophyll)哪一種比較強?。磕囊环N較美觀？以上圖片中何者是在

R>FR的情況下栽培的？避遮反應?

Leaves

strongly

absorbredandblue

light?

The

closerplants

aretoaneighboring

plant:?

less

redlight

available

forabsorption?

still

havenearly

allFRlight

present

because

of

FR

istransmitted

andreflectedbut

not

absorbed?

Phytochrome

respondstothe

quality

of

light

within

thecanopyof

crowded

plants?

Mechanismbywhichplants

cantellhow

close

neighboringplants

areand

out-compete

foravailable

space?在密植狀態(tài)下Pr為主控的光敏素，Pr引起避遮反應葉片對不同波長的光能的反射、吸收與穿透率光敏素Phytochrome的其他反應可偵測一日將盡Endof

DayResponse偵測一日將盡?

Plantresponsetothe

changes

inthe

ratio

of

Red/FR

light?

Asdayprogresses,greater

chance

of

scattering

light

in

atmosphere

becauseof

lower

sunangle?

Shorterλhave

greaterprobability

of

scattering?

At

endof

day,lowest

Red/FRratio

for

the

day–redlight

scatteredmuch

more

than

FREOD-important

in

timing

ofphotoperiodicflowering光周期光期長度Asaresultof

seasonalchangesin

daylength,plantshaveevolved

systemstoensureviability

of

seeds:-protectionbeforewinter-coincidewiththerainy/dryseasonsPhotoperiodism-plantabilitytodetectand

respondtodaylength光周期?

短日照植物，當日長低于某臨界時數

就開花?長日照植物，當日長高于某臨界時數

就開花?

日中植物，開花不受日長之影響光周期光周期的調節(jié)植物主要是偵測夜間的長度Thatmeans

thatduring

short

dayperiods

of

theyear

byinterrupting

orsplitting

along

night

with

arelatively

shortphotoperiod

theplantperceives

a

shortnight

andlong

dayeffect

even

though

the

natural

daylength

hasnot

changed作物依光周期分類?Obligat強e制的

-plantthatmustabsolutelymeetthedaylengthrequirementtoflower?Facultative授權的

-plantthatwill

flowerundermost

photoperiods

but

will

flowermostreadilywhenthephotoperiodicrequirementismet光周期調節(jié)的優(yōu)點?允許全年有花?在過去–

菊花只有秋季銷售–

康乃馨只能在春天與早夏生長–蝴蝶蘭只有過農歷年有花溫度的交感作用臨界日長通常與溫度有關?

短日植物(SDP)，當溫度增加，臨界日長縮短–Mums菊花–Poinsettias圣誕紅?長日植物(LDP)，當溫度降低，臨界日長縮短–Fuchsia倒吊金鐘–

Spinach菠菜溫室內光量調控來控制植物生長光的特質光量最大化決定於?

光量

?溫室設計–Photosynthesis

?使用被覆資材?

光期?

作物間距–

Photoperiodism

?

其他會吸收反/?

光質

射光線的物體–PhotomorphogenesisGreenhouseOrientation(directiontheridgeruns)East-West

North-South?

More

light

interception?

Morepermanent

shadows?

Moresnow

blown

offroof

by

wind

(<40N

or

S)?

Lesslight

interception?

Lesspermanent

shadows?

Betternaturalventilation(<40

N

or

S)。。光線的入射角?

If

light

strikesroof

at

90

°,thenhave

maximum

light

transmission?

If

light

strikesroof

not

at90

°

,

thenless

light

transmittedθθ緯度越高越需要留意–單棟→東西向–連棟→

南北向透過屋頂的坡度來最大化入射的光量?高緯度地區(qū)譬如美國

俄亥俄州(~40°N)的

冬季，太陽入射角度

很低?屋頂需要超過60度

，

使光線正向屋頂斜面

來接受最大光量溫室跨距與屋頂斜度不同屋頂斜角的屋脊高度溫室跨距屋脊高度

@26°斜度屋脊高度

@

63°斜度21

ft

(6.4

m)5.1ft

(1.53

m)20.6

ft

(6.18m)32

ft

(9.6

m)7.8

ft31.4

ft49

ft

(14.7

m)11.9

ft48.1

ft!常見屋頂斜角寬度

<25ft

寬度

>25ft

(7.6m)32

°

26

°光線穿透率受溫室被覆資材影響也受維護狀況影響?GlazingMaterial(%lighttransmission)–

Glass(low

iron)

(93%)–

Exolite

(double

acrylic)

(92%)–

Lexan

(double

polycarbonate)

=(78%)?Cleaningglazingmaterial–

Severaltimes

ayear(usually

rainfall

will

dothis)–

Remove

shading

compound

bymid-October光線穿透率受溫室結構影響也受維護狀況影響?Superstructure–

↑

superstructure,

↑

shading–

Heavy

glazing

requiresmore

superstructure–

Frame

10-12%,

sash

bars

5-7%reductions–

Supplemental

lighting

fixtures

can

shade?Superstructurecleanandpainted–

Aluminum

=reflective–

Wood-paintedwhite

and

kept

clean有許多結構會擋光，但還好有涂成白色，所以光線反射效果佳理想中的花梗發(fā)育

位置與方向目前植株擺置方向移走會遮蔭的物體?

Adequateplant

spacing–

Reduces

shade

avoidance

response–

Don’toverdowith

thenumbers

of

hanging

baskets?

Objectscloseto

greenhouse

(trees,buildings,

etc)–

Distance

away=2xHeight

ofobjectGreenhouseshadowscanbea

seriousproblem,especiallyif

theydon’tmove

during

the

dayReducingLightIntensity?Why

shade?–

Low

light

plants

don’tlikehigh

light–

Reducetemperature–

Havereachedlight

saturation

point?Shadingmethods–

Shade

cloth–

Shading

compoundsInternalandexternalshade

systems光控4遮蔭網設定晨間溫度較低允許較高光量43

421光控光控設備

-

白漆光控設備

-內遮蔭網光控設備

-外遮蔭網Shade

clothShading

compoundsAdvantages:Easily

appliedorReducesairtemps

moreremovedeffectivelyKnown

%Disadvantages:Notas

effectiveMoreor

less

permanentat

reducing(difficultto

remove)airtempsHavetouse

speciallyformulatedcompounds

forbothapplication

and

removal.Application

notuniform不同應用下所需的光量*Photosynthesisisareciprocalprocess.Lowintensity

canbe

overcomebylongerexposure.Useumol/m2/sDisplay15Photoperiod10-12Survival100Maintenance200Propagation80Photosynthesis

for

Growth

andDevelopment400-1200*光周期調節(jié)?控制開花期?

營養(yǎng)生長vs.

生殖生長–

人為短日

?黑布–

人為長日?日長延長?

夜間打斷人為短日?

Pull

blackcloth–

Opaquematerial

blocks

all

light–SDPinduced

to

flower–

Reflective

toreduce

heat

delay–

Canbe

automated–

Can‘double’

asthermalblanket

to

hold

in

heaton

cold

nights人為長日?

日長延長–誘導長日植物開花–

Light

(FR

containing)

for3-6hrs

at

end

ofday–

Low

intensity

(1-3mmol/m2/s,

7-10fc)?夜間打斷–防止短日植物開花–

2-4hrs

of

lowlight

during

darkperiod–

Wantlittle

FR

in

light調控

R:FR?Minimizeshadeavoidanceresponse?Removeexcessvegetationfromplantstopreventself-shading(e.g.geraniums)?Preventshadingfromotherplants–

Minimize

#of

hangingbasketsoverplants–

Properpot

spacing?

Spacevisible

betweenplants

atleastuntilplants

are

nearlyready

to

shipBenchCoverandPot-spacingSymbols(multi-lingual)其他作法?濾光–

塑膠膜添加吸收FR的色素來增加R:FR–

技術尚未完全成熟?

生物科技–更多光敏素讓植物可以看見更多紅光–緊實、墨綠、更多分枝。顏色愈深的濾紙代表吸收愈多的FR光合作用人工補光?光積值

＝光強度＊累計時間–

500

μmol/m2/照s

1小時=

100

μmol/m2/照s

5小時?

善用此定律來進行補光設計(長時間低光量)–透過更多燈具來加強光量會更貴且造成更多遮

蔭日累積光量

(光積值)?日累積光量

DailyLightIntegral

(DLI)?μmol/m2/s光量子數單位?μmol/m2/sxhr/dayx3.6/

1000=mol/m2/day?250x

16x3.6/

1000=

14.4?300x

16x3.6/

1000=

17.28(葉燒發(fā)生)92光量單位轉換?

以下轉換只適用于太陽光2000

μE=2000

μmol/m2/s=9800fc呎燭光(lumen/ft2)=

1060W/m2=

106000Lux(lumen/m2)93光控設備

-植物燈人工光源種類?燈泡?

熒光燈管?

高強度放射燈–

金屬燈–水銀燈–低壓鈉燈–高壓鈉燈太陽之外的光源選擇人工光源的考量?

Cost–

Fixture–

Installation–

Energyconsumption?

Easeof

Installation?

Spectralcharacteristics

(λ)?

Type

of

crop?

Power

(wattage)?

Heatreleased?

Efficiency–

Amount

of

electricalenergyconvertedtolight

energy?

Life

Expectancy?

Output

Loss?

Weight

of

fixture燈泡?

Easily

installed?

Low

efficiency?

Low

intensity?

Large

amount

of

heatgiven

off?

Spectrum

contains

far-red

(R:FR

>

1:1)?

OKforphotoperiodic

control–

Daylength

extension–

Night

break燈泡燈管?

Moreefficient

than

incandescent?

Low

intensity?

Lessheatgenerated

than

incandescents?

Nofar-red

but

some

UV?

Goodfor

growth

chambers,

coolers,

andphotoperiod

(night

break)use?