商務(wù)函電講課

FrancisBacon(1561-1626)

弗朗西斯·培根

劉美艷11英三contentsGeneralintroductionVersatileBaconWorksandstylesCommentsandAchievementsAstoryFrancisBacon(1561-1626)FrancisBacon,arepresentativeoftheEnglishrenaissance,isawell-knownphilosopher,scientistandessayist.Hebeganhisprofessionallifeasalawyer,buthehasbecomebestknownasaphilosophicaladvocateanddefenderofthescientificrevolutionPhilosopherBacon

TheBaconianSystemofPhilosophybestknownasaphilosophicaladvocateanddefenderofthescientificrevolution.Hisworksestablishandpopularizeaninductivemethodologyforscientificinquiry,oftencalledtheBaconianMethod.Inductionimpliesdrawingknowledgefromthenaturalworldthroughexperimentation,observation,andtestingofhypotheses.Bacon’sWorks

1.Philosophical:

AdvancementofLearning《論學(xué)術(shù)的進(jìn)展》

Novum

Organum《新工具》2.Literary:

Essays《隨筆》

TheNewAtlantics(autopiannovelpublishedin1610)《新大西島》3.Professional:

MaximoftheLaw

法律箴言

ReadingontheStatuteofUses

談使用法則TheAdvancementofLearning

AgreattractoneducationAccordingtoFrancisBacon,knowledgecanbedividedintotwokinds:oneisobtainedfromtheDivineRevelation,theotheristheknowledgefromtheworkingsofhumanmind.Man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts;historytoman’smemory,poetrytoman’simaginationandcreation,andphilosophytoman’sreason.Novum

OrganumAsuccessfultreatisewritteninLatinonmethodology,whichisthemostimpressivedisplayofBacon’sintellect.Theuseofinductivemethodofreasoninginscientificstudy.Baconshowsthenewempiricalattitudestowardstruthaboutnatureandbravelychallengesthemedievalscholasticisms.Essays

Montaigne,thefirstgreatmodernessayist,isthepredecessorofBacon.Theterm“essay”wasborrowedfromMontaigne’sEssaiswhichappearedfrom1580to1588.

Bacon’sstylehasthreeprominentqualities:.directness,tersenessandforcefulnessOfstudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Itanalyzeswhatstudieschieflyservefor,thedifferentwayadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies,andhowstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.

讀書足以怡情，足以博彩，足以長才。其怡情也，最見于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí)；其博彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處世判事之際。

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.讀書補(bǔ)天然之不足，經(jīng)驗(yàn)又補(bǔ)讀書之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書然后知如何修剪移接，而書中所示，如不以經(jīng)驗(yàn)范之，則又大而無當(dāng)。

Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.EssayAnyshortcompositioninprosethatundertakestodiscussamatter,expressapointofview,persuadeustoacceptathesisonanysubject,orsimplytoentertain.EssayshasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.WritingStyleofBacon'sEssays

Bacon'sessayshavealiterarystylepeculiartotheirown.Theyarenotedforheirclearness,brevityandforceofexpression.Bacon’schiefconcernistoexpresshisthoughtwithclearnessandinasfew

wordsaspossible.Hissentencesareshort,pointed,incisive,andoftenofbalancedstructure.Manyofthemhavebecomewiseoldsayings.GenerallySpeaking,Bacon'sliterarystylehasthreeprominentqualities:

directness,terseness,andforcefulness.CommentsonBaconFrancisBaconwasakeyfigureinthetransitionfromtheintellectualworldofthelateMiddleAgestothatofmodernEurope.Hiscareerandcharacterrevealhimtobeamanofvariousqualities.AlexanderPopecalledhim,"thewisest,brightest,andthemeanestofmankind",whileBenJonsondeclarehimtobe"oneofthegreatestmanandmostworthyofadmirationthathadbeeninmanyages.Bacon’sImportancetoLiteraturehewasthefirstEnglishwritertopayattentiontotheaudiencetowhomhewaswriting.hewrotethegreatesttractsoneducationintheEnglishlanguage,AdvancementofLearning.heandNewtonrepresenttheadvancementofscienceduringthe17thcentury.Infact,Bacondevisedtheinductivemethodofdoingresearch.heintroducedtheessayasaliteraryformintotheEnglishlanguage.

AstoryBirth：January22nd,1561(YorkHouse,London)Death:April9th,1626(Highgate)Father:SirNicholasBacon(LordKeeperoftheSeal)Mother:AnneCook(DaughterofSirAnthonyCook)SecondwifeBrothersandsisters5brothersand1sisterfromhisfather’sfirstwifeAnelderbrothercalledAnthonyBaconCambridgeTrinityCollege

In1573,attheageofjust12,heenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge1576-1579:TheEnglishAmbassadorinParis,FranceWhenhisfatherdiedin1579,hereturnedtoEngland.Bacon'ssmallinheritancebroughthimintofinancialdifficultiesandsincehismaternaluncle,LordBurghley,didnothelphimtogetalucrativepostasagovernmentofficial,heembarkedonapoliticalcareerintheHouseofCommons,afterresuminghisstudiesinGray'sInn.I