網(wǎng)站設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

PAGE4PAGE2中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)\o"Read'HolisticWebBrowsing:TrendsOfTheFuture'"HolisticWebBrowsing:TrendsOfTheFutureThefutureoftheWebiseverywhere.ThefutureoftheWebisnotatyourdesk.It’snotnecessarilyinyourpocket,either.It’s

everywhere.Witheachnewtechnologicalinnovation,wecontinuetobecomemoreandmoreimmersedintheWeb,connectingtheever-growinglayerofinformationinthevirtualworldtotherealonearoundus.Butratherthangetstarry-eyedwithutopianwonderaboutthisbrightfutureahead,weshould

soberlyanticipatethemassiveamountofplanninganddesignwork

itwillrequireofdesigners,developersandothers.Thegapbetweentechnologicalinnovationanditsintegrationinourdailylivesisshrinkingataratemuchfasterthanwecankeeppacewith—considerthenumberofuniqueWebapplicationsyousignedupforinthepastyearalone.ThishasresultedinaveryfragmentedexperienceoftheWeb.Whilerunningseveraldifferentbrowsers,withallsortsofplug-ins,youmightalsoberunningmultiplestandaloneapplicationstomanagefeeds,socialmediaaccountsandmusicplaylists.Eventhoughwemaybeadeptatswitchingfromonetaborwindowtoanother,weshouldbeworkingtowardsamoreholisticWebexperience,onethatseamlesslyintegratesallofthefunctionalityweneedinthesimplestandmostcontextualway.Withthisinmind,let’sreviewfourtrendsthatdesignersanddeveloperswouldbewisetoobserveandintegrateintotheirworksoastopavethewayforamoreholisticWebbrowsingexperience:Thebrowserasoperatingsystem,Functionally-limitedmobileapplications,Web-enhanceddevices,Personalization.1.TheBrowserAsOperatingSystemThankstothemassivegrowthofWebproductivityapplications,creativetoolsandentertainmentoptions,wearespendingmoretimeinthebrowserthaneverbefore.Themoretimewespendthere,thelesswemakeuseofthemanytoolsinthelargeroperatingsystemthatactuallyrunsthebrowser.Asaresult,we’rebeginningto

expectthesamehighlevelofreliabilityandsophisticationinourWebexperiencethatwegetfromouroperatingsystem.Forthemostpart,ourexpectationshavebeenmetbysuchinnovationsasGoogle’sGmail,Talk,CalendarandDocsapplications,whichalloffervaryingdegreesofintegrationwithoneanother,andonlineimageeditingtoolslikePicnikandAdobe’sonlineversionofPhotoshop.Andthoseexpectationswillcontinuetobemetbyupcomingreleases,suchastheChromeoperatingsystem—we’realreadythinkingofourbrowsersasoperatingsystems.DoingeverythingontheWebwasonceapipedream,butnowit’sareality.UBIQUITYTheonelimitationofWebbrowsersthatbecomesmoreandmoreobviousaswemakegreateruseofapplicationsinthecloudisthelackofusableconnectionsbetweenopentabs.Mostusershavegrownaccustomedtokeepingmanytabsopen,switchingbackandforthrapidlybetweenGmail,GoogleCalendar,GoogleDocsandvarioussocialmediatools.Butthisswitchingfromtabtotabisindicativeofbrokenconnectionsbetweenapplicationsthatreallyoughttobeintegrated.Mozillaisattemptingtofunctionallyconnecttoolsthatweuseinthebrowserinamoreintuitiveandrichwaywith

Ubiquity.Whileit’sdefinitelyastepintherightdirection,thecommand-lineapproachmaybeabarriertoentryforthoseunabletoletgoofthemouse.Inthescreenshotbelow,youcanseehowUbiquityallowsyoutoquicklymapalocationshownonaWebpagewithouthavingtoopenGoogleMapsinanothertab.Thisisoneexampleofintegratedfunctionalitywithoutwhichyouwouldberequiredtocopyandpastetextfromonetabtoanother.Ubiquity’scorecapability,whichiscreatingaholisticbrowsingexperiencebyunderstandingbasiccommandsandexecutingthemusingappropriateWebapplications,iscertainlythedirectioninwhichthebrowserisheading.Thisapproach,weddedtovoice-recognitionsoftware,maybehowweallnavigatetheWebinthenextdecade,orsooner:hands-free.TRACEMONKEYANDOGGMeanwhile,smaller,quieterreleaseshavebeenpavingthewaytoholisticbrowsing.Thispastsummer,FirefoxreleasedanupdatetoitssoftwarethatincludesabrandnewJavaScriptenginecalled

TraceMonkey.Thisenginedeliversasignificantboostinspeedandimage-editingfunctionality,aswellastheabilitytoplayvideoswithoutthird-partysoftwareorcodecs.Asidefromthespeedadvances,whicharealwayswelcome,theimageandvideocapabilitiesareperfectexamplesofhowthebrowserisencroachingontheoperatingsystem’sterritory.Beingabletoeditimagesinthebrowsercouldreplacetheneedforlocalimage-editingsoftwareonyourmachine,andpotentiallyforseparateapplicationssuchasPicnik.Atthispoint,it’snotcertainhowsophisticatedthisfunctionalitycanbe,andsodesignersandordinaryuserswillprobablycontinuetorunlocalcopiesofPhotoshopforsometimetocome.Thenewvideofunctionality,whichreliesonanopen-sourcecodeccalled

Ogg,opensupmanypossibilities,thefirstonebeingfordeveloperswhodonotwanttolicensecodecs.Currently,developersarerequiredtolicenseacodeciftheywanttheirvideostobeplayableinproprietarysoftwaresuchasAdobeFlash.OggallowsvideotobeplayedbackinFirefoxitself.Whatexcitesmany,though,isthatthenewversionofFirefoxenablesinteractivitybetweenmultipleapplications

onthesamepage.Onepotentialapplicationofthistechnology,asillustratedintheimageabove,isallowinguserstoclickobjectsinavideotogetadditionalinformationaboutthemwhilethevideoisplaying.2.Functionally-LimitedMobileApplicationsSofar,ourlookataholisticWebexperiencehasbeenlimitedtothetraditionalbrowser.Butwe’realsointeractingwiththeWebmoreandmoreonmobiledevices.Rightnow,casualsurfingonamobiledeviceisnotaverysophisticatedexperiencesandthereforeprobablynotthemaindrawforusers.Thecombinationofsmallscreens,inconsistentinputoptions,slowconnectionsandlackofcontentoptimizedformobilebrowsersmakesthisaprettyclumsy,unpredictableandfrustratingexperience,especiallyifyou’renotonaniPhone.However,applicationswrittenspecificallyformobileenvironmentsandthatdealwithparticular,limitedsetsofdata—suchasGoogle’smobileapps,device-specificapplicationsforTwitterandFacebookandthemillionsofapplicationsintheiPhoneAppStore—lookmorelikethefutureofmobileWebuse.Becausethemobilebrowsingexperienceisinitsinfancy,hereissomeadviceondesigningmobileexperiences:ratherthansqueezingfull-sizedWebapplications(i.e.onesoptimizedfordesktopsandlaptops)intothepocket,designersanddevelopersshouldbecomeproficientatidentifyingandexecutinglimitedfunctionalitysetsformobileapplications.AMAZONMOBILEAgreatexampleofafunctionally-limitedmobileapplicationis

Amazon’sinterfacefortheiPhone

(screenshotabove).Amazonhasreducedthemassivescaleofitswebsitetothemostessentialfunctions:search,shoppingcartandlists.AndithasoptimizedthelayoutspecificallyfortheiPhone’ssmallerscreen.FACEBOOKFORIPHONEFacebookcontinuestoimprove

itsmobileversion.Thelatestversionincludesasimplifiedlandingscreen,withaniconforeverymajorfunctionofthewebsiteinorderofpriorityofuse.Whileinformationhasbeenreducedandsegmented,thescopeofthewebsitehasnotbeensignificantlyaltered.Eachnewupdatebringstheappclosertoreplicatingthefullexperienceinawaythatfeelsquitenatural.GMAILFORIPHONEFinally,

Gmail’siPhoneapplication

isalsoimpressive.Googlehasintroducedafloatingbartotheinterfacethatallowsuserstobatchprocessemails,sothattheydon’thavetoopeneachemailinordertodealwithit.3.Web-EnhancedDevicesMobiledeviceswillproliferatefasterthananythingthecomputerindustryhasseenbefore,therebyexplodingentrypointstotheWeb.ButtheWebwillvastlyexpandnotsolelythroughpersonalmobiledevicesbutthrough

completelynewWeb-enhancedinterfacesintransportationvehicles,homes,clothingandotherproducts.Insomecases,Webenhancementmaylenditselftomarketinginitiativesandadvertising;inothercases,connectingcertaindevicestotheWebwillmakethemmoreusefulandefficient.HerearethreeexamplesofWeb-enhancedproductsorservicesthatwemayallbeusinginthecomingyears:WEB-ENHANCEDGROCERYSHOPPINGWeb-connectedgrocerystore“VIP”cardsmaytrackcustomerspendingastheydotoday:everytimeyouscanyourcustomercard,yourpurchasesareaddedtoamassivedatabasethatgrocerystoresusetoguidetheirstockingchoices.Inexchangeforyourdata,thestoresofferyoudiscountsonselectedproducts.SoonwithWeb-enhancedshopping,storeswillbeabletoofferyou

specific

promotionsbasedonyourparticularpurchasinghistory,andinrealtime(asillustratedabove).ThiswillgiveshoppersmoreincentivetosignupforVIPprogramsandgiveretailersmoreflexibilityandvarietywithdiscounts,salesandotherpromotions.WEB-ENHANCEDUTILITIESOneexampleofaWeb-enhanceddevicewemayallseeinourhomessoonenoughisasmartthermostat(illustratedabove),whichwillallowusersnotonlytomonitortheirpowerusageusingGooglePowerMeterbuttoseetheircurrentchargeswhenitmatterstothem(e.g.whenthey’returninguptheheater,notsittinginfrontofacomputer).WEB-ENHANCEDPERSONALBANKINGAnotherusefulWebenhancementwouldbeadisplayofyourcurrentbankaccountbalancedirectlyonyourdebitorcreditcard(asshownabove).Thisdatawould,ofcourse,beprotectedanddisplayedonlyafteryouclearabiometricsecuritysystemthatreadsyourfingerprintdirectlyonthecard.Admittedly,thisideaisrifewithprivacyandsecurityimplications,butsomethinglikethiswillneverthelesslikelyexistinthenot-too-distantfuture.4.PersonalizationThankstotherapidadoptionofsocialnetworkingwebsites,peoplehavebecomecomfortablewithmorepersonalizedexperiencesonline.BeinggreetedbynameandofferedcontentorsearchresultsbasedontheirbrowsinghistorynotonlyiscommonnowbutmakestheWebmoreappealingtomany.Thenextstepistoincreasetheuser’scontroloftheirpersonalinformationandtooffermoretoolsthatdeliver

new

informationtailoredtothem.CENTRALIZEDPROFILESIfyou’relikemostpeople,youprobablymaintainsomewherebetweentwotosixactiveprofilesonvarioussocialnetworks.Eachprofilecontainsasetofinformationaboutyou,andtheoverlapvaries.Youprobablyhaveuniqueusernamesandpasswordsforeachone,too,thoughusingasinglesign-onservicetogainaccesstomultipleaccountsisbecomingmorecommon.Butwhyshouldn’ttheinformationyousubmittotheseaccountsfollowthesameapproach?Inthecomingyears,whatyoutellpeopleaboutyourselfonlinewillbemoreandmoreunderyourcontrol.Thisprocessstartswithcentralizingyourdatainoneprofile,whichwillthensharebitsofitwithotherprofiles.Thisway,ifyourinformationchanges,you’llhavetoupdateyourprofileonlyonce.DATAOWNERSHIPThequestionofwhoownsthedatathatyoushareonlineisfuzzy.Inmanycases,itevenremainsunaddressed.However,asprivacysettingsonsocialnetworksbecomemoreandmorecomplex,usersarebecomingincreasinglyconcernedaboutdataownership.Inparticular,thequestionofwhoownstheimages,videoandmessagescreatedbyusersbecomessignificantwhenauserwantstoremovetheirprofile.Toputitinperspective,RoyalPingdom,inits

Internet2009inNumbers

report,foundthat2.5billionphotoswereuploadedtoFacebookeachmonthin2009!Themorethisnumbergrows,themoreuserswillbeconcernedaboutwhathappenstothecontenttheytransferfromtheirmachinestoserversinthecloud.Whileitmayseemlikeastepbackward,amovementtorestoreuserdatastoragetopersonalmachines,whichwouldthenintelligentlysharethatdatawithvarioussocialnetworksandotherwebsites,willlikelyspringupinresponsetogrowingprivacyconcerns.Asystemlikethiswouldallowindividualstoassignmetadatatofilesontheircomputers,suchasvideoclipsandphotos;thismetadatawouldspecifythefiles’availabilitytosocialnetworkprofilesandotherwebsites.RatherthanuploadingacopyofanimagefromyourcomputertoFlickr,youwouldgiveFlickraccesstocertainfilesthatremainonyourmachine.Organizationssuchasthe

DataPortabilityProject

areintroducingthiskindofthinkingaccrosstheWebtoday.RECOMMENDATIONENGINESSearchengines—andthewholeconceptofsearchitself—willremaininfluxaspersonalizationbecomesmorecommonplace.Currently,themajorsearchenginesareadaptingtothisbyofferingdifferenttakesonpersonalizedsearchresults,basedonuser-specificbrowsinghistory.IfyouaresignedintoyourGoogleaccountandsearchforapizzaparlor,youwillmorelikelyseelocalresults.Withits

socialsearch

experiment,Googlealsohopestoleverageyoursocialnetworkconnectionstodeliverresultsfrompeopleyoualreadyknow.Roundingthoseoutwithreal-timesearchresultsgivesusersamorepersonalsearchexperiencethatisamuchmorerealisticrepresentationoftherapidproliferationofnewinformationontheWeb.Andbecausetheresultsarefilteredbasedonyourbehaviorandpreferences,thesearchenginewillcontinueto“l(fā)earn”moreaboutyouinordertoprovidethemostusefulinformation.Anothernewsearchengineisattemptingtogettotheheartofpersonalizedresults.

Hunchprovidescustomizedrecommendationsofinformationbasedonusers’answerstoasetofquestionsforeachquery.Themoreyouuseit,thebettertheenginegetsatrecommendinginformation.AslongasyoumaintainaprofilewithHunch,youwillgetincreasinglysatisfactoryanswerstogeneralquestionslike,“WhereshouldIgoonvacation?”Thetrendofpersonalizationwillhavesignificantimpactonthewayindividualwebsitesandapplicationsaredesigned.Today,consumerwebsitesroutinelyaltertheirlandingpagesbasedonthelocationoftheuser.Tomorrow,websitesmightdosimilarinterfacecustomizationsforindividualusers.Designersanddeveloperswillneedtoplanforsuchvisualandstructuralversatilitytostayonthecuttingedge.

\o"讀\“整體網(wǎng)站瀏覽：對未來的發(fā)展趨勢\”"整體網(wǎng)頁瀏覽：對未來的發(fā)展趨勢克里斯托弗·巴特勒未來的網(wǎng)頁無處不在。未來的網(wǎng)頁，不是在你的辦公桌，也不一定在你的口袋里，它是無處不在的。隨著每一個新的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,我們將越來越沉浸在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,連接層中信息的日益增長使虛擬世界與現(xiàn)實環(huán)繞在我們周圍。不過這種光明的未來并不能過分樂觀的看待,我們應(yīng)該清醒的預(yù)見大量的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計工作依賴于設(shè)計人員、開發(fā)人員和其他人。在我們的日常生活中僅去年一年技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和一體化之間的差距正在萎縮，其速度遠遠超過我們可以考慮到的一些獨特的你已注冊了的網(wǎng)頁應(yīng)用。這導(dǎo)致了網(wǎng)絡(luò)體驗起來有一種非常分散的感覺。比如當不同的瀏覽器、各種各樣的插件運行時,您也不得不運行多個獨立應(yīng)用程序來管理feed,社交媒體賬戶和音樂播放列表。盡管我們可能善于從一個選項卡或窗口切換到另一個，我們?nèi)詰?yīng)該努力建立一個更全面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)體驗，一個銜接完美的集成了所有我們需要的最簡單最簡便的功能?？紤]到這一點，讓我們回顧一下四個趨勢，設(shè)計人員和開發(fā)人員將會明智的觀察和融入他們的工作，為更全面的Web瀏覽體驗鋪平道路：瀏覽器作為操作系統(tǒng)；功能有限的移動應(yīng)用程序；增強網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)備；個性化。1瀏覽器作為操作系統(tǒng)大量增長的網(wǎng)絡(luò)生產(chǎn)力應(yīng)用程序，創(chuàng)作工具和娛樂選擇，讓我們在瀏覽器中比以往任何時候花更多的時間。我們花越多的時間在那里，我們對運行在更大的操作系統(tǒng)中的瀏覽器里的許多工具的利用率就越低。因此，我們開始期待從我們的操作系統(tǒng)中體驗到同樣高水平的可靠和老練的感覺。在大多數(shù)情況下，我們對這樣的創(chuàng)新的預(yù)期已被滿足，如谷歌的Gmail，通話，日歷和文檔應(yīng)用程序，其中提供所有不同程度的與彼此的融合的改革，還有在線圖像編輯工具Picnik和Adobe的在線版的Photoshop等。而那些期望在即將到來的版本中繼續(xù)得到滿足，Chrome操作系統(tǒng)的人我們已經(jīng)在考慮我們的瀏覽器，操作系統(tǒng)等。正在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上發(fā)生的一切曾經(jīng)是一個白日夢，但現(xiàn)在它已是一個現(xiàn)實。1.1無處不在有一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)瀏覽器的局限正在變得越來越明顯，那就是當我們正在更大的利用計算機的云應(yīng)用時缺乏可用打開的選項卡之間的連接。大多數(shù)用戶已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于在保持打開的許多標簽，Gmail，谷歌日歷，谷歌Docs和各種社會化媒體工具之間來回快速切換。但是這種象征著應(yīng)用程序之間的斷開的從選項卡到選項卡的轉(zhuǎn)換，卻真的應(yīng)該被整合。Mozilla正試圖在功能上，讓我們在瀏覽器中使用更直觀，更豐富的方式與無處不在的連接工具。雖然這絕對是向一個正確的方向前進的一步，但命令行方式可能是解放鼠標的壁壘。在下面的截圖中，你可以看到無處不在的一個Web頁面，這可以讓您快速查找到谷歌地圖上顯示的位置，而無需在另一個選項卡中打開。這是一個綜合功能的例子，沒有它，你將需要從一個標簽到另一個復(fù)制和粘貼文本。Ubiquity的核心能力，是通過理解基礎(chǔ)的命令并執(zhí)行它們用適當?shù)木W(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用創(chuàng)造一個整體的瀏覽器體驗，這正是瀏覽器標題的方向。這種對于語音識別軟件的投身的方法，，可能關(guān)系到在未來的十年我們?nèi)绾螢g覽網(wǎng)頁，或遲早會變成：解放雙手（不用鼠標或鍵盤）。1.2TRACEMONKEY和OGG及時，更小，更安靜的版本已經(jīng)鋪平了道路，以便全面的瀏覽。剛剛過去的這個夏天，火狐發(fā)布了一個更新其軟件，其中包括一個全新的JavaScript引擎TraceMonkey的。該引擎提供了一個顯著的提升，在速度和圖像編輯功能，以及能夠播放視頻，而無需第三方軟件或編解碼器。除了從速度前進，隨時歡迎，圖像和視頻功能是如何在瀏覽器的操作系統(tǒng)的領(lǐng)土侵犯的完美的例子。能夠在瀏覽器中編輯圖像可以替換為本地的圖像編輯軟件在您的計算機上，并有可能為獨立的應(yīng)用程序，如Picnik的需要。在這一點上，它不能確定這個功能可以多么復(fù)雜，因此，設(shè)計人員和普通用戶可能會繼續(xù)運行，今后一段時間內(nèi)的本地副本的Photoshop。新的視頻功能，它依賴于一個開放源碼的編解碼器，稱為奧格，開辟了許多可能性，是第一個不需要許可證編解碼器的開發(fā)。目前，開發(fā)人員需要的編解碼器授權(quán)，如果他們希望自己的視頻的專用軟件如Adobe的Flash播放。奧格允許視頻播放在Firefox本身播放。是什么激發(fā)許多，雖然是新版本的Firefox可以在同一頁面上的多個應(yīng)用程序之間的交互性。一個潛在的應(yīng)用，如上面的圖片所示，這項技術(shù)允許用戶在播放視頻時的視頻，以獲得更多關(guān)于他們的信息，單擊“對象。2功能有限的移動應(yīng)用程序到目前為止，我們看一個全面的Web體驗已不限于傳統(tǒng)的瀏覽器。但我們也與Web交互越來越多的移動設(shè)備上。眼下，休閑沖浪在移動設(shè)備上是一個非常復(fù)雜的經(jīng)歷，因此可能不會對用戶具有主要的吸引力。小屏幕，輸入選項不一致，連接速度慢，內(nèi)容缺乏針對移動瀏覽器進行了優(yōu)化組合，這是一個很笨拙的，不可預(yù)知的和令人沮喪的經(jīng)驗，特別是如果你在iPhone上。但是，應(yīng)用程序編寫的專門為移動環(huán)境中和，處理與特定的，有限集的數(shù)據(jù)，例如作為谷歌的移動應(yīng)用程序，設(shè)備特定的應(yīng)用程序的Twitter的和Facebook的和高達數(shù)百萬的應(yīng)用程序在iPhoneApp商店，看起來更像未來的使用移動網(wǎng)絡(luò)。由于移動瀏覽體驗還處于起步階段，這里有一些建議設(shè)計的移動體驗，而不是擠壓全尺寸的Web應(yīng)用程序（即那些用于臺式機和筆記本電腦進行了優(yōu)化）納入囊中，設(shè)計人員和開發(fā)人員應(yīng)該熟練掌握確定和執(zhí)行有限的功能集于移動應(yīng)用。2.1亞馬遜手機一個功能有限的移動應(yīng)用程序的一個很好的例子是Amazon的接口為iPhone（上面的截圖）。亞馬遜已經(jīng)降低了大規(guī)模其網(wǎng)站的最重要的功能：搜索，購物車，并列出。它優(yōu)化了布局，專為iPhone的小屏幕。2.2FACEBOOK的IPHONEFacebook繼續(xù)提高它的移動版本。最新版本包括一個簡單的登陸畫面，每一個主要功能的網(wǎng)站中使用的優(yōu)先順序的圖標。信息已減少，分段的網(wǎng)站，其范圍沒有顯著改變。每一個新的更新帶來了更接近應(yīng)用程序復(fù)制充分的體驗，感覺很自然的方式。2.3GMAIL的IPHONE最后，Gmail的iPhone應(yīng)用程序也令人印象深刻。谷歌已經(jīng)推出了一個浮動欄的界面，允許用戶批量處理電子郵件，這樣他們就不必打開每封電子郵件以處理。3增強網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)備移動設(shè)備將擴散的速度比任何計算機行業(yè)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)之前都要迅速，因此成為爆炸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的入口點。但網(wǎng)絡(luò)將極大地擴大并不僅僅通過個人移動設(shè)備，而是通過全新的增強型網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口的運輸