初中英語人教版知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

初中英語人教版知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語：every…,sometimes,at…,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.3)表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必?cái)　Ｗ⒁猓捍擞梅ㄈ绻霈F(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround..4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Idon’twantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2.一般過去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday,lastweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982等。Wheredidyougojustnow?2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth"到……時(shí)間了""該……了"Itistimesb.didsth."時(shí)間已遲了""早該……了"Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺了。Itistimeyouwenttobed.你早該睡覺了。would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示’寧愿某人做某事’I’dratheryoucametomorrow.4)wish,wonder,think,hope等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)注意：用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?3.usedto/beusedtousedto+do："過去常常"表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。Motherusednottobesoforgetful.Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(過去常常散步)beusedto+doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)典型例題----Yourphonenumberagain?I___quitecatchit.----It’s69568442.A.didn’tB.couldn’tC.don’tD.can’t答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。4.一般將來時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?2)begoingto+不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。Theplayisgoingtobeproducednextmonth。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.3)be+不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.4)beaboutto+不定式，意為馬上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能與tomorrow,nextweek等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。2)主語有兩個(gè)賓語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)LiLeigavemeachemistrybook.IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.3）主動(dòng)句中含賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子的被動(dòng)語態(tài)若賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加"to"。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞：feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.-->Iwasmadetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-->Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.若賓語補(bǔ)足語是帶to的不定式，那么被動(dòng)語態(tài)仍保留to:MothertoldmenottobelateIwastoldnottobelatebymother.5）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.6）表示"據(jù)說"或"相信"的詞組believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understandItissaidthat…據(jù)說Itisreportedthat…據(jù)報(bào)道Itisbelievedthat…大家相信Itishopedthat…大家希望Itiswellknownthat…眾所周知Itisthoughtthat…大家認(rèn)為Itissuggestedthat…據(jù)建議Itistakengrantedthat…被視為當(dāng)然Ithasbeendecidedthat…大家決定Itmustberememberthat…務(wù)必記住的是ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhanonTuesday.14.延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞1)用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。(表結(jié)果)I’veknownhimsincethen.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till/until從句的差異延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……"瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"Hedidn’tcomebackuntilteno’clock.他到10點(diǎn)才回來。Hesleptuntilteno’clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題1.Youdon’tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.---I’msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn).不定式作賓語1)動(dòng)詞+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredemanddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake舉例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2）動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,helpintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wish…Iliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和湯姆談話。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想讓你和湯姆談話。3）動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellPleaseshowushowtodothat.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ?。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan’tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。2.不定式作補(bǔ)語1)動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(todo)adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveenableencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句：a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠?。b.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我們相信他是有罪的。Find的特殊用法：Find后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典型例題:Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed，dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。2)to+be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(聲稱),discover,fancy(設(shè)想),feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以為),understandWeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。典型例題CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered___thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinventedD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth.排除B、D。.此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。3)tobe+形容詞Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean…Thebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人們認(rèn)為這本書沒什么意思。4)therebe+不定式believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidn’texpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我們沒料到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。注意：有些動(dòng)詞需用as短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Marytookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。.不定式作主語1）It’seasy(forme)todothat.我做這事太容易了easy,difficult,hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughIt’ssonicetohearyourvoice.聽到你的聲音真高興。It’snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。2)It’sverykindofyoutohelpus.他幫助我們，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考慮周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。注意：1)其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2)不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。3)當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能用Itis…to…的句型(對(duì))Toseeistobelieve.百聞不如一見。(錯(cuò))Itistobelievetosee.4.It’sforsb.和It’sofsb.1）forsb.常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：It’sveryhardforhimtostudytwolanguages.對(duì)他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。2）ofsb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或