考研真題及答案解析考研英語(yǔ)一真題答案完整版(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版)

考研真題及答案解析考研英語(yǔ)一真題答案完整版(網(wǎng)絡(luò)版)SectionI

UseofEnglish1．【答案】B【解析】從空后信息可以看出，這句表達(dá)的是“_

_法官表現(xiàn)得像政治家”的情況下，法庭就不能保持其作為法律法規(guī)的合法衛(wèi)士的形象，所以應(yīng)該選C,maintain“維持，保持”，其他顯然語(yǔ)義不通。2．【答案】A【解析】從第三段可以看出，文章認(rèn)為法院和政治之間應(yīng)該是有界限的。所以這里應(yīng)該是當(dāng)法官像政治家一樣行事，模糊了二者之間的區(qū)別時(shí)，就失去了其作為法律衛(wèi)士的合法性。只有B，when表示這個(gè)意思。3．【答案】B【解析】第二段給的具體事例說(shuō)明，法官出現(xiàn)在政治活動(dòng)中會(huì)使法官形象受損，影響他們獨(dú)立、公正的名聲。只有B，weaken能表示這個(gè)意思。4．【答案】D【解析】空前信息顯示，法官出席政治活動(dòng)會(huì)讓法院的審判收到影響，人們就會(huì)認(rèn)為其審判不公正，所以選D，beacceptedas...“被認(rèn)為是”。5．【答案】C【解析】空所在的語(yǔ)境為：產(chǎn)生這樣的問(wèn)題，部分原因在于“法官?zèng)]有__道德規(guī)范”。后一句話說(shuō)，至少法院應(yīng)該遵守行為規(guī)范，這顯然是進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明上一句話。所以上一句是說(shuō)法官?zèng)]有受到道德規(guī)范的約束，選C，bound。6．【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)解析5可以看出，這里應(yīng)該是說(shuō)遵守行為規(guī)范，subject與to連用，表示“服從某物，受…支配”。故本題選B。7．【答案】D【解析】分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里是由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾說(shuō)明前面的行為規(guī)范，是說(shuō)法院也應(yīng)當(dāng)遵守適用于其他聯(lián)邦司法部的行為規(guī)范。applyto“適用于”符合題意。resortto“求助于”；stickto“堅(jiān)持（原則等）”語(yǔ)意不通。8．【答案】B【解析】空所在的語(yǔ)境為，類似這樣的案例提出了這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題：法院和政治之間是否還存在著界限。提出問(wèn)題，產(chǎn)生問(wèn)題用只能選raise。9．【答案】A【解析】根據(jù)第8題可知，空內(nèi)應(yīng)填line，“界限”。barrier“障礙”，similarity“相似性”，conflict“沖突”都不合題意。10．【答案】B【解析】根據(jù)句意，憲法的起草者們預(yù)想的是將司法從政治中分出來(lái)，讓其享有獨(dú)立的權(quán)力。envisionas“將…想象成…”。所以選B。11．【答案】A【解析】本題考察邏輯搭配。本選項(xiàng)答案的確定需結(jié)合前句意思，制憲者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影響，這樣一來(lái)，法官就可以免受掌權(quán)者的影響了。此空就是考察由此所帶來(lái)的結(jié)果，故選[A]。12．【答案】C【解析】此題承接上題，可知法律不受政治的影響，從而法官也不用擔(dān)心掌權(quán)者（thoseinpower）。。hoseinpowerinScaliaa13．【答案】C【解析】此題承接上題,結(jié)合句意,可知該半句主要表達(dá)“法官也無(wú)需政治支持了?！边x項(xiàng)C最符題意。14．【答案】D【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。原句表達(dá)“我們的法律體系是法律完全不受政治的影響，是因?yàn)檫@兩者是緊密。。?！薄＝Y(jié)合句意思，[D]最合題意.15．【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。文中說(shuō)“憲法具有政治性，是因其的選擇都是植根于諸如自由，財(cái)產(chǎn)之類的基本社會(huì)。。。中?！弊杂?，財(cái)產(chǎn)是西方社會(huì)的一些基本社會(huì)理念或概念，故選[A]。16．【答案】C【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。首先分析該句，可知空白處添加上一動(dòng)詞可構(gòu)成一定語(yǔ)從句，限定“thelaw”。其次，文中語(yǔ)境表達(dá)“當(dāng)法律處理社會(huì)政策決策問(wèn)題時(shí)，。。。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，[C]為最佳答案。17．【答案】A【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。可由文中語(yǔ)境得知，該半句主要表達(dá)“這也就解釋了為何背離思想路線的決策被看作是不公正的，從而被輕易的….”。結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，以及四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思，可知[A]最佳。18．【答案】C【解析】此題考察詞意辨析。由文中語(yǔ)境可知該句主要表達(dá)“法官必須。。。有關(guān)法庭（裁決的）公正合理的質(zhì)疑?！彼膫€(gè)選項(xiàng)中，僅[C]符合題意。19．【答案】D【解析】本題考察短語(yǔ)搭配及相似短語(yǔ)辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均可與連用，其中accessibleto易接近的；可歸屬的；可得到的可歸因的amiableto可親，多指人和藹可親，易于接近agreeableto欣然同意的；適合的，適宜的accountableto對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé)此題的理解需承接整個(gè)句,首先此空所在后半句乃一方式狀語(yǔ)，承接前半句說(shuō)明法官怎樣來(lái)解決有關(guān)法庭（裁決的）公正合理的質(zhì)疑。將此四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別代入，可得出正確答案[D]，法官只有對(duì)對(duì)行為準(zhǔn)則負(fù)責(zé)，也即是遵循一定的行為準(zhǔn)則才可確保其裁決的公正與合理。20．【答案】D【解析】此題考察邏輯搭配。此句承接上句，旨在說(shuō)明由此帶來(lái)的結(jié)果，也即是文中所說(shuō)的“。。。使得裁決看起來(lái)完全不受政治的影響，如法律一般令人信服。”結(jié)合四個(gè)選項(xiàng)意思，可知選[D]。PartB41．【答案】C【解析】略讀第一自然段得知這篇文章的主題是科技給人們的生活帶來(lái)的便利，重點(diǎn)論述了媒介。此題空在末尾，那么通讀空前的內(nèi)容，可以找到特征詞或者中心詞“createafabulousmachine”瀏覽七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，C項(xiàng)中的“developsuchadevice”剛好與此對(duì)應(yīng)42．【答案】D【解析】此題空在了段落的中間，需要在空前和空后找關(guān)聯(lián)詞，空前出現(xiàn)了“reason”這個(gè)特征詞，而空后出現(xiàn)了“war”這個(gè)特征詞，瀏覽七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，D項(xiàng)的“because”和“war”剛好與此對(duì)應(yīng)，所以答案選D.43．【答案】A【解析】此題空在段末，因此要在空前以及下一自然段的段首找關(guān)聯(lián)詞，瀏覽空前可以找到“superfluousmaterialgoods”,而瀏覽下一自然段的句首可找到“download”這個(gè)詞；那么瀏覽七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，答案A出現(xiàn)了“thesesuperfluousthings”，接下來(lái)也提及到了“download”，因此可以鎖定答案A.44．【答案】F【解析】此題空在句末，所以需要瀏覽下空前以前下一個(gè)自然段的句首，通讀空前的內(nèi)容可以找到關(guān)聯(lián)詞“apyramidofproductionremains,”，而下一個(gè)自然段的段首提到了“television”，那么瀏覽七個(gè)選項(xiàng)，跟此關(guān)聯(lián)的有兩項(xiàng)E和F,再繼續(xù)分析，E項(xiàng)只有“television”這個(gè)詞與空后對(duì)應(yīng)，而F項(xiàng)不僅出現(xiàn)了“television”這個(gè)詞，而且出現(xiàn)了“thispyramidofproduction”這個(gè)特征詞，所以，答案為F.45．【答案】G【解析】此題空在段末，那么需要瀏覽下空前的句子，尋找關(guān)聯(lián)詞，在B和G之間進(jìn)行選擇，通讀可知，空前的“flow”與G項(xiàng)的“theflow”是相對(duì)應(yīng)的，B項(xiàng)的“applications”在文中沒(méi)有提及，所以此題鎖定答案GPartC46.【解析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，它是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，句子主干結(jié)構(gòu)是oneapproachtakes…andseeks…。破折號(hào)后面的部分是對(duì)前面提到的理論的進(jìn)一步解釋。1）take…toextreme…把……發(fā)揮到極致，把。。。推至極限2）theoryofeverything萬(wàn)有理論。或者也可以一個(gè)短語(yǔ)翻譯出來(lái)“適用于任何事物的理論”3）generativeequation生成等式、生成方程?！緟⒖甲g文】物理學(xué)中的一個(gè)理論把這種歸一的沖動(dòng)發(fā)揮到了極致，它探尋一種萬(wàn)有理論一個(gè)關(guān)于我們能看到的一切的生成方程式。解析：47.【解析】對(duì)本句話的理解關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)for引導(dǎo)的句子的正確理解。因?yàn)橛袃蓚€(gè)逗號(hào)，有的同學(xué)在考場(chǎng)比較緊急的時(shí)間和緊張的狀態(tài)下容易把兩個(gè)逗號(hào)間的部分理解為插入語(yǔ)，那么這句話就很難理解了。1）for引導(dǎo)的句子表原因與前句是并列關(guān)系，for原因并列句中又包含一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句2）“itseemsreasonabletosupposethat”對(duì)這句話的翻譯可以翻譯成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，也可以分開(kāi)翻譯成“那么假設(shè)文化差異也能夠追溯到更有限的源頭,這種假設(shè)看上去便是合理的了。”3)對(duì)于“culturaldiversity”的理解，我們?nèi)菀资艿街霸趥淇贾薪?jīng)常遇到的“culturaldiversity”的影響，直接翻譯成“文化多樣性”，但在本文，前文很多次提到了共性，所以這里我們翻譯為“文化差異”更合適?！緟⒖甲g文】在這里，達(dá)爾文主義似乎提供了有力的理由，因?yàn)槿绻祟愑泄餐钠鹪?，那么假設(shè)文化差異也能夠追溯到更有限的源頭好像就是合理的了。48.【解析】這句話結(jié)構(gòu)主要在于對(duì)三個(gè)“what”從句的理解。本題是三個(gè)what引導(dǎo)的從句第一個(gè)是what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，做filterout的賓語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)what是介詞from的賓語(yǔ)，from是固定搭配中的介詞filteroutAfromB。第三個(gè)what是understand的賓語(yǔ)，和how并列1）句子主干可以看做：TofilteroutAfromBenablesustounderstandCandDA指的是“whatiscontingentandunique”B指的是“whatisshared”howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”C指的是“howcomplexculturalbehaviourarose”D指的是“whatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms”2）Filterout詞組本意是濾掉，。這個(gè)單詞可能有同學(xué)會(huì)不熟悉，但是如果對(duì)本句結(jié)構(gòu)理解清楚，看到from這個(gè)介詞，加之對(duì)前文大意的理解，我們可以猜出這個(gè)詞的意思，或者理解為“區(qū)分”等也不影響全句的理解。以避免我們有的同學(xué)看到第一個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)立馬生出的膽怯情緒，影響下文判斷?！緟⒖甲g文】把差異性和獨(dú)特性從共性中過(guò)濾出來(lái)也許能讓我們理解復(fù)雜的文化行為是如何產(chǎn)生的，是什么從進(jìn)化或認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域指導(dǎo)著它。49.【解析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較明朗，關(guān)鍵是句子前部分單獨(dú)很難理解，需要結(jié)合前文。這也恰恰說(shuō)明了考研英語(yǔ)中的翻譯首先是閱讀理解的一部分，不是單獨(dú)的翻譯而已。1）這里的thesecond與上文的“ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,”，所里這里應(yīng)該翻譯成“第二種理論”所以這句話需要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯解釋清楚。而不能單純的翻譯成第二。。。2）對(duì)于括號(hào)內(nèi)部的處理，我們可以直接放在括號(hào)中即可。【參考譯文】約書亞格林伯格為尋找語(yǔ)言的共性而付出努力提出了第二種理論。他采用了一個(gè)更實(shí)用的共性理論，做法是辨認(rèn)出眾多語(yǔ)言的共有特征（尤其是按照詞序排列），這些特征被認(rèn)為代表了由認(rèn)知局限導(dǎo)致的偏差。50.【解析】這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，復(fù)雜的是其中大量的術(shù)語(yǔ)和不熟悉的詞匯。對(duì)于這些詞匯我們根據(jù)直譯即可。本句結(jié)構(gòu)：Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshow…,whereasGreenbergian….1）That引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾patterns2）這里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成語(yǔ)法，所以這里可以把生成語(yǔ)法翻譯出來(lái)。3）co-dependencies這個(gè)詞需要根據(jù)上下詞義加之詞根詞綴來(lái)猜測(cè)出詞義，因?yàn)橄挛闹赋鍪莾烧哧P(guān)系，所以可以翻譯為“共存性”?！緟⒖甲g文】喬姆斯基生成語(yǔ)法應(yīng)該表明語(yǔ)言變化的模式，這些模式獨(dú)立于族譜或貫穿其中的路徑，然而格林伯格的共性理論預(yù)測(cè)詞序關(guān)系的特殊類別之間（而不是其他）有著強(qiáng)烈的共存性。SectionIIIWriting51．小作文【參考范文】Dearinternationalstudents,IamthechairmanoftheStudents’Union.I’vejustreceivedtheemailsfromyouandgotthenewsthatyouwouldcometoouruniversity.Firstly,I’dliketoshowourwarmwelcome.Onbehalfofouruniversityandallthestudentshere,Ireallylookforwardtoyourcoming.Inordertomakeallofyoufeelathome,herearesomeconductivesuggestions.Firstly,you’dbettertakesomewarmclotheswithyoubecauseitiswinterinChinanowanditisverycoldinBeijing.Secondly,IadviseyoutopreparesomerelevantknowledgeaboutChinesecultureforbetterunderstandinginclass.Ireallyhopeyou’llfindtheseproposalsuseful.AndI’mlookingforwardtoyourcoming!Yourssincerely,LiMing52．大作文【參考范文】Howvividthecartoonitis!Whattheprofoundcartoonreflectsisanotuncommonsocialphenomenon,fromwhichwecanobservethat

inthiscartoonstandtwomenand

abottleofmilk.The2menshowdifferentperspectivestowardthebottleofmilkthatisplaceontheground.Accordingtotheinformationgivenintheabove-mentionedcartoon,thegistofitisregardinghowweshouldperceivetheworldaroundus.Peopletendtoshowdifferentattitudestowardstheissue.Then,whatprovetobetheunderlyingreasonsforit?Thefollowingseveralreasonsstatedbelowcanbetakentoberesponsibleforit.Firstandforemost,thatissueislargelyhavingsomethingtodowiththecurrentstateofpeople’mind,withoutanydoubt,somepeoplearebornpositively,andwhilesomeothersarebornnegatively.Whatismoreimportantisthattheoutlookandvalueembodiedinsocietyaffectshowwethrowourinsightsintosomethingwearedealwith.Asfarasmypersonalthinkingisconcerned,whenitcomestomentioningtheissueconcerninghowtolookattheworld,whatweshoulddoistoobserveitpositivelyandconfidently,especiallywhen

weareexperiencingandencounteringsetbacks,onlyifwehavetheabove-mentionedproposalsadopted,canwebeboundtolivealifeofhappiness.2012年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題答案詳解2012年考研真題及答案解析

2012考研英語(yǔ)一真題答案完整版（網(wǎng)絡(luò)版）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize2.[A]when[B]lest[C]before[D]unless3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated4.[A]challenged[B]compromised[C]suspected[D]accepted5.[A]advanced[B]caught[C]bound[D]founded6.[A]resistant[B]subject[C]immune[D]prone7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer14.[A]guarded[B]followed[C]studied[D]tied15.[A]concepts[B]theories[C]divisions[D]conceptions16.[A]excludes[B]questions[C]shapes[D]controls17.[A]dismissed[B]released[C]ranked[D]distorted18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore19.[A]accessible[B]amiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresultSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Comeon–Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedon’tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit’spresentedhereisthatitdoesn’tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas[A]asupplementtothesocialcure[B]astimulustogroupdynamics[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers[B]learnfromadvertisers’experience[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbookfailsto[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis[A]harmful[B]desirable[C]profound[D]questionableText2Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It’sastunningmove.Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant’slicensebesubjecttoVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement–especiallyafterthecompanymademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalgovernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecompany’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningto[A]condemning.[B]reaffirming.[C]dishonoring.[D]securing.27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits[A]managerialpractices.[B]technicalinnovativeness.[C]financialgoals.[D]businessvision29.Intheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest[A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.[B]thematureofstates’patchworkregulations.[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissues.30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat[A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged.Text3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim–aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness.[C]logicalityandobjectivity.[D]systematicnessandregularity.32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires[A]strictinspection.[B]sharedefforts.[C]individualwisdom.[D]persistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gy?rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmerica’spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions’thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica’spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain’sLaborParty,asitsnameimplies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestate’sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachers’unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachers’unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvard’sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers’fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.[D]thegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.[B]Educationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris[A]illegallysecured.[B]indirectlyaugmented.[C]excessivelyincreased.[D]fairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.[B]canchangepeople’spoliticalattitudes.[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.[D]aredominantinthegovernment.40.JohnDonahue’sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailaswellasthemailcarrier.(41)Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongco