八、托福閱讀修辭目的題

托福閱讀教程Section8–RhetoricalPurposeQuestionsSection8修辭目的題一、提問方式

1.TheauthordiscussesXinparagraph2inorderto2.WhydoestheauthormentionX?3.TheauthorusesXasanexampleofSection8修辭目的題二、答案中的常見詞儲(chǔ)備

1.definition2.example3.toillustrate4.toexplain5.tocontrast6.torefuteSection8修辭目的題三、英語文章段落布局

1、主題句：段首，本段要討論的話題2、拓展句：擺事實(shí)、講道理

一級(jí)拓展：為主題服務(wù)

二級(jí)拓展：為一級(jí)拓展服務(wù)3、結(jié)論句：對(duì)于主題的評(píng)價(jià)Section8修辭目的題四、解題方法

得分要點(diǎn)：抓住定位句的三種位置特點(diǎn)

1、定位句是段中支持句時(shí)

判斷定位句與前一句之間的邏輯關(guān)系

是從屬關(guān)系——答案依據(jù)前一句

非從屬關(guān)系——答案依據(jù)主題句Section8修辭目的題2、定位句是段首主題句時(shí)

答案是主題句與后面支持句的結(jié)合

3、定位句是段尾總結(jié)句時(shí)

答案是總結(jié)句本身

Section8修辭目的題五、正確選項(xiàng)特征

1、與定位句主干信息相關(guān)2、經(jīng)上下文抽象概括得出3、遇特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)依據(jù)定位句Section8修辭目的題六、題目規(guī)律1、定位在拓展句中WhydoestheauthorcallGiffordPinchotthefatherofprofessionalforestryinAmerica?ToemphasizehiscontributionstothefieldTodescribehisfamilybackgroundTopraisehismanagementskillsToillustratehisinfluenceonthepresidentSection8修辭目的題定位句：

ForemostwasGiffordPinchot,thefatherofprofessionalforestryinAmerica.前一句：

Severalmenhavebeenresponsibleforpromotingforestryasaprofession.

Section8修辭目的題ToemphasizehiscontributionstothefieldTodescribehisfamilybackgroundTopraisehismanagementskillsToillustratehisinfluenceonthepresidentSection8修辭目的題ToemphasizehiscontributionstothefieldTodescribehisfamilybackgroundTopraisehismanagementskillsToillustratehisinfluenceonthepresidentSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題1、定位在拓展句中WhydoestheauthormentionEverymaninparagraph5?

ToshowthatthedefinitionoftheaterhasevolvedovertimeTogiveanexampleofaplayinwhichabstractideasarecharactersTocomparetheimportanceofbeauty,knowledge,andstrengthToillustratetheuniversalhumandesiretocreatetheaterSection8修辭目的題

定位句：

InthemedievalplayEveryman,someoftherolesareabstractideassuchasBeauty,Knowledge,andStrength.Section8修辭目的題

定位句：

Inthemedievalplay

Everyman,someoftherolesareabstractideassuchasBeauty,Knowledge,andStrength.Section8修辭目的題

前一句：

Humanbeingsandhumanconcernsarealwaysthesubjectmatterofdrama,evenwhentheperformersplayanimals,objects,orabstractideas.

Section8修辭目的題

前一句：

Humanbeingsandhumanconcernsarealwaysthesubjectmatterofdrama,evenwhentheperformersplayanimals,objects,orabstractideas.

Section8修辭目的題

ToshowthatthedefinitionoftheaterhasevolvedovertimeTogiveanexampleofaplayinwhichabstractideasarecharactersTocomparetheimportanceofbeauty,knowledge,andstrengthToillustratetheuniversalhumandesiretocreatetheaterSection8修辭目的題

ToshowthatthedefinitionoftheaterhasevolvedovertimeTogiveanexampleofaplayinwhichabstractideasarecharactersTocomparetheimportanceofbeauty,knowledge,andstrengthToillustratetheuniversalhumandesiretocreatetheaterSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題1、定位在拓展句中

WhydoestheauthormentionNewfoundland’snationaldishinparagraph2?ToencouragethedevelopmentoftourisminNewfoundlandTodescribethedailylifeofpeopleinNewfoundlandTostresstheeconomicandculturalsignificanceofcodToshowthatNewfoundlandusedtobeaseparatecountrySection8修辭目的題定位句：

Newfoundland’snationaldishwasapuddingwhosemainingredientwascod.Section8修辭目的題前一句：

Settlersintheregionusedtothinktheonlyseacreatureworthtalkingaboutwascod,andinthelocalspeechtheword“fish”becamesynonymouswithcod.Section8修辭目的題前一句：

Settlersintheregionusedtothinktheonlyseacreatureworthtalkingaboutwascod,andinthelocalspeechtheword“fish”becamesynonymouswithcod.

Newfoundland’snationaldishwasapuddingwhosemainingredientwascod.Section8修辭目的題ToencouragethedevelopmentoftourisminNewfoundlandTodescribethedailylifeofpeopleinNewfoundlandTostresstheeconomicandculturalsignificanceofcodToshowthatNewfoundlandusedtobeaseparatecountrySection8修辭目的題ToencouragethedevelopmentoftourisminNewfoundlandTodescribethedailylifeofpeopleinNewfoundlandTostresstheeconomicandculturalsignificanceofcodToshowthatNewfoundlandusedtobeaseparatecountrySection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題1、定位在拓展句中

Theauthordiscussestheexpression“eh”inparagraph6asanexampleofanidiomthatuniquelycharacterizesCanadianspeechanexpressionthatfewpeopleoutsideCanadahaveheardastyleofCanadiandramaandliteratureawordthatcannotbetranslatedintootherlanguagesSection8修辭目的題定位句：

AmongtheoriginalCanadianidioms,perhapsthemostfamousisthealmostuniversaluseof“eh?”asatagquestion,asin“That’sagoodmovie,eh?”“Eh”isalsousedasafillerduringanarrative,asin“I’mwalkinghomefromwork,eh,andI’mthinkingaboutdinner.Ifinallygethome,eh,andtherefrigeratorisempty.”Section8修辭目的題前一句：

SomefeaturesofCanadianEnglishseemtobeuniqueandareoftendeliberatelyidentifiedwithCanadianspeakersinsuchcontextsasdramaticandliterarycharacterizations.Section8修辭目的題前一句：

SomefeaturesofCanadianEnglishseemtobeuniqueandareoftendeliberatelyidentifiedwithCanadianspeakersinsuchcontextsasdramaticandliterarycharacterizations.

AmongtheoriginalCanadianidioms,perhapsthemostfamousis……Section8修辭目的題anidiomthatuniquelycharacterizesCanadianspeechanexpressionthatfewpeopleoutsideCanadahaveheardastyleofCanadiandramaandliteratureawordthatcannotbetranslatedintootherlanguagesSection8修辭目的題anidiomthatuniquelycharacterizesCanadianspeechanexpressionthatfewpeopleoutsideCanadahaveheardastyleofCanadiandramaandliteratureawordthatcannotbetranslatedintootherlanguagesSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題1、定位在拓展句中TheauthormentionstheBayofFundyinparagraph5inorderto

comparetheBayofFundywithlargerbodiesofwaterexplainwhyanarrowchannelisdangeroustoshipsgivethemostextremeexampleofatidalrangeshowhowriverscanaffecttheriseandfalloftidesSection8修辭目的題

定位句：

AlongthenarrowchanneloftheBayofFundyinNovaScotia,thedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesmayreach45feetunderspringtideconditions—theworld’swidesttidalrange.Section8修辭目的題

前一句：IntheopenwaterofthecentralPacific,therangeisnomorethanaboutafoot;intherelativelysmall,shallowNorthSea,itisabout12feet.Section8修辭目的題

前一句：IntheopenwaterofthecentralPacific,therangeisnomorethanaboutafoot;intherelativelysmall,shallowNorthSea,itisabout12feet.

與定位句并列作為例子內(nèi)容Section8修辭目的題

再前一句——段落主題句：

Theverticalrangeoftides—thedifferencebetweenhighandlow—variesaccordingtothesize,surfaceshape,andbottomtopographyofthebasininwhichtidalmovementoccurs.

Section8修辭目的題

再前一句——段落主題句：

Theverticalrangeoftides—thedifferencebetweenhighandlow—variesaccordingtothesize,surfaceshape,andbottomtopographyofthebasininwhichtidalmovementoccurs.

Section8修辭目的題

定位句：

AlongthenarrowchanneloftheBayofFundyinNovaScotia,thedifferencebetweenhighandlowtidesmayreach45feetunderspringtideconditions—theworld’swidesttidalrange.Section8修辭目的題

comparetheBayofFundywithlargerbodiesofwaterexplainwhyanarrowchannelisdangeroustoshipsgivethemostextremeexampleofatidalrangeshowhowriverscanaffecttheriseandfalloftidesSection8修辭目的題

comparetheBayofFundywithlargerbodiesofwaterexplainwhyanarrowchannelisdangeroustoshipsgivethemostextremeexampleofatidalrangeshowhowriverscanaffecttheriseandfalloftidesSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題2、定位在主題句中OGP81-2.2.Theauthordiscussesphonographparlorsinparagraph2inordertoOGP81-2.explainEdison’sfinancialsuccessdescribethemodelusedtodesignKinetoscopeparlorscontrasttheirpopularitytothatofKinetoscopeparlorsillustratehowmuchmoretechnologicallyadvancedKinetoscopeparlorswereSection8修辭目的題OGP81-2.定位句：

TheseKinetoscopearcadesweremodeledonphonographparlors,whichhadprovensuccessfulforEdisonseveralyearsearlier.Thesekinetoscopearcades…中出現(xiàn)指示性詞語，還原前文中Section8修辭目的題OGP81-2.Thesekinetoscopearcades…中出現(xiàn)指示性詞語，還原前文中

ItwasdesignedforuseinKinetoscopeparlors,orarcades,which……Section8修辭目的題OGP81-2.定位句：

TheseKinetoscopearcades

weremodeled

onphonographparlors,whichhadproven

successfulforEdisonseveralyearsearlier.model…on…：依照…仿制…

關(guān)注同句中的時(shí)態(tài)不一致現(xiàn)象，動(dòng)作先后順序可以推出Section8修辭目的題OGP81-2.定位句后支持句：

Inthephonographparlors,customerslistenedtorecordingsthroughindividualeartubes,movingfromonemachinetothenexttoheardifferentrecordedspeechesorpiecesofmusic.

對(duì)phonographparlors的具體描述Section8修辭目的題OGP81-2.explainEdison’sfinancialsuccessdescribethemodelusedtodesignKinetoscopeparlorscontrasttheirpopularitytothatofKinetoscopeparlorsillustratehowmuchmoretechnologicallyadvancedKinetoscopeparlorswereSection8修辭目的題OGP81-2.explainEdison’sfinancialsuccessdescribethemodelusedtodesignKinetoscopeparlorscontrasttheirpopularitytothatofKinetoscopeparlorsillustratehowmuchmoretechnologicallyadvancedKinetoscopeparlorswereSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題2、定位在主題句中Whydoestheauthormentionthephysicalsciencesinparagraph1?TopointoutthatfinancialmeasurementsarenotalwayspreciseTocomparethephysicalsciencesunfavorablywithothersciencesToexplainwhymethodsofmeasurementareimportantindifferentfieldsToarguethateconomicsandfinanceshouldbeconsideredphysicalsciencesSection8修辭目的題定位句：

Ineconomicsandfinance,nothingcanbemeasuredwiththeprecisionpossibleinthephysicalsciences.Section8修辭目的題定位句后一句：However,approximatemeasurementisoftensufficientaslongasthemethodofmeasurementremainsthesameovertime.Section8修辭目的題定位句：

Ineconomicsandfinance,nothingcanbemeasuredwiththeprecision

possibleinthephysicalsciences.

However,approximatemeasurementisoftensufficientaslongasthemethodofmeasurementremainsthesameovertime.

Section8修辭目的題TopointoutthatfinancialmeasurementsarenotalwayspreciseTocomparethephysicalsciencesunfavorablywithothersciencesToexplainwhymethodsofmeasurementareimportantindifferentfieldsToarguethateconomicsandfinanceshouldbeconsideredphysicalsciencesSection8修辭目的題TopointoutthatfinancialmeasurementsarenotalwayspreciseTocomparethephysicalsciencesunfavorablywithothersciencesToexplainwhymethodsofmeasurementareimportantindifferentfieldsToarguethateconomicsandfinanceshouldbeconsideredphysicalsciencesSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題2、定位在主題句中WhydoestheauthorcomparePinchotandFernowtotheforestersoftoday?TodescribedifferentphilosophiesofforestrymanagementToshowhowthefieldofforestryhaschangedin100yearsToarguefortheexpansionofuniversityforestryprogramsTointroducethetypesofworkdonebyprofessionalforestersSection8修辭目的題定位句：Theforestersoftoday,likePinchotandFernowinthepast,planandsupervisethegrowth,protection,andutilizationoftrees.Section8修辭目的題定位句：

Theforesters

oftoday,likePinchotandFernowinthepast,planandsupervisethegrowth,protection,andutilizationoftrees.Section8修辭目的題后面支持句：Theymakemapsofforestareas,estimatetheamountofstandingtimberandfuturegrowth,andmanagetimbersales.Theyalsoprotectthetreesfromfire,harmfulinsects,anddisease.Someforestersmayberesponsibleforotherduties,rangingfromwildlifeprotectionandwatershedmanagementtothedevelopmentandsupervisionofcamps,parksandgrazinglands.Othersdoresearch,provideinformationtoforestownersandtothegeneralpublic,andteachincollegesanduniversities.Section8修辭目的題后面支持句：

They

makemaps

offorestareas,estimatetheamount

ofstandingtimberandfuturegrowth,andmanage

timbersales.Theyalsoprotectthetreesfromfire,harmfulinsects,anddisease.Someforestersmayberesponsibleforotherduties,rangingfromwildlifeprotectionandwatershedmanagementtothedevelopmentandsupervisionofcamps,parksandgrazinglands.Others

doresearch,provideinformation

toforestownersandtothegeneralpublic,andteachincollegesanduniversities.Section8修辭目的題TodescribedifferentphilosophiesofforestrymanagementToshowhowthefieldofforestryhaschangedin100yearsToarguefortheexpansionofuniversityforestryprogramsTointroducethetypesofworkdonebyprofessionalforestersSection8修辭目的題TodescribedifferentphilosophiesofforestrymanagementToshowhowthefieldofforestryhaschangedin100yearsToarguefortheexpansionofuniversityforestryprogramsTointroducethetypesofworkdonebyprofessionalforestersSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題3、定位在結(jié)論句中Whydoestheauthormentiontheprincipleofcaveatemptorinparagraph2?TorecommendthatthegovernmentreviewallstockpurchasesTocriticizeinadequateeffortstostopbadaccountingpracticesToarguethatbuyingstockisthebestwaytomakemoneyfastTowarnpotentialbuyersofthepossibilityofaccountingabusesSection8修辭目的題定位句：Althoughtheaccountingprofessionandgovernmentagencieshaveattemptedtoreformsomeoftheseabuses,theprincipleofcaveatemptor—letthebuyerbeware—muststillguideone’sfinancialtransactions.Section8修辭目的題定位句：Althoughtheaccountingprofessionandgovernmentagencieshaveattemptedtoreformsomeoftheseabuses,theprincipleofcaveatemptor—letthebuyerbeware—muststillguideone’sfinancialtransactions.

muststillguide—possibilitythebuyer/one’s—potentialbuyerSection8修辭目的題TorecommendthatthegovernmentreviewallstockpurchasesTocriticizeinadequateeffortstostopbadaccountingpracticesToarguethatbuyingstockisthebestwaytomakemoneyfastTowarnpotentialbuyersofthepossibilityofaccountingabusesSection8修辭目的題TorecommendthatthegovernmentreviewallstockpurchasesTocriticizeinadequateeffortstostopbadaccountingpracticesToarguethatbuyingstockisthebestwaytomakemoneyfastTowarnpotentialbuyersofthepossibilityofaccountingabusesSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題3、定位在結(jié)論句中

Whydoestheauthordiscussdifferentpartsoftheearth’ssurfaceinparagraph1?ToexplainwhyhumansliveinsomepartsbutnotinothersToshowthattheentireearthismadeofthesamematerialTocomparehowvarioussurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereTodescribechangesintheearth’sappearancethroughouttheyearSection8修辭目的題答題依據(jù)：

Thus,thedifferenttypesofsurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereatdifferentrates.Section8修辭目的題答題依據(jù)：

Thus,thedifferenttypesofsurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereatdifferentrates.Section8修辭目的題ToexplainwhyhumansliveinsomepartsbutnotinothersToshowthattheentireearthismadeofthesamematerialTocomparehowvarioussurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereTodescribechangesintheearth’sappearancethroughouttheyearSection8修辭目的題ToexplainwhyhumansliveinsomepartsbutnotinothersToshowthattheentireearthismadeofthesamematerialTocomparehowvarioussurfacestransferheatintotheatmosphereTodescribechangesintheearth’sappearancethroughouttheyearSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題4、定位句中遇到特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)Whydoestheprofessormentionstorms,blizzards,anddroughtsinparagraph2?ToexplainwhyhumansareafraidoftheunknownToshowhowtheatmosphereandtheeartharelinkedTogiveexamplesofdangerouseffectsofclimateToillustratetheeffectsofhumanactivityonclimateSection8修辭目的題定位句：

Wealsomakechoicesabouthowtominimizetheharmfuleffectsofclimate—storms,blizzards,anddroughts.Section8修辭目的題定位句：

Wealsomakechoicesabouthowtominimizetheharmfuleffectsofclimate—storms,blizzards,anddroughts.Section8修辭目的題ToexplainwhyhumansareafraidoftheunknownToshowhowtheatmosphereandtheeartharelinkedTogiveexamplesofdangerouseffectsofclimateToillustratetheeffectsofhumanactivityonclimateSection8修辭目的題ToexplainwhyhumansareafraidoftheunknownToshowhowtheatmosphereandtheeartharelinkedTogiveexamplesofdangerouseffectsofclimateToillustratetheeffectsofhumanactivityonclimateSection8修辭目的題Section8修辭目的題5、專門考查某個(gè)單詞的修辭目的

1)提問方式：Whydoestheauthorusetheterm/theword……?2)得分要點(diǎn)：

著眼定位句或下一句解題，下句是上句的支持內(nèi)容，會(huì)對(duì)抽象及概括的詞語進(jìn)行具體表述Section8修辭目的題5、專門考查某個(gè)單詞的修辭目的Whydoestheauthorusethetermkeyindicatorsindiscussinginformalsocialroles?

ToidentifythemostimportanttypeofsocialroleToexplainhowtoidentifyinformalsocialrolesTopointoutthatinformalrolesareuniquetofamiliesToemphasizethevalueofinformalrolestoagroupSection8修辭目的題定位句：

Theyarekeyindicatorsofagroup’shealthandhappiness.Section8修辭目的題定位句：

Theyarekeyindicatorsofagroup’shealthandhappiness.代詞還原：

Informalsocialroles

arenotalwayseasytorecognize,butcan……Section8修辭目的題定位句后面的支持句：

Withinthefamily,oneinformalroleisthefamilyhero,thepersonwhodefinesintegrityandupholdsfamilymorality.

以家庭為例闡釋keyindicators的具體體現(xiàn)Section8修辭目的題ToidentifythemostimportanttypeofsocialroleToexplainhowtoidentifyinformalsocialrolesTopointoutthatinformalrolesareuniquetofamiliesToemphasizethevalueofinformalrolestoagroupSection8修辭目的題ToidentifythemostimportanttypeofsocialroleToexplainhowtoidentifyinformalsocialrolesTopointoutthatinformalrolesar