綠色建筑設計及理論

1、Green Buildings綠色建筑International Environmental Forum on Leapfrogging Development in China中國跨越式開展國際環(huán)境論壇 Robert Watson, NRDC美國自然資源保護委員會Chairman LEED Steering CommitteeLEED指導委員會主席1About NRDC美國自然資源保護委員會Founded in 1970成立于1970年Law, Science, Policy and People in defense of the Earth通過法律、科學、政策和人的力量保護地球4 Off

2、ices; 250 professionals4個辦事機構；250名專業(yè)人員1,000,000 Members & e-Activists全美100萬名會員2Environmental Impact of Buildings建筑對環(huán)境的影響Land Consumption = Habitat & Species Loss土地消耗=棲息地 & 物種 減少Energy Consumption = Air Pollution能源消耗 = 空氣污染Water Consumption = Water Pollution水消耗 = 水污染Materials Consumption = Resource L

3、oss材料消耗 = 資源損失Indoor Environmental Quality = Human Health室內環(huán)境質量 = 人類健康3How We See Buildings我們如何看待建筑4What We Dont See我們沒有看到的567Energy Use & Atmospheric Emissions能耗和大氣污染物排放消耗全美70%的電能使用全美40-45%以上的一次能源排放全美40-45%的溫室氣體835-40% of the Municipal Solid Waste Stream占城市固體垃圾的35-40%9 消耗美國80%的飲用水10700,000 hectares

4、 developed each year in China中國每年開發(fā)70萬公頃土地3,000,000 mu farmland are being replaced by development each year每年300萬畝農田被開發(fā)工程占用11What is “Green Design?什么是“綠色設計？Design and construction practices that significantly reduce or eliminate the negative impact of buildings on the environment and occupants in fi

5、ve broad areas:建筑設計和施工應在五個方面明顯降低或消除建筑對環(huán)境和用戶的負面影響： Sustainable site planning 場址規(guī)劃的可持續(xù)性 Safeguarding water and water efficiency 保護水和提高水的使用效率 Energy efficiency and renewable energy 節(jié)能和可再生能源的開發(fā)利用 Conservation of materials and resources 材料與資源節(jié)約 Indoor environmental quality 室內環(huán)境質量12Man-made SystemsHuman a

6、nd Manufactured WasteAgricultural ResourcesTransportationEnergy SystemsResource extraction impactSocial Equity社會公平GovernmentSocial JusticeHistoric Continuity (sacred places)Community Quality and ResponsibilityMaterial resources-human impactSpiritual and Physical HealthEconomic經濟Local EconomyLocal ma

7、terials and workforceGlobal EconomyGovernment Mandated Minimums政府強制要求的最低水平Greening Goals綠色目標Sustainability Targets可持續(xù)開展目標 SUSTAINABLE CONDITION 可持續(xù)開展的條件Environment環(huán)境Natural SystemsSunWindWater SystemsAnimal and Plant Habitat D B C ADesigning for Sustainability可持續(xù)開展的設計13Adapted from ENSARs GraphEcolo

8、gical Design Opportunities生態(tài)設計的機遇14Lost Opportunities失掉的機遇New construction is the best time to capture benefits of green building and transform the market新建筑是抓住綠色建筑效益和市場轉型的最好時機。If opportunity is missed initially, waste and damage could go on for years如果失掉最初的時機，浪費和破壞那么將持續(xù)多年。Marginal cost is lowest此時的

9、邊際本錢最低。Opportunities for integration can result in additional benefits and eliminate extra costs抓住整合的時機可帶來額外效益并消除額外本錢。15Green Building Assessment Systems綠色建筑評估體系United States: LEEDTM 美國Britain: BREEAM英國Japan: CASBEE日本Canada: GBTool加拿大France: ESCALE法國Norway: Eco Profile挪威Germany: LND德國Australia: NABE

10、RS澳大利亞China: “Evaluation System for Green Olympic Buildings中國：綠色奧運建筑評估標準16Key attributes of successful construction standards:成功的建筑標準的關鍵屬性Technically sound 技術合理Green achievement 綠色Feasibility可行Market acceptability市場接受Program support支持方案17History of Green Buildings綠色建筑的歷史Modern green building movemen

11、t started with energy crises of the 1970s現(xiàn)代綠色建筑運動始于1970年代的能源危機Began with energy efficiency standards and codes從節(jié)能標準和標準開始Followed by indoor air quality, material issues, site and water隨后出現(xiàn)室內空氣質量/材料/場址和節(jié)水問題First green buildings in U.S. 5,000 years old美國最早的綠色建筑可追溯到5,000年以前18Mesa Verde: Americas First G

12、reen Building美洲最早的綠色建筑19U.S. Green Building Council美國綠色建筑協(xié)會Founded in 1993, the organizations purpose is to: 成立于1993年，該組織的目標是：Integrate building industry sectors 整合建筑業(yè)Lead market transformation 領導市場轉型Educate owners and practitioners 培訓業(yè)主和從業(yè)人員National nonprofit organization based in Washington, DC 設于

13、華盛頓特區(qū)的非贏利性機構Diverse membership of organizations由多樣性的機構會員組成Developer and administrator of the LEEDTM Green Building Rating System ?綠色建筑評估認證標準體系? LEEDTM開發(fā)管理20Leadership in Energy & Environmental DesignA leading-edge system for designing, constructing, and certifying the worlds greenest buildings.世界上最綠

14、色的建筑設計、施工與認證的先導體系21Why Was LEEDTM Created?為什么創(chuàng)立LEEDTM ?Define “green by providing a standard for measurement 提供一個衡量標準給“綠色定義Prevent “greenwashing (false or exaggerated claims) 防止濫用“綠色 (錯誤的或夸張的)Use as a design guideline 作為設計指導Promote whole-building, integrated design processes推動整座建筑的整合的設計過程22Where LEE

15、D Fits in the MarketLEED的市場份額綠色建筑市場典型做法大多數(shù)75%違法者綠色標準綠色建筑 25%創(chuàng)新者風險承擔者2326162.587.545.510.11.1Growth in LEED: 18 million SM; 1,500 Projects LEED的增長：1,800平米； 1,500個工程14724Growth in USGBC Membership美國綠色建筑協(xié)會員的增長BEGAN IN 1993 WITH 23 MEMBERS1993年23家會員發(fā)起25LEEDTM Point Distribution LEEDTM評分標準室內空氣質量23%可持續(xù)性選址

16、22%材料與資源20%節(jié)水8%能源與大氣27%26Technical Overview of LEEDTM LEEDTM的技術概要(續(xù))Whole-building approach encourages and guides a collaborative, integrated design and construction process 整體的建筑理念鼓勵并引導合作、整合的設計和施工過程Optimizes environmental and economic factors 優(yōu)化環(huán)境與經濟因素Four levels of certification 4個認證等級LEED Certifi

17、ed (LEED認證級 40-50 % Silver Level (銀級) 51-60% Gold Level (金級) 61-80%Platinum Level (白金級) 81%27Sustainable Sites 可持續(xù)性選址Erosion & sediment control (PR)侵蝕及沉積控制Site selection地址的選定Urban redevelopment城市再開發(fā)Brownfield redevelopment被污染土地的再開發(fā)Alternative transportation可替代交通28Sustainable Sites 可持續(xù)性選址Reduced site

18、 disturbance減少對場址的影響Stormwater management雨水管理Landscape & exterior design to reduce heat islands減少熱島效應的景觀和外部設計Light pollution reduction減少光污染29Erosion & Sediment Control侵蝕和沉積控制侵蝕和沉積控制隔柵臨時沉積控制池30PNC Bank - Pittsburgh, PA PNC 銀行 匹茨堡Efficient Site Selection 高效的選址31Kandalama - Dambulla, Sri Lanka斯里蘭卡的案例25

19、3,000 gsf Hotel; reduced site disturbance 253,000 gsf 酒店;減少對場址的影響LEEDTM 1.0 Certification: Certified通過LEEDTM 1.0版認證 認證級32Infiltration Trenches濾水渠33Constructed Wetlands人工濕地廢水入口非滲透層滲透層清潔水出口34Retention Ponds蓄水池35Green Roofs綠色屋頂Gap Corporate Headquarters, San Bruno, CA36Energy & Atmosphere能源與環(huán)境Fundament

20、al building commissioning (PR)建筑的根本試運行Meet ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 (PR)符合ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 Eliminate CFCs (PR)消除氟里昂 Exceed ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 by 20-60%超過ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 20-60%37Energy & Atmosphere能源與環(huán)境Use of alternative or renewable energy使用可替代或可再生能源Additional commissioning其它試運行Eliminate HCFC

21、s and Halons 消除氫氯化烴(HCFC)和哈龍(Halon) Measurement and verification 測量及檢驗Green power contract 綠色電力合同38Efficient Lighting高效照明Source: Croxton Collaborative39“Super Windows“超級窗Source: Croxton Collaborative40Integrating Natural and Electric Light 整合自然光和燈光照明41Underfloor Air地板下送風42Building Controls樓宇自控43Phot

22、ovoltaic Roof屋頂光伏發(fā)電44Water Efficiency 用水效率Water efficient landscaping提高用水效率的景觀設計Innovative wastewater technologies創(chuàng)新的廢水技術Water use reduction減少用水量45Water Efficiency-Xeriscape用水效率 - 耐旱地形46Water Efficiency: Drip Irrigation用水效率：滴灌47Waterless Urinals無水小便器No Smell!無味!48Dual Flush Toilets雙沖廁所49On-site Wast

23、ewater Treatment & Recycling現(xiàn)場廢水處理&再用50Rainwater Capture雨水收集Chesapeake Bay Foundation51Materials and Resources材料與資源Storage & collection of recyclables (PR)可回收物的儲存與收集Building reuse 建筑再利用Construction waste management建筑垃圾管理Resource reuse 資源再利用Use of materials with recycled content使用含有再生成份的材料Use of loca

24、l/regional materials使用本地材料Rapidly renewable materials可快速再生資源Certified wood 認證的木材52Construction Waste Recycling施工廢棄物回收53Deconstruction拆房54Sustainable Materials & Resources可持續(xù)的材料與資源55Rapidly Renewable Materials可快速再生材料Bamboo竹材Wheatboard麥秸板56Certified Wood認證的木材Clearcut濫伐Selective Harvesting擇伐57Indoor En

25、vironmental Quality室內環(huán)境質量滿足 ASHRAE 62-1999 的要求(PR)Control environmental tobacco smoke (PR) 控制室內吸煙CO2 monitoring 二氧化碳監(jiān)測Ventilation effectiveness (ASHRAE 129) 有效通風Construction IAQ Management Plan建筑室內空氣質量管理規(guī)劃Low-emitting materials 低排放材料Indoor chemical and pollutant source control室內化學及污染源控制Controllabili

26、ty of systems 系統(tǒng)的可控性Thermal comfort 熱舒適性Daylight & views 日光及視覺58Sources of Indoor Pollution室內污染源59Indoor Air Quality室內環(huán)境質量60Ventilation Effectiveness有效通風61Biological Contamination生物污染62Green Buildings in China中國的綠色建筑63Agenda 21 Project8 stories 8 層13,000 sq. meter/130,000 square foot government offi

27、ce building13,000平方米/130,000平方英尺 政府辦公樓Will house ACCA21 and NSCTSD offices中國21世紀議程管理中心和中國科學技術促進開展研究中心將在此辦公Second floor Technology Demonstration and Training Center二層將作為節(jié)能技術展示廳及培訓中心Chinese/American design collaboration中美合作設計64Design Case Comparison節(jié)能設計比照Energy Use-Revised Base Case: 修改正的基準建筑能耗：1126 M

28、Wh548 KW Cooling Capacity 空調容量Energy Use-Efficiency Case:節(jié)能建筑能耗：556 MWh/yr (51% savings) 節(jié)能51%344 KW Cooling Capacity (37% savings)空調容量 節(jié)能37%655-sided Base Case Total Energy Use 1501 MWh/year 基準建筑的5種總能耗：1501 MWh/年5-sided Best Case Total Energy Use 939 MWh/year最正確建筑的5種總能耗：939 MWh/年Energy Efficiency P

29、erformance能效性能Building Cost Increase: 8%建筑造價增加：8%Estimated return cycle: 8 years (current energy price)預期回收周期：8年(以當前能源價格計)67Standard Floor Layout標準層布局68Final Efficiency Features最終節(jié)能特征High Efficiency Lighting (4-6.7 W/sqM)高效照明4-6.7 W/平方英尺Task/ambient design w/ controls工作燈/背景燈 設計與控制Daylight integration w light shelves反光板結合自然光High Efficiency HVAC w/ ice storage system包括冰蓄冷的高效暖通系統(tǒng)2 x 100 ton Chillers w/50 tons ice storage2個100冷噸