專題一　閱讀理解 2021屆高考英語二輪總復(fù)習(xí)課件

1、模塊一專題一閱讀理解 英 語2021閱讀理解與七選五閱讀 內(nèi)容索引考情透析 謀對(duì)策題型指導(dǎo) 尋技法真題演練 明趨勢(shì)考情透析 謀對(duì)策明晰體裁與題材特點(diǎn),縮小刷題數(shù)量 試卷/情況A篇B篇C篇D篇選材特點(diǎn)2020全國人與社會(huì)乘坐火車應(yīng)用文人與自我讀書感悟夾敘夾議文人與社會(huì)競(jìng)走與跑步說明文人與自然發(fā)光植物說明文主題語境:涵蓋三大主題語境人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然。體裁多樣:應(yīng)用文、說明文、記敘文為主,也會(huì)涉及議論文。題材廣泛:社會(huì)文化、生活學(xué)習(xí)、應(yīng)用廣告、科普知識(shí)為主。全國人與社會(huì)景點(diǎn)指南應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)科學(xué)探索說明文人與自然環(huán)境保護(hù)說明文人與自我生活與學(xué)習(xí)記敘文全國人與社會(huì)旅行應(yīng)用文人與自然動(dòng)物保護(hù)

2、記敘文人與社會(huì)社會(huì)現(xiàn)象說明文人與社會(huì)人類進(jìn)化說明文新高考全國人與社會(huì)參賽須知應(yīng)用文人與自我完善自我記敘文人與社會(huì)旅行見聞?wù)f明文人與自我伙伴影響飲食說明文試卷/情況A篇B篇C篇D篇選材特點(diǎn)2019全國人與社會(huì)兼職活動(dòng)應(yīng)用文人與自我競(jìng)選演說記敘文人與自然科學(xué)技術(shù)說明文人與自我心理健康說明文全國人與社會(huì)文化生活應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)志愿者工作記敘文人與社會(huì)社會(huì)生活說明文人與社會(huì)文化教育說明文全國人與社會(huì)戲劇預(yù)告應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)文化說明文人與社會(huì)社會(huì)生活說明文人與自然科學(xué)研究說明文試卷/情況A篇B篇C篇D篇選材特點(diǎn)2018全國人與社會(huì)觀光指南應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)大眾生活說明文人與社會(huì)語言文化說明文人與社會(huì)社會(huì)生活說明

3、文全國人與社會(huì)暑期活動(dòng)應(yīng)用文人與自然健康飲食說明文人與自我學(xué)習(xí)策略議論文人與自我人際交往說明文全國人與社會(huì)旅游指南應(yīng)用文人與社會(huì)城市發(fā)展說明文人與社會(huì)中國建筑記敘文人與自然簡(jiǎn)約生活說明文透析題型設(shè)置,采用高效答題技巧 考點(diǎn)202020192018題量合計(jì)命題特點(diǎn)全國全國全國新高考全國全國全國全國全國全國全國細(xì)節(jié)理解787886879977以細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷題為主,兼顧主旨大意和詞義猜測(cè)題。細(xì)節(jié)理解題的答案更加隱蔽,敘述含蓄,直接信息題減少。主旨大意224122122220推理判斷533445553340詞義猜測(cè)121212111113高考評(píng)價(jià)體系下的備考啟示實(shí)現(xiàn)滿分小目標(biāo),方向方法都重要方向

4、非常重要。研透高考,精準(zhǔn)訓(xùn)練。對(duì)高考試題細(xì)讀精讀,字斟句酌,把握試題特點(diǎn),精準(zhǔn)對(duì)接高考。以新課標(biāo)為備考依據(jù),聚焦三大主題語境(人與自我、人與社會(huì)、人與自然),通過大量閱讀培養(yǎng)家國情懷和國際視野。培養(yǎng)讀后汲取、處理、加工、推理、判斷、猜測(cè)、整合信息的關(guān)鍵能力。以新教材語篇、高考真題或高質(zhì)量模擬試題的語篇為依托,既要對(duì)語言知識(shí)(詞匯、語法、句式、修辭等)進(jìn)行總結(jié),又要對(duì)做題方法、經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)進(jìn)行歸納總結(jié)。定期進(jìn)行閱讀測(cè)試。限時(shí)閱讀,認(rèn)真核對(duì)答案,對(duì)試題進(jìn)行深度總結(jié),找出努力方向,及時(shí)、科學(xué)調(diào)整復(fù)習(xí)方法。題型指導(dǎo) 尋技法命題方式考點(diǎn)一細(xì)節(jié)理解題1.常見的提問方式主要以特殊疑問句形式。以when,whe

5、re,what,which,who,how much/many等疑問詞開頭引出問題。偶爾用填空形式。如:The biggest challenge for most mothers is from .2.正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)語言簡(jiǎn)化。把原文中復(fù)雜的語言現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)化,設(shè)置為答案。同義替換。對(duì)原文句子中的關(guān)鍵詞進(jìn)行同義替換,如把lose ones job換成be out of work;有時(shí),詞性或者語態(tài)有所變化,如把important改成of importance,把主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達(dá)而成為正確選項(xiàng)。3.干擾選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)與短文細(xì)節(jié)部分相吻合,部分相悖。是短文細(xì)節(jié),但不符

6、合題干要求。是短文細(xì)節(jié),但不是要點(diǎn)或主要論據(jù)。符合常識(shí),但不是文章內(nèi)容。明顯與短文細(xì)節(jié)不符或短文中未提及。與原句的內(nèi)容極為相似,只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)。技巧點(diǎn)撥1.直接信息題定位題干信息關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀題干,找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞速讀文章,尋找題干比對(duì)選項(xiàng)與原文細(xì)節(jié)的直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對(duì)客觀事實(shí)作解釋或者判斷,只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。首先,認(rèn)真閱讀題干,根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞明確答題方向;然后速讀文章尋找題干內(nèi)容,要有重點(diǎn)、有針對(duì)性地閱讀,冗余無效的信息可以略讀甚至不讀。最后,仔細(xì)比較所給選項(xiàng),與原文信息對(duì)應(yīng),鎖定正確選項(xiàng)?！镜淅∽C】(2020新高考山東,A)Prizes.50 Honorable Mention

7、s:Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners,who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight.2.What will each of the honorable mention winners get?A.A plane ticket.B.A book by Corinne Szabo.C.A special T-shirt.D.A photo of Amelia Earhart.解題思路C此題考查直接信息理解。題干中關(guān)鍵詞是“honorabl

8、e mention winners”,題干意為“每個(gè)榮譽(yù)提名者會(huì)獲得什么獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)”,然后到文中Prizes部分的“50 Honorable Mentions:”中的“Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners,who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earharts final flight.”這一句可直接看出答案,即評(píng)委會(huì)選出的50名榮譽(yù)獎(jiǎng)獲得者每人會(huì)獲得一件特別的T恤衫,故答案為C項(xiàng)。2.間接信息題轉(zhuǎn)換選項(xiàng)語意關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀題干,找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞掃讀原文,鎖定信息用同義、近義或反義的語言轉(zhuǎn)

9、換間接信息題不僅要求讀者能從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息,而且還要將獲取的信息用同義或者近義的語言形式進(jìn)行復(fù)述或者轉(zhuǎn)換。首先,閱讀題干,有針對(duì)性地掃讀原文,鎖定相關(guān)詞句等信息。然后,準(zhǔn)確理解每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的意思,尋找與原文信息相關(guān)的同義、近義或者反義的詞或短語。最后仔細(xì)比對(duì)選項(xiàng)和原文信息,選擇最佳選項(xiàng)?！镜淅∽C】(2018全國,A)Washington,D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.Duration:3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to se

10、e the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington,D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!.21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Cherry B

11、lossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.解題思路A此題考查間接信息理解。題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是“book in advance”,按照段落的順序進(jìn)行查找,發(fā)現(xiàn)第一段“Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.”中“Reserve your spot befor

12、e availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!”這一句中“Reserve”與題干關(guān)鍵詞意義相同,由此可知,華盛頓特區(qū)的櫻花自行車之旅需要提前預(yù)訂,故答案為A項(xiàng)。3.零散信息題整合歸納分析關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀題干,找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞查找段落,劃定信息計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù),整合分析考生從文中獲得回答細(xì)節(jié)理解題的具體信息,可以直接找到包含所需信息的段落,迅速劃定關(guān)鍵詞語,然后重點(diǎn)理解。對(duì)于零散型的細(xì)節(jié)理解或數(shù)字運(yùn)算題,需要找到與之相關(guān)的事實(shí)或者數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析整合。注意根據(jù)文段結(jié)構(gòu)和寫作順序,有針對(duì)性地尋讀,迅速鎖定相關(guān)內(nèi)容?！镜淅∽C】(2020新高考山東,D).To tes

13、t the effect of social influence on eating habits,the researchers conducted two experiments.In the first,95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership.Before the film began,each woman was asked to help herself to a snack.

14、An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first.In her natural state,the actor weighed 105 pounds.But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food.The participants fo

15、llowed suit,taking more food than they normally would have.However,they took significantly more when the actor was thin.For the second test,in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls.In the other case,she took 30 pieces.The results were similar to the first test:the par

16、ticipants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when were making decisions.14.Why did the researchers hire the actor?A.To see how she would affect the participants.B.To test if the partic

17、ipants could recognize her.C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.D.To study why she could keep her weight down.解題思路A此題考查零散信息理解。根據(jù)“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits,the researchers conducted two experiments.”這一句可知,為了驗(yàn)證社交對(duì)飲食習(xí)慣的影響,研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn);再結(jié)合下文介紹的兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)可知,聘用演員參加實(shí)驗(yàn)旨在查看

18、演員對(duì)參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的人的飲食習(xí)慣的影響,故答案為A項(xiàng)?？键c(diǎn)二推理判斷題命題方式推理判斷是指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上,通過對(duì)語篇邏輯關(guān)系和細(xì)節(jié)暗示的分析,作一定的判斷和推理,從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義。1.細(xì)節(jié)推斷細(xì)節(jié)推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,推斷具體的細(xì)節(jié),如時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息,或者借助生活常識(shí)進(jìn)行推理判斷?？忌盐瘴恼碌膬?nèi)在關(guān)系,理解文章的真正含義,然后作出判斷。主要設(shè)題方式有:It can be inferred from the passage that .The author strongly suggests that .It c

19、an be concluded from the passage that .The writer indicates/implies/suggests that .2.寫作意圖推斷寫作意圖推斷題要求考生根據(jù)文章的論述,揣測(cè)作者的寫作意圖和寫作手法。作者一般不直接陳述自己的意圖,而是通過文章所提供的事實(shí),客觀地使讀者信服某種想法或觀點(diǎn)。這就要求考生不但要理解文章的主旨大意,還要具備對(duì)作者闡述問題的方法進(jìn)行分析和歸納總結(jié)的能力。主要設(shè)題方式有:What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?The purpose of the te

20、xt is to get more people to .The writer of the story wants to tell us that .The fact.is mentioned by the author to show .The author writes the last paragraph in order to .3.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度推斷題考查考生是否了解文章作者或者文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度。這就要求考生在正確理解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)作者的觀點(diǎn)或者態(tài)度傾向進(jìn)行分析、識(shí)別,關(guān)注作者對(duì)人物心理或者細(xì)節(jié)的描寫,對(duì)文章所交代的人或事情進(jìn)行評(píng)判。主要設(shè)題方式有:T

21、he attitude of the author towards something is .The writer of the passage seems to think that .Whats the authors opinion on.?What do we know about.in the passage?What does the author think about.?4.文章來源和讀者對(duì)象推斷推測(cè)文章的來源或者讀者對(duì)象要求考生本身要具備一定的常識(shí),這樣文章的內(nèi)容才能與讀者本身具備的常識(shí)結(jié)合起來。比如讀者本身要對(duì)報(bào)紙、雜志、網(wǎng)絡(luò)、科普、小說、廣告、說明書、旅游指南等有基本的

22、了解,這樣才能根據(jù)文章的特點(diǎn)對(duì)號(hào)入座,選出正確的答案。主要設(shè)題方式有:This passage would be most likely to be found in .The passage is probably taken from .Where does this text probably come from?Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?The text is intended for .5.推理判斷題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)(1)正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):是“弦外之音”,是立足原文推斷出來的內(nèi)容,而不是直接敘述

23、的具體信息。沒有絕對(duì)概念的字眼,如only,never,all,absolutely等。因?yàn)槭歉鶕?jù)原文推斷出來的內(nèi)容,略有模糊成分,留有余地,常含有usually,may,some,might,can,possibly等詞匯。(2)干擾選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):張冠李戴。使用了原文出現(xiàn)的詞匯或者句式,但不是本題的內(nèi)容。顛倒是非。選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容涉及了原文中提及的內(nèi)容,但是選項(xiàng)意思與之恰恰相反。無中生有。這類選項(xiàng)往往是基本的生活常識(shí),觀點(diǎn)是正確的,但不是本文表示的內(nèi)容。擴(kuò)縮范圍。原文中可能出現(xiàn)了像almost,all,nearly,more than,normally,usually等詞語對(duì)文章內(nèi)容加以限制,干擾項(xiàng)改變

24、了原文范圍。曲解文意。根據(jù)文中某一句話或者利用了里面的字詞設(shè)計(jì)出選項(xiàng),看似表達(dá)了文章的意思,實(shí)際上是借題發(fā)揮,曲解了文章原意。技巧點(diǎn)撥1.明確文章寫作目的關(guān)鍵詞:通讀全文,確定文章體裁記敘文表達(dá)情感或者某個(gè)道理;應(yīng)用文推銷或者介紹;說明文展示用途或者過程;議論文論述道理或者表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)要做好寫作目的題,首先應(yīng)確定文章的體裁,因?yàn)槲捏w不同,寫作目的也不同。一般來說,記敘文會(huì)在首段或者末段出現(xiàn)高度概括的總結(jié)性語言,而且往往有一定的哲理性,所有的敘述都圍繞該哲理展開。廣告類應(yīng)用文往往會(huì)通過對(duì)某種產(chǎn)品或者服務(wù),或是電影、旅游景點(diǎn)等的介紹來吸引更多的觀眾、讀者或者游客,會(huì)使用具有明顯支持傾向的語言。說明文往

25、往向讀者展示某物的用途或者制作過程,議論文往往提出論點(diǎn),進(jìn)行論證,得出結(jié)論,作者的寫作意圖往往隱含于最后一部分中?！镜淅∽C】(2020新高考山東,C)In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months,physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later,still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to wri

26、te an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit,however,ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book,Chasing the Sea:Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan,where millions of lives have been destroyed by

27、 the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land,and of the people he meets on his way:Rustam,his translator,a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California,Oleg and Natasha,his hosts in Tashkent,and a string of foreign aid workers.This

28、 is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan,made of friendliness and warmth,but also its darker side of society.In Samarkand,Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders,while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing.In Ferghana,he attends a mountain funeral(

29、葬禮) followed by a strange drinking party.And in Karakalpakstan,he is saddened by the dust storms,diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.Mr Bissell skilfully organizes historical insights and cultural references,making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan,seen from Western eyes.

30、His judgment and references are decidedly American,as well as his delicate stomach.As the author explains,this is neither a travel nor a history book,or even a piece of reportage.Whatever it is,the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.11.What is the purpos

31、e of this text?A.To introduce a book.B.To explain a cultural phenomenon.C.To remember a writer.D.To recommend a travel destination.解題思路A此題考查文章的寫作目的。文章開頭引出了Tom Bissell寫書的背景,從第二段到最后一段分別介紹了這本書的概要、主要內(nèi)容和對(duì)這本書的評(píng)價(jià),即全文圍繞著這本書展開,由此可推斷其寫作目的就是向讀者介紹和推薦這本書,故答案為A項(xiàng)。2.抓住作者的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀題干,找準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞速讀文章,尋找作者對(duì)某事物所持觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的語段體會(huì)字

32、里行間流露出的情感,與選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行比對(duì)文章作者或者文中人物對(duì)某事物所持的態(tài)度或者觀點(diǎn)往往隱含在字里行間或者流露于修飾詞之中,這就要求考生注意文中作者或者文中人物的措辭。作者或者文中人物的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)常用一些形容詞、副詞來表示,如possible,impossible,seem,strange等。作者或者文中人物的態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)一般有三類:支持、贊同、樂觀;反對(duì)、批評(píng)、懷疑、悲觀;中立、客觀?？忌鷳?yīng)熟悉如下有關(guān)作者情感、態(tài)度的詞語:褒義詞:supportive(支持的),positive(積極的),optimistic(樂觀的),enthusiastic(熱情的)等。貶義詞:negative(否定的,消極

33、的),critical(批評(píng)的),disgusted(厭惡的),disappointed(失望的)等。中性詞:indifferent(漠不關(guān)心的),uninterested(不感興趣的),objective(客觀的),neutral(中立的)等?！镜淅∽C】(2017全國,C) . Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s,according to Robert Mann,an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer

34、than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. .30.What is the governments attitude to th

35、e development of the flying car?A.Cautious.B.Favorable.C.Ambiguous.D.Disapproving.解題思路B此題考查觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度推斷。根據(jù)“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.”,尤其是句中“has already permitted”這一信息可以推斷:政府對(duì)開發(fā)飛行汽車持支持態(tài)度,故答案為B項(xiàng)。favorable“偏愛的,支持的”;cau

36、tious“謹(jǐn)慎的”;ambiguous “模棱兩可的”;disapproving“不同意的”。3.領(lǐng)悟隱含意義關(guān)鍵詞:閱讀題干,鎖定信息段落詳讀信息段,領(lǐng)悟隱含意義比對(duì)選項(xiàng),進(jìn)行推斷此類題目要求考生對(duì)作者沒有明確說明的事實(shí)信息和思想傾向作出合理的推斷。讀懂這種“言外之意,弦外之音”,要求考生具有“鑼鼓聽音”的敏銳感覺以及合理推斷的思維品質(zhì)。做題的關(guān)鍵是根據(jù)題干要求,在原文中找到相關(guān)信息,并依此進(jìn)行推理。【典例印證】(2020新高考山東,B)Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to

37、pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree.That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelors degree.Mauer,of Edgar,Wisconsin,grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children.Her dad worked at a job away

38、 from the farm,and her mother ran the farm with the kids.After high school,Jennifer attended a local technical college,working to pay her tuition(學(xué)費(fèi)),because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.After graduation,she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schoolin

39、g.Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own.She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves:nursing.She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Josephs Hospital in Marshfield because she was

40、 able to pursue her four-year degree close to home.She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids.Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree:Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills,and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of

41、the children at times.Through it all,she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors.Jennifer sacrificed(犧牲) to achieve her goal,giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study.“Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying

42、for exams or papers,”she says.However,her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree.Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her familyand thats pretty powerful.7.What can we learn from Jennifers story?A.Time is money.B.Love breaks down ba

43、rriers.C.Hard work pays off.D.Education is the key to success.解題思路C此題考查對(duì)文章隱含意義的推斷。文章介紹了Jennifer在家境困難的情況下依靠自己完成了學(xué)業(yè),在婚后既要照顧家庭還想深造的情況下努力付出,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了目標(biāo)。讀者不難從她的經(jīng)歷中推斷出一個(gè)人生道理:一個(gè)人只要努力總會(huì)有回報(bào)的,故答案為C項(xiàng)?？键c(diǎn)三主旨大意題命題方式主旨大意題常涉及概括文章或者段落大意、揭示主題以及選擇標(biāo)題等形式。1.概括文章大意任何文章都有自己的中心思想(main idea),有些文章在全文或各段的開頭便展示出文章的中心思想。閱讀時(shí)將每個(gè)段落的中心要

44、點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié),即可得到整篇文章的中心思想。每個(gè)段落的中心要點(diǎn)往往是通過主題句(topic sentence)來體現(xiàn)的?？忌刹扇÷宰x法,以搜尋各段主題句為目標(biāo),快速掃視全文,把注意力集中在主要信息上,而不是過分注意細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)。一般來說,文章的主題或中心會(huì)在第一段或最后一段表明,而某一段的主題句也常出現(xiàn)在段首或段尾,還有些文章或段落無明顯的主題句,但字里行間無不體現(xiàn)主題。這就要求考生在閱讀過程中根據(jù)文中所敘述的事實(shí)來總結(jié)主旨大意。常見的提問方式:Which of the following statements can best summarize/sum up the main idea of t

45、he passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the text mainly about?The main idea of the passage is .The passage is mainly about .The passage mainly discusses .2.總結(jié)歸納標(biāo)題文章的標(biāo)題(title)是文章的“眼睛”,通過這雙“眼睛”考生可略知文章大意。選準(zhǔn)一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題,應(yīng)做到:(1)把握文章大意。不能把文章某一段的大意看作整篇文章的

46、大意,更不可把文章的細(xì)節(jié)看成文章的大意,從而給文章加上一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)片面的標(biāo)題。文章的標(biāo)題實(shí)際上是對(duì)文章大意最簡(jiǎn)潔的概括,標(biāo)題與文章大意息息相關(guān)。(2)抓住文章的主題句。因?yàn)槲恼碌拇笠夂臀恼碌闹黝}句是一脈相承的,抓住了文章的主題句就抓住了文章的靈魂。(3)注意文章的體裁和寫作目的。敘事類文章是為了記敘一件事或一個(gè)人物,表達(dá)作者的某種感情,所加標(biāo)題應(yīng)體現(xiàn)敘事類文章的特點(diǎn)。說明文是為了說明一個(gè)事物或過程,標(biāo)題應(yīng)體現(xiàn)說明文的特點(diǎn)。常見的提問方式:What is the best title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?The

47、 best title for the passage would be .3.總結(jié)段落大意每個(gè)段落通常都有個(gè)中心思想,通常中心思想會(huì)在首句體現(xiàn)出來,這就是段落主題句。采用歸納法的段落,細(xì)節(jié)表述在前,歸納概括在后,主題句會(huì)在段尾;采用演繹法的段落,先提出觀點(diǎn),后舉例子,主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段首,這種情況主要出現(xiàn)在說明文和議論文中;若作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在句中。有時(shí)作者沒有明顯寫出主題句,需要考生根據(jù)段落內(nèi)容去歸納概括段落大意。常見的提問方式:Whats the first/second/third.paragraph mainly about?Which of

48、 the following can best summarize Paragraph.?Whats the main idea discussed in the first/second/third/.paragraph?The main idea of the first/second/third.paragraph probably is that .4.主旨大意題選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)(1)正確選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):涵蓋性強(qiáng),覆蓋全文或者整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容。精確性強(qiáng),能恰當(dāng)表達(dá)原文主題和中心思想。短小醒目,這是標(biāo)題類選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn),是文章的點(diǎn)睛之筆。(2)干擾選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn):覆蓋面太大,超出了短文論述的范圍。以偏概全,涉及的只

49、是短文的某一部分或者某一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié),或是某一個(gè)段落的要點(diǎn)或者部分。與短文有交集,但偏離文章或者段落主旨。技巧點(diǎn)撥1.文章主旨大意題尋找主題句,歸納概括關(guān)鍵詞:分析文章結(jié)構(gòu),判斷文章體裁識(shí)別段落主題句,歸納總結(jié)注意轉(zhuǎn)折、疑問、重復(fù)等關(guān)鍵信息尋找主題句時(shí)可以使用以下小技巧:轉(zhuǎn)折詞語后面的部分有可能是主題句;段首出現(xiàn)疑問時(shí),回答部分可能是主題句;作者有意識(shí)重復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)往往是主旨;反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語往往是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞;表示總結(jié)或者結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore,in short,conclude,thus等信息詞?！镜淅∽C】(2018全國,B)Cities usually have a good

50、reason for being where they are,like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City,for example,is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually f

51、rom 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896,Dawson,Canada,was unmapped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897,and two years later,it was one of the largest cities in the West,with a popul

52、ation of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warn

53、ing.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path,killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson,however,the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.But no matter how rich they were,Dawso

54、n was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon,the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down,and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left Dawson City

55、as quickly as they had come.Today,people still come and goto see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson Cityits present population is 762.27.What is the text mainly about?A.The rise and fall of a city.B.The gold rush in Canada.C.Journeys into the wilderness

56、.D.Tourism in Dawson.解題思路A此題考查文章主旨大意。根據(jù)第一段中的“But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.”這兩句和最后一段中“and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.”這一句,以及文章最后一句“Tourism is

57、now the chief industry of Dawson Cityits present population is 762.”可知,文章主要講述了一座城市(Dawson City)的興衰,故答案為A項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)把文章主旨內(nèi)容擴(kuò)大了,文章沒有講很多關(guān)于加拿大淘金熱的情況;C項(xiàng)和文章主旨不符;D項(xiàng)是文章的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容,不能作為主旨大意。2.凝練標(biāo)題概括題準(zhǔn)確概括全文,簡(jiǎn)潔醒目關(guān)鍵詞:概括全文有針對(duì)性簡(jiǎn)潔醒目標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)是短小精悍,簡(jiǎn)潔醒目,概括性強(qiáng),因而標(biāo)題的擬定應(yīng)以話題為中心,遵循“概括性、針對(duì)性和醒目性”原則。選擇文章標(biāo)題時(shí)可以使用以下小技巧:從正面考慮,揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨;從反面考慮

58、,撇開原文,考慮選項(xiàng),設(shè)想以它們?yōu)闃?biāo)題寫出的文章會(huì)是什么內(nèi)容,然后和原文對(duì)照,逐一排除;研讀選項(xiàng)的中心詞、修飾詞的變化,與原文內(nèi)容比對(duì)。【典例印證】(2018全國,B)Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest roleshowing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget

59、.In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into prac

60、tice in her own home,preparing meals for sons,Sam,14,Finn,13,and Jack,11.With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team