大學(xué)英語(yǔ)實(shí)用語(yǔ)法講稿(共73頁(yè))

1、1. Only after a heated discussion in solving the problem.A. they did succeedB. did they succeedC. had they succeededD. they had succeeded(倒裝(do zhun)結(jié)構(gòu))2. Television is different from radio in it sends and receives pictures.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. this(原因(yunyn)狀語(yǔ)從句)3. Heat energy from the sun in a

2、 direct way is the most widely used energy today.A. comeB. to comeC. comingD. having come(非謂語(yǔ)(wiy)動(dòng)詞(dngc)4. There nothing to do, Lily got to her feet and hurried off.A. is B. wasC. beingD. having(獨(dú)立(dl)結(jié)構(gòu))5. If the whole operation beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A. w

3、ere not plannedB. has not been plannedC. was not plannedD. had not been planned(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)6. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and two sons, to arrive on the evening flight.A. is B. are goingC. areD. will be(主謂一致(yzh)1. B2. B3. C4. C 5. D6. A倒裝(do zhun)結(jié)構(gòu)：倒裝句之全部(qunb)倒裝全部(qunb)倒裝是只將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常

4、只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有： 1） here， there， now， then， thus等副詞置于句首， 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be， come， go， lie， run等表示來(lái)去或狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。例如：Then came the chairman. 那時(shí)總裁(zngci)來(lái)了。Here is your letter. 你的信。2） 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)(ddin)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。例如：Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轟炸機(jī)肚底下(d xi)竄出一枚導(dǎo)彈。Ahead sat an old woman. 前面坐

5、著一個(gè)(y )老嫗。注意：上述(shngsh)全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)(zhy)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如：Here he comes. 他來(lái)了。Away they went. 他們走開(kāi)了。倒裝：以否定詞開(kāi)頭(ki tu)作部分倒裝否定詞如 Not onlybut also， Hardly/Scarcelywhen， No sooner than等放在句首，后面(hu mian)要用倒裝。例如： Not only did he refuse the gift， he also severely criticized the sender. 他沒(méi)有收下禮物，還狠狠批評(píng)(p

6、 png)了送禮的人。Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. 她剛出門(ch mn)，就有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)訪。No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她剛出門(ch mn)，就有個(gè)學(xué)生來(lái)訪。典型(dinxng)例題No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B.has the game begunC. did the game begin D.had the game be

7、gun答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時(shí)，一般采用倒裝句（謂語(yǔ)前置(qin zh)）。這類表示否定意義的詞有never， seldom， scarcely， little， few， not， hardly， 以及(yj)not onlybut （also）， no soonerthan， hardly when scarcely when等等(dn dn)。注意(zh y)：只有(zhyu)當(dāng)Not only but also連接兩個(gè)(lin )分句時(shí)，才在第一個(gè)分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only but also僅連接兩個(gè)并列詞語(yǔ)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，如Not only yo

8、u but also I am fond of music.倒裝：倒裝句之部分倒裝部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句子(j zi)的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do， does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。 1） 句首為否定(fudng)或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no， not， never， seldom， little， hardly， at no time， in no way， not until 等。例如(lr)：Never have I seen such a performance. 從未見(jiàn)過(guò)如此糟糕(zogo)的表演。Nowhere will y

9、ou find the answer to this question. 無(wú)論如何你不會(huì)找到這個(gè)(zh ge)問(wèn)題的答案的。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母親一直(yzh)到孩子入睡后離開(kāi)房間。當(dāng)Not until引出主從復(fù)合句，主句倒裝(do zhun)，從句不倒裝。典型(dinxng)例題1）Why cant I smoke here？At no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. sm

10、oking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案(d n)A. 這是一個(gè)倒裝問(wèn)題。當(dāng)否定詞語(yǔ)置于句首以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)，其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。這些否定詞包括no， little， hardly， seldom， never， not only， not until等。本題(bnt)的正常語(yǔ)序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.倒裝(do zhun)：only在句首倒裝的情況Only in this way， can you learn English well. 只有(zhyu)這樣，

11、你才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。 Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 叫了三次，他才來(lái)參加(cnji)會(huì)議。如果(rgu)句子為主從復(fù)合句，則主句倒裝，從句不倒裝。例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得狠重時(shí)，他才臥床(w chun)休息。倒裝(do zhun)：so, neither, nor作部分倒裝用這些詞表示(biosh)也、也不 的句子要部分倒裝。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 湯姆

12、會(huì)講法語(yǔ)，杰克也會(huì)。If you wont go，neither will I.你不去，我也不去。典型(dinxng)例題Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother？I dont know， _.A. nor dont I careB. nor do I careC. I dont care neitherD. I dont care also答案：B. nor為增補(bǔ)意思也不關(guān)心，因此句子應(yīng)倒裝(do zhun)。A錯(cuò)在用 dont 再次否定，C neither 用法不對(duì)且缺乏連詞。D缺乏連詞。注意：當(dāng)so引出的句子(j zi)用以對(duì)上文內(nèi)容加以證實(shí)或

13、肯定時(shí)，不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為的確如此.例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 湯姆邀我去踢球(t qi)，我去了。Its raining hard.So it is. 雨下得真大。是呀。倒裝(do zhun)：as, though引導(dǎo)的倒裝句as / though引導(dǎo)的讓步(rng b)從句必須將表語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)提前（形容詞， 副詞， 分詞， 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞提前）。但需注意： 1） 句首名詞(mng c)不能帶任何冠詞。2） 句首是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞， 其他助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后。如果實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有賓語(yǔ)(bny)和狀語(yǔ)，隨實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起放在主語(yǔ)之前。例如：Try

14、 hard as he will， he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作(gngzu)很努力，但總不能讓人滿意。注意：讓步狀語(yǔ)(zhungy)從句中，有though，although時(shí)，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。倒裝：其他(qt)部分倒裝1） so that 句型(j xn)中的so 位于句首時(shí)，需倒裝。例如： So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕(hip)得很，動(dòng)也不敢動(dòng)。 2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型

15、中。例如：May you all be happy. 愿你們(n men)都快樂(lè)。3） 在虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件句中從句(cn j)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有were， had， should等詞，可將if 省略，把 were， had， should 移到主語(yǔ)之前，采取部分(b fen)倒裝。例如：Were I you， I would try it again. 我是你的話，就再試一次。典型(dinxng)例題：1）Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is.A. man did know B. man knew C. didnt man

16、know D. did man know答案(d n)為D.否定詞Not在句首，要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。2）Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didnt realizeD. I realize答案(d n)為B.3） Do you know Tom bought a new car？I dont know， _.A. nor dont I careB. nor do I careC. I dont care neitherD. I dont

17、 care also答案為B. 句中的nor引出(yn ch)部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，表示也不.由 so， neither， nor引導(dǎo)的倒裝句，表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中， so用于肯定句， 而 neither， nor 用在否定句中。從句(cn j)主語(yǔ)(zhy)從句：Subject ClauseA由從屬連詞(linc)引導(dǎo)：That he has made progress is true.B由連接(linji)代詞引導(dǎo)：Who came here first is not clear.C由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：When will the report begin is unknown.D先行詞it引導(dǎo)

18、的主語(yǔ)從句：It is unknown when she will come back.表語(yǔ)(bioy)從句：Predicative ClauseA由從屬(cngsh)連詞引導(dǎo)：The fact is that she is clever.B由連接(linji)代詞引導(dǎo)：Thats what I want.C由連接副詞引導(dǎo)：This is where you are wrong.注意：連系動(dòng)詞有時(shí)用as if 引導(dǎo)：It looks as if it is going to rain.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)(zhy)是reason時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從句(cn j)只能用that引導(dǎo)(yndo)而不能用because:T

19、he reason why he missed the train was that he got up too late.賓語(yǔ)從句：Object ClauseA由從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句（that?？墒÷裕篐e said (that) he would come.That 不充當(dāng)成分(chng fn)，但如從句時(shí)并列句時(shí)，第二個(gè)分句前的that不可?。篒 think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us.B由連詞(linc)whether（或if）引導(dǎo)：I

20、 dont know whether he is wrong.C由連接(linji)代詞引導(dǎo)：I cant remember what he said.D由連接(linji)副詞引導(dǎo)：Tell me why you came back so late.E由先行(xinxng)詞it引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：有時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有賓補(bǔ)，而賓語(yǔ)又以從句表示，這時(shí)把賓語(yǔ)從句移至句子后部，用it做形式賓語(yǔ)，放在前面。常用的句型是：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+it（形式賓語(yǔ)）+賓補(bǔ)+由連詞that引導(dǎo)(yndo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后也可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。We thought it a pity that he didnt come

21、.He feels it a shame that he falls so far behind others in English.注意(zh y)：1. 在demand、order、command、 suggest、decide、insist、desire、request等表示要求、命令、建議(jiny)、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后，賓語(yǔ)從句(cn j)常用“（should）+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)：She insisted that she (should) finish the task by herself.2. 用who、whom、whose、which、what、when、where、why、h

22、ow、whatever、whoever、whichever、whether、if 等引導(dǎo)(yndo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，應(yīng)用陳述(chnsh)語(yǔ)序。Please tell us what you have seen just now.同位語(yǔ)Appositive Clause同位語(yǔ)從句(cn j)可以認(rèn)為是一種特殊的定語(yǔ)從句。由從屬連詞(linc)that或whether(不能用if)等來(lái)引導(dǎo)。That沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，只起連接作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)(chngdng)句子成分。在fact, wish, truth, idea, news, problem, hope, thought, advice, dem

23、and, doubt, information, message, order, question, request, suggestion, belief, probability, discovery等名詞后面，通常會(huì)用到同位語(yǔ)從句。We all know the truth the earth goes round the sun.I have no idea that she will come home today.注意(zh y)：1、同位語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說(shuō)明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容(nirng)；定語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系，即限定或描述它前面的名詞。The

24、news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽(bsi)的消息是真的?(同位語(yǔ)從句,補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明news到底是一個(gè)什么消息?) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)(n ge)消息是真的?(定語(yǔ)從句,news在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ)?) 2、定語(yǔ)(dngy)從句that時(shí)關(guān)系代詞(dic)，在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)(zhy)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等。定語(yǔ)從句Attributive Clause限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句A限制性定語(yǔ)從句：限制性定語(yǔ)從句是主句中前述詞不可少的定語(yǔ)

25、。如果省去，主句的意義就不明確或不完整。這種定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，不可用逗號(hào)將其隔開(kāi)。She is the nurse who looks after the children.B非限制性定語(yǔ)從句：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只是(zhsh)對(duì)主句的前述詞作附加說(shuō)明，如果省去，主句仍能表達(dá)明確完整的概念。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句和主句之間要用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)前述詞所作的附加說(shuō)明，在意義上一般相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，或相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句。I received a letter from my sister, who is studying in the university.連接(linji)手段A由

26、關(guān)系代詞(dic)引導(dǎo)：who, whom, whose, that, which等B由關(guān)系副詞(fc)引導(dǎo)：when，where，why等關(guān)系(gun x)代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(rnchng)和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?關(guān)系(gun x)副詞when,where,why的含義相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield(屈服).that 代替關(guān)系(gun x)副詞，在口語(yǔ)中省略：His father die

27、d the year (that/when/in which) he was born.只能(zh nn)用that的情況：在there be句型(j xn)中在不定代詞，如anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等：All that is needed is a supply of oil.先行(xinxng)詞有the only, the very 修飾(xish)時(shí)先行(xinxng)詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)：English is the most difficult subject that you will

28、 learn during these years.先行詞即有人又有物: Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.6) 主句(zh j)已有疑問(wèn)詞who，which：Which is the bike that you lost?不能用that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)(dngy)從句介詞(jic)后： We depend on the land from which we get our food.the same/suchasIve never heard such stories as he told.（關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞

29、such 連用(linyng)，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，先行詞為such stories）Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.(關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞same連用，在從句(cn j)中作表語(yǔ)，其先行詞是same)狀語(yǔ)(zhungy)從句Adverbial Clause時(shí)間(shjin)when, while, as, after, before, since, until, once, as soon as, whenevereg. She sings as she goes along.When my brothe

30、r came, I was playing basketball.讓步(rng b)though, although, whether, as, even, though, even if, no matter how/what/which, whatever, whileeg. However hard it may be, try your best.He went on working though it was very late.地點(diǎn)(ddin)where, wherevereg. Leave the book where it is. Cherry is welcomed wher

31、ever she goes.條件(tiojin)if, unless, as long aseg. If you ask her, she will help you.Do not come unless I call you.You may use the room as long as you clean it afterward.原因(yunyn)because, as, since, for (in that:由于(yuy)，因?yàn)?eg. She had to stay at home yesterday because she was ill.As I have not seen t

32、he film, I cant tell you what I think of it.Since she has come, you neednt go now.目的(md)so that, that, in order thateg. Finish this one so that you can begin with another.結(jié)果(ji gu)sothat, suchthateg. He made such a big noise that everyone was awakened.方式(fngsh)as, just as, as if, as thougheg. He tal

33、ks as if he knows everything.比較(bjio)than, asas, not so(as)as, thetheeg. I can walk faster than you can run.“倍數(shù)(bish)、百分比+as +原級(jí)+as”: This room is one third as large as that one.非謂語(yǔ)(wiy)動(dòng)詞(dngc)特點(diǎn)：可以(ky)有賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化，但不能單獨(dú)做謂語(yǔ)，不受主語(yǔ)人稱和數(shù)的限制。三種形式：不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞1不定式1）作主語(yǔ)(zhy)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)：Its an honor for me

34、 to meet you.2）作定語(yǔ)(dngy)，放在所修飾詞之后(zhhu)：I have a lot of things to deal with now.3) 不帶toa. 在had better, had best, would rather, ratherthan, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well,cannot but等后面I cant but continue my career.b. 感官(gngun)和使役動(dòng)詞后：see, feel, smell, hear, watch, make, let, have等The

35、teacher watched her enter the classroom.Have him study hard!2. 動(dòng)名詞1）否定(fudng)結(jié)構(gòu)：not/no+doingIt is no use studying theory but not practicing it.2) 復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞或名詞所有格+doing（邏輯(lu j)上的主謂關(guān)系）Their coming here wont change the whole situation.3）常接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)(bny)：avoid, admit, consider, deny, endure, excuse, enjoy

36、, escape, finish, practice, mind, miss, stop, look forward to, keep on, be used to, object to, devote oneself to, feel like, cant help, put off等。3.分詞(fn c)1）否定(fudng)結(jié)構(gòu)：not+分詞短語(yǔ)：Not allowed to travel alone, he invited his girl friend to accompany him.Not wishing to be alone in the house, she went to

37、 the party.2）分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(jigu)：有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)Weather permitting, well have a party tomorrow.His homework finished, he went to see the movie.注意：現(xiàn)在分詞(fn c)的完成式，一般作狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立(dl)主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立(dl)主格結(jié)構(gòu)（Independent Genitive）由兩部分組成，前一部份是 HYPERLINK /view/26580.htm t _blank 名詞或者 HYPERLINK /view/141.htm t _blank 代詞，后一部分是非 HYPERLINK

38、/view/330413.htm t _blank 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(不定式、 HYPERLINK /view/26625.htm t _blank 動(dòng)名詞和 HYPERLINK /view/26744.htm t _blank 分詞)或 HYPERLINK /view/84346.htm t _blank 形容詞、 HYPERLINK /view/149.htm t _blank 副詞、或 HYPERLINK /view/1211524.htm t _blank 介詞短語(yǔ)。前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子，在句子中作 HYPERLINK /view/111834.htm t _b

39、lank 狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨、目的等。用作時(shí)間(shjin)狀語(yǔ)The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成(wn chng)后，我們就回家了。用作條件(tiojin)狀語(yǔ)Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。用作原因(yunyn)狀語(yǔ)An important lecture to be given tomor

40、row(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要(zhngyo)的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴隨(bn su)狀語(yǔ)He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，將兩手(lin shu)交叉枕在腦后。表示補(bǔ)充(bchng)說(shuō)明We redo

41、ubled our efforts,each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。*注：獨(dú)立(dl)主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè) HYPERLINK /view/84572.htm t _blank 狀語(yǔ)(zhungy)從句，一般放在句首，表示(biosh)原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè) HYPERLINK /view/190771.htm t _blank 并列句，通常放于句末。用法：名詞/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞：主動(dòng)關(guān)系如：The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared a

42、t him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說(shuō)什么好。Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果時(shí)間允許的話(dehu)，我們明天去郊游。名詞(mng c)/主格代詞+過(guò)去分詞：被動(dòng)(bidng)關(guān)系如：The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 隨著問(wèn)題的解決，質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。Her glasses broken(= B

43、ecause her glasses were broken), she couldnt see the words on the blackboard. 由于(yuy)眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見(jiàn)黑板上的字。名詞(mng c)/主格代詞+不定式：主動(dòng)(zhdng)關(guān)系，且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help. 借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the books

44、tore. 他們道別(do bi)后，一個(gè)回了家，一個(gè)去了書店。名詞(mng c)/主格代詞+形容詞如：An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive. 那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難(kn nn)，無(wú)一人生還。So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 這么多人缺席，會(huì)議(huy)不得不取消。名詞(mng c)/主格代詞+副詞如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣(moy)穿反了。The meeting over, they al

45、l went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束，他們就都回家了。名詞(mng c)/主格代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)如：The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩(nn hi)手里拿著書去教室。Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door. HYPERLINK /view/486763.htm t _blank 瑪麗靠近(kojn) HYPERLINK /view/8414190.htm t _blank 火爐坐著，背對(duì)著門。4其他形式There being +名詞(mng c)（代詞）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒(méi)有(m