中國文化導(dǎo)論 lecture Five (Arts)

1、Lecture Five Lecture Five ArtsArtsCalligraphyPaintingTraditional OperasFolk Performing ArtsTraditional Musical InstrumentsCalligraphy and Painting Calligraphy Painting Four treasures of the studyHow do you understand Chinese calligraphy?Chinese calligraphy is also called the art of lines. It stresse

2、s the overall layout and harmony between words and lines. The Chinese saying “The handwriting reveals the person” (字如其人字如其人), is directly related to calligraphy.Its also regarded as a way to keep mind and body fit and healthy.Strokes (筆畫筆畫) of Chinese CharactersThere are 6 basic categories: diandot

3、strokehenghorizontal strokeshuvertical stroke piecurved strokezheangular (角形的角形的) stroke gouhooked (鉤形的鉤形的) stroke The most complicated Chinese character ? The number of strokes within a single Chinese character ranges from one to more than 50 strokes.Biang, 二聲二聲(56 strokes )Calligraphy“一點飛上天，黃河兩邊彎；

4、一點飛上天，黃河兩邊彎；八字大張口，言字往里八字大張口，言字往里走，左一扭，右一扭；走，左一扭，右一扭；西一長，東一長，中間西一長，東一長，中間加個馬大王；心字底，加個馬大王；心字底，月字旁，留個勾搭掛麻月字旁，留個勾搭掛麻糖；推了車車走咸陽。糖；推了車車走咸陽?！?The most complicated Chinese character ? Chinese RadicalsStrokes form Chinese radicals (偏旁偏旁)A radical is the root of a character. Some basic character components are

5、 standalone characters (獨立成字獨立成字), like “土土” and “山山”, but most are just parts of them.Five categories of Chinese scripts the seal form (zhuan 篆書篆書)the official form (li 隸書隸書)the cursive（草寫的）（草寫的）form (cao 草書草書) the regular form (kai 楷書楷書)the running form (xing 行書行書)The Seal Form (篆書篆書) an ancient s

6、cript that mainly appeared on the bronze vessels during the Warring States and Pre-Qin Periods more close to pictography (象形文字象形文字). Each of the characters has a balanced and symmetrical (對稱的對稱的) pattern. The Official Form (隸書隸書) It came into being during the Qin and Han dynasties. It was the turnin

7、g point in the evolution of Chinese scripts and is the foundation of the later script forms. It was much easier to use, so that in the Han dynasty it replaced the seal form.The Cursive Form (草書草書) It originated from the Han Dynasty.This style of calligraphy is smooth and lively with strokes flowing

8、and characters linking together.It is executed freely and rapidly so that parts of the characters appear exaggerated (夸張的夸張的). The Regular form (楷書楷書) It was developed during the Wei and Jin dynasties and came to prominence during the Tang dynasty.It is still todays standard writing. It is square in

9、 form, and non-cursive in strokes. Size:Larger Regular Form Smaller Regular FormMedium Regular Form Four most famous Regular style masters 柳公權(quán)柳公權(quán) 體勢勁媚，骨力道健體勢勁媚，骨力道健 瘦勁著稱瘦勁著稱 顏真卿顏真卿 化瘦硬為化瘦硬為 豐腴雄渾，端莊雄偉豐腴雄渾，端莊雄偉 歐陽詢歐陽詢 挺拔俊麗挺拔俊麗 嚴密方勁嚴密方勁 趙孟頫趙孟頫 能精究各體，在朝鮮、日本非常風行（精能精究各體，在朝鮮、日本非常風行（精通書法、繪畫）通書法、繪畫）柳公權(quán)柳公權(quán)zha

10、o mengfu （元朝）歐陽詢歐陽詢The running Form (行書行書) The running form is somewhere between the regular and the cursive forms allowing simpler and faster writing. the running regular form 行楷行楷 the running cursive form 行草行草 the Chinese Calligrapher in HistoryWang Xizhi (303-361, Eastern Jin Dynasty)the sage of

11、Chinese calligraphy 書圣書圣 How do you understand Chinese Painting ? Chinese Traditional Painting refers to ink - wash painting (水墨畫水墨畫), which can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty and flourished from the Yuan Dynasty onwards.The most important themes of traditional Chinese painting: human figures la

12、ndscape flowers birds pavilions How do you understand Chinese Painting ? Traditional Chinese paintings are not “purely” paintings. A painting usually consists of calligraphic writing, seal stamps, and the painting. They combine fine art, poetry, calligraphy, and seal engraving to achieve an artistic

13、 unison (一致一致). 東晉顧愷之東晉顧愷之洛神賦圖洛神賦圖唐朝張萱、周昉唐朝張萱、周昉唐宮仕女圖唐宮仕女圖唐朝閻立本唐朝閻立本步輦圖步輦圖唐朝韓滉唐朝韓滉huang五牛圖五牛圖五代顧閎五代顧閎hong中中韓熙載夜宴圖韓熙載夜宴圖 北宋王希孟北宋王希孟千里江山圖千里江山圖 北宋北宋張擇端張擇端清明上河圖清明上河圖 元朝黃公望元朝黃公望富春山居圖富春山居圖明朝仇英明朝仇英漢宮春曉圖漢宮春曉圖 清朝郎世寧清朝郎世寧百駿圖百駿圖 Modern Chinese PaintersXu Beihong 列子湯問Qi Baishi Modern Chinese PaintersMural Paint

14、ings at DunhuangMural Paintings at DunhuangMural Paintings at DunhuangWood-cut Block Print （版畫）Wood-cut Block Print Wood-cut Block Print Four treasures of the studyFour treasures of the study : brush , ink, paper and ink stone The best of each of these items is represented by: Hu brush (湖筆湖筆), Hui i

15、nk stick (徽墨徽墨), Rice Paper（Xuan paper 宣紙宣紙) , and Duan ink stone (端硯端硯). Hu brushHu brushes are produced in the city of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province. Hui ink sticks 古徽州古徽州Hui ink sticks are produced in Hui City, Anhui Province. They are made from the ash of burnt green pine from Mount Huangshan and th

16、en mixed with glue. Rice paperXuan paper is a special type of high quality paper produced in Xuancheng and Jing County of Anhui Province. Duan ink stones 廣東肇慶廣東肇慶Duan ink stones were first introduced in Duanzhou, now are produced in Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province.How to practice Chinese Calligrap

17、hy?The regular form is usually taken as the standard form for beginners to practice because it is the basic form for other inscriptions. practicing the character “永永” repeatedly because it contains the eight basic dots and strokes. How to practice Chinese Calligraphy?Traditional Operas Beijing Opera

18、 Other Major Traditional Chinese OperasBeijing OperaBeijing OperaOriginally Beijing Opera was a form of local theatre. It then spread across the country and became the national opera of China. Singing, recitation, acting, and acrobatic fighting (唱、念、做、打唱、念、做、打) are the four artistic means and the fo

19、ur basic skills of Beijing Opera. Each action by the performer is highly symbolic. Feelings and ideas are often expressed through these symbolic motions.starting from Tang dynasty, taking shape in Song and Yuan and becoming mature in the beginning of Qing.Sheng, Dan, Jing, and Chou（生、旦、（生、旦、凈、丑）凈、丑）

20、 The characters of Beijing Opera are classified according to sex, age, disposition, profession, and social status. There are four major roles in Beijing Opera today: sheng (male), dan (female), jing (painted face, male) and chou (clown).ShengThe sheng roles are generally positive and can be divided

21、into： laosheng (elderly men) wusheng ( military men) xiaosheng (young men)wawasheng (children)DanDan refers to various female roles, including laodan (老旦老旦), qingyi (青衣青衣 or 正丹正丹 雍容華貴、雍容華貴、身份顯赫的婦女，楊貴妃身份顯赫的婦女，楊貴妃), huadan (花旦花旦 young ladies)， wudan (武旦武旦, eg.青蛇青蛇) caidan (彩旦彩旦, 丑婆子丑婆子，東施，東施). Four Gr

22、eat Dan ActorsMei Lanfang梅蘭芳梅蘭芳Shang Xiaoyun尚小云尚小云Four Great Dan ActorsCheng Yanqiu 程硯秋程硯秋Xun Huisheng 荀慧生荀慧生Four Great Dan ActorsJing (Hua Lian)The Jing is a romantic, exaggerated Beijing Opera role. The characters are mostly cheerful, honest, gallant (豪俠的豪俠的), and intrepid (剛毅的剛毅的) men or treacher

23、ous (奸詐的奸詐的) and cruel men. 正凈（大花臉正凈（大花臉, 唱功）唱功）副凈（二花臉，做功）副凈（二花臉，做功）武凈（武花臉）武凈（武花臉）ChouThe chou characters are sharp-witted, clever, humorous, honest, and kind men. wenchou (文丑文丑: comic civilian roles) who speak, act, and singwuchou (武丑武丑: arcobatic fighting comic roles) whose performance involves bo

24、th speaking and acrobatic fighting. Chou Facial Makeup and CostumesThere are two ways to distinguish a characters personality or role type. The first is to understand the color code of the painted face. The second is to distinguish the lines and patterns drawn on the face. 紅色臉 象征忠義、耿直、有血性；黑色臉 既表現(xiàn)性格嚴

25、肅，不茍言笑；藍色臉 表現(xiàn)性格剛直，桀驁不馴；綠色臉 勇猛，莽撞。 CostumesDifferent robe colors indicate different social status or people: yellow for imperial family red for nobility red and blue for violent people scholars-blue gowns generals-padded armor emperors-dragon-patterned robesBeijing Opera貴妃醉酒貴妃醉酒選段選段http:/ Major Tradi

26、tional Chinese Opera Kunqu Opera 昆曲昆曲Shaanxi Opera 秦腔秦腔Chuan Opera 川劇川劇Yue Opera 越劇越劇Huangmei Opera 黃梅戲黃梅戲Yue Opera 粵劇粵劇Yu Opera 豫劇豫劇Kunqu OperaKunqu Opera is considered the mother of many other types of traditional operas.It originated from early folk operas popular in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and

27、 had reached its peak of popularity by the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty.In 2001, it was listed in the Oral and Intangible Cultural Heritage by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO聯(lián)合國科教文組織聯(lián)合國科教文組織).Peony PavilionKunqu OperaShaanxi OperaShaanxi Opera

28、 (秦腔秦腔), the oldest of all the Chinese operas that are still in existence today, is the typical opera of Shaanxi province. “ancestor of all Chinese local operas”Chuan OperaIt originated in the mid-18th century.The technique of “face changes” is most often used in Chuan Opera. In some cases multiple

29、layers of masks are torn away for each change in facial expression.Yue Opera 越劇越劇It originated in Shengxian County嵊縣嵊縣, Zhejiang Province, but it is popular throughout Zhejiang Province and Shanghai as well as in many large and medium-sized cities throughout the country. The soft and gentle music of

30、 this opera evokes sentimental emotions, and the acting style is likewise graceful and refined. Butterflys Love (Romeo and Juliet in China)Huangmei OperaHuangmei Opera has been performed for over 200 years. It is a local opera in Anhui Province and evolved from the “Caicha Tune” (tea-picking tune) o

31、f Huangmei County, Hubei Province. The Heavenly Maid and the Mortal 天仙配天仙配Female Son-in-law of the Emperor 女駙馬女駙馬Yue Opera 粵劇粵劇Yue Opera is one type of traditional local operas, popular in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces and in Chinese communities in South Asia and America. Yu Opera 豫劇豫劇Yu opera, al

32、so called Henan Bangzi, is one of the most influential local operas in China. Representative figures: 馬金鳳馬金鳳 常香玉常香玉Representative pieces: Hua Mulan花木蘭花木蘭 Mu Guiying Takes Command穆桂英掛帥穆桂英掛帥Yu Opera 豫劇豫劇Hua MulanHua MulanMu Guiying Takes CommandFolk Performing Arts AcrobaticsQuyi Puppet ShowShadow Pla

33、y Ghost-Exorcising Opera (儺儺nuo舞舞) AcrobaticsAcrobatics has been in existence in China for more than 2,000 years.Chinese acrobats have been successful in many international competitions over the years. As a result, foreign audiences have eulogized the art form as mythical and engrossing and China is

34、 playing a dominating part in acrobatics. QuyiAs an independent art, Quyi was formed in the mid-Tang Dynasty and thrived in the Song Dynasty.It includes: Cross-talk (相聲相聲) Clapper talk (快板快板) Storytelling (評書評書) Xiaopin (小品小品) Shuanghuang (雙簧雙簧)Cross-talk (相聲相聲)Cross-talk is one of the most popular

35、and influential types of quyi. Its performance is characterized by talking, imitation, fun-making, and singing（說、學、逗（說、學、逗、唱）、唱）.Satire is its main purpose. Three types: monologue-comic talk comic cross-talk multilogue cross-talk馬三立馬三立 侯寶林侯寶林 劉寶瑞劉寶瑞 馬季馬季 姜昆姜昆 馮鞏馮鞏 郭德綱郭德綱 Clapper Talk 快板Clapper talk

36、is a folk art form in which a performer delivers comic rhymes or monologues to the accompaniment of bamboo clappers.Storytelling 評書評書Storyteling is also called pingshu or pinghua. It only has a single performer standing or sitting at a table, using a gavel or a folded fan as a prop.劉蘭芳劉蘭芳 袁闊成袁闊成 田連元

37、田連元 單田芳單田芳 XiaopinXiaopin are short, light comedies in the Huaju (spoken drama) style. About 15 minutes in length. Xiaopin performances have been regular popular items on Chinese televisions New Year Gala Show.陳佩斯陳佩斯 趙本山趙本山 宋丹丹宋丹丹 黃宏黃宏Shuanghuang 雙簧雙簧Shuanghuang is a kind of two-person folk art, wit

38、h one acting in pantomime and the other hiding behind him or her doing all the speaking and / or singing.Originating in The Han Dynasty, Chinese Puppet show rose to prominence during the Tang and Song Dynasties.It combines elements of song, dance, painting, and sculpture. Puppet showShadow Play（皮影）（

39、皮影）It came into being in the Han Dynasty, having more than 2,000 years history.The performers manipulate colorful leather or cardboard figures whose silhouettes（側(cè)面影像）（側(cè)面影像）are reflected on a screen by lantern light. Ghost-Exorcising Opera (儺舞儺舞)The Ghost-Exorcising Opera originated from a sacrificia

40、l ceremony for driving away evil spirits and pestilence (瘟疫瘟疫) in ancient times. Nanfeng County in Jiangxi Province is considered to the hometown of the Ghost-Exorcising Opera.Traditional Musical InstrumentsPlucked Instruments (弦樂器弦樂器)Percussion Instrument (打擊樂器打擊樂器)Wind Instrument (管樂器管樂器)Plucked I

41、nstruments (弦樂器弦樂器)Pipa (琵琶琵琶) is an ancient plucked (撥撥動的動的), four-stringed instrument made of wood, with the fingerboard shaped like a melon-seed, and a long beautiful neck bent backward. Plucked Instruments (弦樂器弦樂器)The most traditional pipa music pieces: Ambush on All Sides 十面埋伏十面埋伏 Spring Moonlight on the Flowers by the River 春江花月夜春江花月夜Zither (古箏古箏) is one of the main ensemble and solo instruments of traditional Chinese music. The present-day zither usually