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1、初中英語語法名 詞:在中考單項選擇試題中,除了時態(tài),名詞的考查頻率也較高。一般考查以下幾點:一、 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞在可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞上一般出現(xiàn)這樣幾類,(1)分辨是哪一類名詞,并根據(jù)結(jié)論做選擇。(2)可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化。(3)不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達。所以,考生首先要能夠明確哪些是可數(shù)名詞,哪些是不可數(shù)名詞。其次,還要知道可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)的變化規(guī)則。可數(shù)名詞的變化規(guī)則一般是在單詞后面加-s 或-es,如:1:desk-desks bed-beds pian
2、o-pianos hat-hats bag-bags photo-photos2:bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush-brushes3:tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes4 :
3、leaf-leaves knife-knives5:baby-babies family-families另外,還要記住一些特殊的名詞的變化形式,如:Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-FrenchmenRussia
4、n-Russians American-Americans German - Germans child-children foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goos
5、e - geese deer-deer sheep-sheep還要掌握不可數(shù)名詞的量化表達有: a piece of、a bag of、a bottle of、a cup of、a glass of 另外,大家應注意:單數(shù)集合名詞作主語時謂語動詞“數(shù)的”變化:單數(shù)集合名詞如class, police, family, school, group, team等。盡管形式上是單數(shù),意義上都是復數(shù),因此,一般要與復數(shù)謂語動詞連用,例如:Class Five have a foreign friend. 五班有一位外國
6、朋友。(這里的五班指五班的同學的。)His family are good to me. 他的家人對我很好。(很顯然,這里的family指家庭成員。)當上述集合名詞著重指“整體”時, 意義上則是單數(shù),因此,要與單數(shù)謂語動詞連用。例如,Our school team often plays well in our city. 我們的校隊經(jīng)常在我們市踢得很好。(這里的team 指整個隊,但意義上仍為單數(shù),故謂語動詞用plays.二、 名詞所有格名詞所有格有兩種形式:一是加s,一種是用of來表示。一般情況下,指某人的某物用s表示,而指某物的
7、什么用of 短語來表示。另外,要注意凡是以s結(jié)尾的名詞或規(guī)則名詞的復數(shù),不能直接加s,而應該加-即可。例如,boys clothes girls dresses。 不過,注意例外情況,例如, the bosss handwriting,其中the bosss 的-s不可省略。因為在英語中,如果以-s 或-ss 結(jié)尾的名詞不是復數(shù)復數(shù)形式,那么其名詞所有格仍加-s。那么你會說“瓊斯的小汽車”嗎?對,Joness car。下面我們來做一部分習題。1. June 1st is _ Day.A. Childs B. C
8、hilds C. Childrens D. Childrens2. I need _ paper, Mum. I want to write _ letter to my English teacher.A. any, some B. some, a C. a, some D. some,any3. There are two _ and three _ on the table.A. knifes, f
9、orks B. knifes, fork C. knives, forkes D. knives, forks4. We have got a lot of_ today.A. newspaper to read B. homework to do C. homeworks to do D. book to read5. We could see _ children and hear _ noise i
10、n the park.A. many, many B. much, much C. many, much D. much, many6. Will you pass me _?A. a few pieces of chalk B. a few chalks C. a few of chalks D. some chalks7. _ has been invited to the dancing party
11、.A. A friend of her B. A friend of hers C. Friends of hers D. Friends of her1234567DBDBCAB下面請大家自己練習一下。1. September 10th is _ Day.A. the Teacher B. Teachers C. Teacher D. Teachers2. -Can I help
12、 you, sir?-Id like to have 100_. I want the students to draw pictures on them.A. piece of paper B. pieces of paper C. papers D. paper3. -Would you like _ milk, please?-No, thank you. I still have some.A. some more B. an C. a lit
13、tle of D. all4. _ the old woman is in!A. What good health B. How a good health C. What a good health D. How good health5. Im going to help _ with _ English.A. a friend of Nancy, hers B. a friend of Nancys
14、, her C. a friend of Nancys, hers D. a friend of Nancy, her6. The two desks here are _. You may use the desk over there.A. Mary and Jane B. Marys and Janes C. Mary and JanesD. Marys and Janes123456BBAABD What + a(n) + 形容詞
15、+ 單數(shù)名詞 + 主語 + 謂語! What + 形容詞 + 復數(shù)名詞 + 主語 + 謂語! What + 形容詞 + 不可數(shù)名詞 + 主語 + 謂語! How + 形容詞/副詞 + 主語 + 謂語! How + 形容詞 + a(n) + 名詞 + 主語 + 謂語! How + 主語 + 謂語! 形容詞和副詞在中考單項選擇中形容詞也占一定比例,一般考查有關形容詞或副詞的一些搭配,但絕大部分考查形容詞與副詞
16、的比較級和最高級。一、 形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級一般的比較級和最高級在形容詞或副詞后加-er或-est,如:small - smaller - smallest 以不發(fā)音-e結(jié)尾的形容詞或副詞直接加 r或 st,如large - largest - largest 重讀閉音節(jié)詞尾是一個輔音字母的,需雙寫該輔音字母,再加-er或-est。 以輔音字母加 y 結(jié)尾的形容詞和副詞,把“y”變“i”,再加 er或-est.busy-busier-busiest happy-happier-happiest但一些雙音節(jié)及多音節(jié)形容詞或副詞前要加more和most,
17、如:slowly - more slowly - most slowlydifficult-more difficult-most difficultbeautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful但還有一些不規(guī)則的變化:good / well-better-best many-more-mostbad / ill / badly -worse-worst little-less-leastfar - farther / further - farther / furthest二、 形容詞和副詞的等比句型asas 和一樣 Im
18、as tall as you. not as(so)as 不和 一樣(在否定句中常用so 來代替as)如,I cant run so fast as you. 另外asas possible 為固定結(jié)構(gòu),如,as soon as possible, as quickly as possible 等。在以上兩個句型中形容詞或副詞一定要用原級。三、形容詞和副詞的其它句型還有: 形容詞/ 副詞 比較級 + than 句型 ,在than 后面的人稱代詞 用主語和賓語均可。 He is older than
19、I / me. 但是如果人稱代詞后有動詞時,則只能用主格形式。如, Tom found more red leaves than I did. “the + 比較級, the + 比較級” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示兩個變化一起發(fā)生。如, The more you learn, the more youll know. “more and more”結(jié)構(gòu)(指兩個形容詞比較級用and 連接)表示持續(xù)不斷的變化。 如: Im getting thinner and thinner.四、修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級的副詞要用much,
20、a lot, a little, a bit, far等,very不能和比較級連用。如:The blouse I bought yesterday is a little less expensive. 昨天我買的襯衣比較便宜。To play basketball is far more enjoyable to the boy. 打籃球?qū)τ谀泻⒆觼碚f要有趣得多。五、形容詞的一些搭配,如:be glad / happy/ pleased to do 很高興做某事be sorry to do 很抱歉,很遺憾做某事be sure to do 一定/相信會做某事be ready to do 準備好做
21、某事,樂于做某事get ready to do 為做好準備 等等。下面我們來看一些例題。1 The Yellow River is one of _ in China.A. the longest rivers B. the longer river C. the longest riverD. the long river2. Does he speak Chinese _ his brother? A. as better as B. as goo
22、d as C. as well as D. best than3. Which shirt do you like _, the white one or the blue one? A. better B. good C. best D. much4. I dont feel _ to go to work today. Im ill. A. good enough B. well enough
23、0; C. enough well D. enough good5. Mary would like to spend _ days on her research.A. a little more B. a little C. a few more D. much more6. Be quiet, class! I have _ to tell you.A. important anything B. important somethin
24、g C. anything important D. something important7. This picture book is not _ that one.A. so interesting as B. so interesting than C. as interesting than D. interesting as8. This article is _ than that one.A. much easier
25、0; B. more easier c. much more easier D. more easy9. The Changjiang River is _ river in China.A. long B. longest C. the longest D. longer10. You must keep your room _ and tidy.A. to clean
26、; B. cleaning C. clean D. cleaned12345678910ACABCDAACC中考中當然也會涉及到其他諸如代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞、和連詞等的用法。下面我就簡單提醒大家每類詞需注意的地方。1. 代詞:同學們需掌握以下不定代詞:all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no以及由some, any, no, every構(gòu)成的合成詞如 nobo
27、dy等,并注意不定代詞的定語后置,如something English2. 數(shù)詞:同學們需要記住一些特殊拼寫的序數(shù)詞。如:第1- first 第2- second 第3- third 第5- fifth 第9- ninth 第12- twelfth 第20- twentieth 另外需要記住以下短語:hundreds of 數(shù)以百計 thousands of 數(shù)以千計tens of thousands of 數(shù)以萬計 several millions of好幾百萬 但表示確切的百或千時不
28、能用復數(shù)形式,如:ten thousand three million3. 介詞的考察內(nèi)容主要是介詞短語,特別是那些有固定搭配和固定用法的介詞短語。這類短語比較多,這里我不再一一贅述,大家可以看初中英語復習指導第204頁至208頁上的詞組。但我要特別提幾個以前舊教材所沒有的短語,請大家注意。如, speak highly of高度贊揚 regard as 視為,把看做make a contribution to doing sth 為做貢獻4. 連詞同學們需要特別記憶以下連詞或連詞短語:neithernor eithero
29、r not onlybut also bothand前三個短語引導主語時,謂語動詞需遵循就近原則。如, Neither you nor I am right. 你和我都不正確。Either Lucy or Lily is going there. 不是Lucy就是Lily要去那兒。 那么bothand連接主語時,謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式。 如, Both Lucy and Lily are going there.句子的種類1應特別注意掌握的簡單句 有介詞的特殊疑問句 在特殊問句中,作為介詞賓語的疑問代詞可
30、以與介詞分離,放在句首,而把介詞放在句尾。如, Whom do you travel with? 當然,也可以把介詞放在句首??傊?,不要把介詞丟掉。有插入語的特殊疑問句在特殊問句中,經(jīng)??梢钥吹竭@樣的句子:Where do you think they may go? 其中,do you think 是疑問式插入語,其余部分是think的賓語從句。注意,疑問式插入語同句子的其余部分不用逗號分開。疑問式插入語還有do you hope, do you guess 等。在肯定句中也有插入語。如:That man, I guess, is
31、 neither a policeman nor a soldier. 在肯定句的插入語要用逗號與句子的其他部分分開。去掉插入語,該句子仍然是個完整的句子。 Youd better (not) (do sth.) 這個說法常用于提出“勸告,建議,告戒”。 比較委婉的有禮貌的說法是 Would you like ? 或 What about (doing)?。 如,Its too dark. Youd better leave at once. Im afraid (that) Im afraid (that) I cant go with you today
32、. 常用來委婉地表示自己的看法或預料一件令人不悅的事情。2并列句: 并列句的考查重點是并列連詞。并列連詞有and, or, but, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but also等。3復合句:復合句考查的主要內(nèi)容是賓語從句、狀語從句和定語從句。 賓語從句:賓語從句的考查要點是:時態(tài)的呼應、人稱的一致、詞序等。A.賓語從句的連接詞:賓語從句本身是敘述句是,用that 引導。He said (that) he would leave on March 12 next weeek.賓語從句本身是特殊疑問句時,用疑問詞引導。 Do you kn
33、ow where we can find our teacher?賓語從句本身是一般疑問句時,用if 或whether引導。I dont know if / whether he has done that.B. 賓語從句與主句時態(tài)的呼應。主句謂語是現(xiàn)在時和將來時的時候,賓語從句的動詞時態(tài)不受影響。如,It is said that the panda was sent to America last month.主句是過去時態(tài),從句謂語要做適當調(diào)整:a) 由現(xiàn)在時調(diào)整為過去時。I didnt know you were also here.b)
34、 由將來時調(diào)整為過去將來時He said that he would go to Beijing the next week.c) 過去時態(tài)多數(shù)不受影響,但“一般過去時”常調(diào)整為“過去完成時”,尤其是從句中有before, since 一類的時間狀語時,多調(diào)整為“過去完成時”如:She said she had worked at this school before her father came to this city. 狀語從句。狀語從句有時間狀語從句(常由when, while, before, after, until,
35、as soon as等詞引導)、地點狀語從句(常有where 引導)、原因狀語從句(常有because, since, as 引導,這三詞所表達的語氣由because到as逐漸減弱,由why提出的問題必須用because 來回答), 條件狀語從句(常由if引導)、結(jié)果狀語從句(常由such that, sothat, so that等引導 )、讓步狀語從句(常由though, although引導)。另外,今年新加了一個定語從句,其考查內(nèi)容主要是正確使用關系代詞who(指人)、that(指人或物)、which(指物) , etc. 定語從句一般緊跟在修飾詞的后面,如:She is the pe
36、rson who I want to see. 她就是我想見到的人。有時,為了使句子平衡,也可把定語從句與所修飾詞分開。同學們還記得這樣一句話嗎?Then a screen came up that read, “Congratulations!” 這是第三冊第54課中的一個句子。下面我們來看一些例子:1. The traveller was _ tired that she couldnt walk on.A. so B. very C. too D. quite2. Do you know _ ten years ago?A. where does he live B. where he lives C. where did he live D. where he lived3. He didnt go home _ he finishe
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