英文論文寫作注意事項

1、研究生英語論文寫作指導在用英文寫作時，必須考慮到讀者是使用英文的人。有些只有非常熟悉了解中國文化或中國大陸的特定社會、正式環(huán)境的人才能理解的內容，若要用英文來表達就是非常困難或無法表達的。即使勉強將這些內容用英文寫出來，可能使用英文的人也無法明白。因此，在論文中，要盡量避免那些在中國大陸常見的一些政治口號，或涉及特定歷史時期的史實。避免將中文中特有的一些諺語、俗語直接翻譯為英文。避免直接用英文表達使用中文的人喜歡用的一些比喻，因為，比喻也是最能體現(xiàn)文化差異的。1 研究生英語論文評判標準1） 語體論文應該采用正式語體。相關知識鏈接：語體 通常，英語語體分為五個大類：超正式語體；正式語體；普通語體

2、；隨便語體，超隨便語體。在科技文獻（包括論文）中，一般采用正式語體。正式語體的特點如下：a）人稱特點：通常不采用第一或第二人稱。b）詞匯特點：通常采用在正式場合使用的詞匯，或在需要時采用專業(yè)技術用語，少用在日常用語中采用的通俗用語，盡量不用俚語。從以下例子中可以看出正式語體與普通語體在選詞方面的差異。Mr. John Smith delivered an interminable address at the conference.（正式）John Smith gave a very long speech at the meeting.（非正式）將兩個例句在詞匯方面進行比較，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，前一個

3、句子采用的詞匯（deliver, interminable, address, conference）比后一個句子采用的詞匯（gave, long, speech, meeting）要正式得多。c） 結構特點：通常不用在日常用語中常見的簡略表達形式，如: cant, theyre，而應該用can not, they are。根據意義表達的需要，通常采用比較長的句式結構，比較多的采用各種從句。而在非正式語體中，為了交流方便，常常采用比較簡短的句式。2） 文體論文應該采用議論文這樣的文體。由于缺乏文體方面的知識，或忽視了文體區(qū)別，曾經有一些同學將在論文中錯誤地采用了說明文或分析勸導型文體。相關知識

4、鏈接：文體記敘文（Narration）：記敘一系列的事件的發(fā)生。有時有一個主題陳述（thesis statement）。說明文（Exposition）：說明一個事物或事理，主要目的是介紹信息（providing information, or informing somebody of something）。介紹事物的說明文通常在開篇部分對所說明的事物有一個總的概括介紹。一般采用寫作中的描述手法（description）。描述總要循著某個規(guī)律，或從左到右，或由表及里，或由本質到現(xiàn)象，或由一般到具體，或由整體到部分，或進行比較對比（comparison or contrast），或進行因果分析（

5、cause analysis）。說明事理的文章可有一個主題陳述。這個主題陳述雖然可能是有爭議的，但是不能將這個文體與議論文混淆。作者并不去試圖證明或反駁某個觀點，只是通過陳述一些事實或事例來解釋說明主題陳述。在羅列相關事實或事例時，作者不用遵循什么規(guī)律，只要能夠達到說明主題陳述的目的就行。議論文（Argumentation）：如同中文，議論文有論點，論據，結論。一般性的論文中，論點往往涉及一個常見話題（issue）。說服性的文章或稱分析勸導型文章（Persuasion）：此類文章常?？煞譃閮纱蟛糠?。第一部分介紹某事多么有趣，多么簡單容易，多么必要，多么緊迫等。第二部分告訴讀者如何去做。這類文章

6、的一種變體是解決問題型（problem solving）。第一部分說明問題的嚴重性，解決這一問題的必要性，重要性，緊迫性等。第二部分提出各種可能的解決辦法。進一步的變化是只有第一部分，只討論問題，而不去討論解決辦法。3） 全文思路全文思路清晰，重點突出，合乎邏輯。符合英語行文習慣：重點先交代，越往后越詳細，后邊的解釋、支持、發(fā)展前邊的。一個要點交代完畢，再轉向另一個要點。每句一個中心（句子主干）；每段一個中心（段落主題句）；全文一個中心（主題思想）。全文各個部分服從于全文中心，與主題無關的內容一律不寫。4） 客觀性，權威性，理論性，可靠性客觀性，權威性，理論性和可靠性是一篇論文必須具備的特性。

7、實現(xiàn)客觀性，就需要避免主觀武斷的論斷。堅持“言之有據”，“言之有理”。在一篇論文中，論斷不宜過多。堅持做到每個論斷都要有事實，數據或相關理論的支持。這些事實或數據都應該是來自可靠的或權威的信息來源，相關理論應該是來自相關領域的比較權威的專家、學者，或相關文獻。這樣才能保證論文的權威性和理論性。實現(xiàn)了客觀性，權威性和理論性，才能保證一篇論文的可靠性。5） 格式正確一般論文都應該有封面、摘要，關鍵詞和列出參考文獻。本次論文練習的封面應該包含的內容有：標題，作者姓名（中文），班級，學號，日期。摘要應該在200詞以內。關鍵詞應該是35詞。應該在論文中用腳注的形式標示出哪些材料是引用的，而且在論文最后列

8、出的參考文獻中按照順序表明作者姓名，年代，文獻名稱，頁碼等信息。6） 避免常見錯誤2 如何寫論文摘要論文摘要應該包含論文中的核心內容（thesis statement），應該能夠使讀者明白本文的中心話題是什么，作者對此提出了什么新的觀點看法，或新的理論，以及作者為達此目的所采用的研究方法，依據的理論，所進行的實驗，所引用的數據等等。因此，摘要中通常需要包含以下內容：什么論題；采用了什么研究方法；依據什么理論；作了什么分析；得出了什么結論；或提出了哪些可能的解決方法等等。由于摘要必須簡潔，諸如引入話題或細節(jié)介紹這樣的材料就不應該出現(xiàn)在摘要中。實例分析：例一：ABSTRACTWhen we tal

9、k about success, we often meet a question, which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? I have to admit that besides diligence, opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But people should keep trying and never give up until one good chance come. In this thesis, I ch

10、oose diligence and explain why it is more important than opportunity. Some students discontinue their studying to create their own business. We rebutted this view in this paper and give reasons for that why students should learn more knowledge and stay in school. Then we have some advises about how

11、should students study and what to do to prepare for the opportunity in the future. At last, I talk about four changes of our country's policy which had brought people lots of opportunities and the situation we are in.點評：            

12、0;                                         ABSTRACT When we talk about success, we 語言不正式，沒有分清書面語和口語的

13、區(qū)別。寫paper的時候，應該用正式語言，應該是客觀地討論問題，不應該濫用I, we, you這樣的第一和第二人稱。 often meet a question, 前邊的question和后邊的which名詞從句應該是同位語的關系，不應該用逗號隔開。 which factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? I have to admit 語言不正式 that besides diligence, opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But peo

14、ple 典型錯誤 should keep trying and never give up until one good chance come主謂語不一致. In this thesis, I choose 語言不正式 diligence and explain why it is more important than opportunity. Some students discontinue their studying詞類和拼寫錯誤，應該用study。此處最好用their college education。 to create their own business. We人稱 re

15、butted時態(tài)錯誤 this view in this paper and give reasons for that 從句連詞應用錯誤 why students should learn more knowledge and stay in school. Then we人稱 have some advises不可數名詞，詞類拼寫錯誤advice about how should students study從句詞序錯誤。不應該用疑問句的詞序 and what to do to prepare for the opportunity in the future. At last, I ta

16、lk about 語言不正式four changes of our country's policy沒有注意可數名詞單復數變化 which had brought時態(tài)錯誤?？床怀鰹槭裁匆眠^去完成時態(tài) people lots of opportunities and the situation we are in.從這個例子中可以看出，不僅出現(xiàn)了與主題思想無關的內容（如前兩句），而且采用了非正式語體，還出現(xiàn)了許多比較低級的語言表達方面的錯誤。改進：In the discussion about success, a question may inevitably arise: whic

17、h factor is more important to success, diligence or opportunity? It can be admitted that opportunity is one necessary condition for success. But one should keep trying and never give up until a good chance comes. This thesis tries to explain why diligence is more important than opportunity and gives

18、 reasons why students should stay in school and try to learn more knowledge. Some advice is offered about how students should study and prepare for the opportunity in the future. Four changes of our country's policies are discussed, which have brought about lots of opportunities and the may furt

19、her change the situation. 例二ABSTRACTThe purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that are glowing every day and give readers some advices on how to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. Through compared with the active influences and the adverse impacts of the Int

20、ernet, Naturally we can draw a conclusion that too much information provided by the Internet does no good for people. So it is time we should strength the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information in rational and healthy ways. Actually, measures have already been

21、 taken right now.點評：The purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet that are glowing every day（多余，累贅。） and give readers（對于一篇論文來說，這樣的表達不正式） some advices（advice不可數名詞） on how to overcome the disadvantages of the Internet. Through compared with（結構錯誤。through sth通過什么途徑或手段。by doi

22、ng sth通過做某事。當句子的主語承受compare這個動作時，用compared with短語，表示“與什么相比較”。若句子的主語發(fā)出這個動作，應該用comparing A and B表示“將A與B比較”。） the active（選詞錯誤。表示“有積極意義的”應該用positive。） influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, Naturally（大小寫錯誤。此處應該用小寫） we can draw a conclusion（不正式。為了客觀，在論文中應該盡量避免用第一或第二人稱。） that too much informa

23、tion provided by the Internet does no good for people.（people典型錯誤） So it is time we should strength（strength詞類錯誤。句型結構錯誤。這個句型應該是It is time that sb did sth 或It is time (for sb) to do sth） the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and classify the information in rational and healthy ways.（道

24、理不通。對于給信息分類來說，方式way無所謂“健康”。） Actually, measures have already been taken right now.（此句不妥。作為一篇論文，此處不應該是描述已經采取的措施，而應該是評論已經采取的措施或探討需要采取的措施）改進：以下僅對表達方面的錯誤加以改進：The purpose of the paper is to uncover the adverse impacts of the Internet and try to explore the possible ways to overcome the disadvantages of t

25、he Internet. By comparing the positive influences and the adverse impacts of the Internet, it can be concluded that too much information provided by the Internet may do much harm instead of good to common people. So it is time to strengthen the management of the Internet, reduce useless things and c

26、lassify the information rationally.例三At present, college students are confronted with study pressure, employment pressure, economy pressure and human relations pressure. The mental problem is increasing under all of these pressures and then having affected the health of the college students. So does

27、 their personal training. Analyse the current situation of college students' psychological quality and the factors that influence it and resolve all of the problems, it is of important significance.點評：除了存在一些結構和詞語方面的基本錯誤以外，這個ABSTRACT沒有真正概括出全文的中心內容，沒有說明作了什么樣的分析，采用了什么樣的理論或方法，提出了什么樣的結論、建議或解決方案。改進：At

28、 present, college students in China are confronted with various pressures, which have directly affected their mental health. (提出subject）The thesis presents a description of the situation, and, based on the recent research results on the subject, offers an analysis on the factors concerning the psych

29、ological problems of college students, and tries to explore the possible solutions to the mental strains that college students are faced with. (說明本文所采用的方法及所做的主要工作）例四 ABSTRACTThis paper mainly discussed the globalization. It contents six parts. With the development of the economy, globalization beomc

30、e the inevitable trend. The definition and feature of globalization introduced at the beginning of the paper. The first part is how to view globalization.The features of globalization is free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information nad service. The third part is China's

31、 experience, in this part, several solutions are summerized to turn challenges into opportunies.The fifth part is China's contribution to world economy, such as provide the world with the large rising market. The last part is the blueprint for future development. Opening the country to the outsi

32、de world is China's basic and long-term state policy, then discussed the develop objective of several fields such as economic cultural  and political and so on.點評：除了一些詞類，句子結構等方面的基本錯誤外，這篇摘要的主要問題是沒有注意ABSTRACT在內容和語言表達方面的特點，把摘要變成了介紹文章中寫了一些什么內容。 改進：This paper is mainly concerned with the influen

33、ce of globalization on the development of China. Through the paper, the author introduces how globalization should be viewed, the features of globalization and China's experience in the participation of the process of globalization. Furthermore, the paper discusses the policies of the Chinese go

34、vernment and tries to explore the ways to change challenges into opportunities for such a developing country as China. 3 如何在寫作中使用正式規(guī)范的語言？由于論文的語體方面的要求，也為了保證論文的客觀性，需要在論文中采用正式規(guī)范的語言。從研究生班學生所寫的文章中摘取了一寫句子加以修改，作為示范。各位也許可以從中學到如何在寫作中改善自己的語言，使之正式，規(guī)范。例一In the following, I'll give some typical example of th

35、e differences.點評：在口語中，也許這樣的表達可以顯得親切自然，而在論文中就顯得不夠正式規(guī)范。改進：The following examples may illustrate the differences.例二How do the Chinese great each other?點評：許多中國學生不用疑問句就不能展開思想。應該改掉這個壞習慣。一個疑問句不能代替一個有效的主題句。應該在一段文章的開頭寫好一個有效的主題句。即使是在段落發(fā)展中，也最好不要用一個疑問句來引出下文，而應該用一個完整的論斷直接表達自己的觀點。改進：The Chinese greetings may part

36、ly show the characteristics of the Chinese culture.例三The governments are protecting traditional culture by using their mouths.點評：在正式文體的論文中，不應該用這樣的情緒化的語言。改進：Instead of yelling slogans, the governments should take practical actions.例四But in my opinion, doing business has its own advantages.點評：In my op

37、inion這樣的詞語顯得口語化，也不客觀。這篇文章討論的是學生是否應該參與一些商業(yè)活動。而doing business沒有清楚地表達這個意義。這里涉及的不是advantages的問題，而是對學生來說是否有益處的問題。改進：However, it should be recognized that there are various benefits for students to engage in business.例五The present generation is the “beat generation”. Why? That is because they do not know

38、how點評：這樣的一問一答的方式在演講的時候可能比較有效。但是在正式文體的論文中就顯得過于口語化。另外，the beat generation是指西方國家中特定時期的特定人群，不好當作一個普通詞語來隨便應用。改進：The present generation is the “beat generation”, because they do not know how to4 注意中英文的行文習慣的差異使用中文的人在論述中往往習慣于采用“因果，因果”的格式，以及“由遠及近”的論述方式。而使用英文的人習慣于“重點先交代，越往后越詳細，后邊的解釋、支持、說明前邊的。一個要點交代完畢，再轉向另一個要點”。這就需要在一個段落中只集中表達一個中心意義。