信息管理與信息系統(tǒng)專業(yè)英語考試復(fù)習(xí)題

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)信息系統(tǒng)與信息管理專英語復(fù)習(xí)一、詞匯題（英譯漢+漢譯英 以下分欄的是課件上部分紅色單詞，未分欄的是與專業(yè)相關(guān)的課件上的詞匯，個人感覺比較重要，所以整理了一下，翻譯均來自網(wǎng)上在線翻譯，可能個別有問題，發(fā)現(xiàn)后請及時改正。不周之處以課件為準(zhǔn)。祝大家考出好成績?。ヽollar（項(xiàng)圈）Startled（大吃一驚）gasped (氣呼呼) project management：項(xiàng)目管理Project initiation and PIDRequirements elicitation(獲取) & collectionRequirements collati

2、on(校對) & conflict managementO-O programmingParallel programmingComplexity（復(fù)雜性）Cabling & Wiring（布電纜和電線）inclusions(加入部分)compatibility（兼容性）interference(干擾)side-effects(副作用)Direct cut-over to new part of systemParallel running of new part with previous partPilot(試點(diǎn)) cut-over of one departmentPie

3、cewise(分段) cut-overPrepare rolling plan(后續(xù)計劃) for future upgrades Pay all outstanding accounts(未付清的帳) temptation(誘惑)contingency(不測事件) anticipated(期望)deviate(偏離軌道) irresistible(無法抗拒)dictate(要求) trade-offs(權(quán)衡) inherent(不可分割)phenomenon(現(xiàn)象)axes(中心)juggle(雜耍) disabled (殘疾)handicapped(弱智)availability (可用性

4、)phases（階段）participate（參與）objective（目標(biāo)）segments（分塊）fixed（固定）size（規(guī)模）complexity （復(fù)雜程度）Preliminary（初步） investigation cross-life-cycle(橫跨生命周期) Fact-finding（事實(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)）Presentation（交流講座）Approximate（大約的,近似的）productivity(工作效率)quality(素質(zhì))ongoing(持續(xù)不斷的)Participants(參與人員) Management(管理人員)analysts(分析員)supervisor(主管

5、)alternative(可選的)Submit(提交) corporate(公司的) charters(章程）paperwork(文書工作) pervasive(蔓延)sense(認(rèn)識) justify(證明。正確) expenditures(開銷)introduced( 進(jìn)行) radical(徹底的)warranted(有正當(dāng)理由)tinkering(修補(bǔ)) price tag(價格說明)tangible(有形)streamlined(簡化使效率更高)wrap up(把.寫進(jìn))proceed(執(zhí)行)capabilities(能力)productive(富有成效)JAD(聯(lián)合應(yīng)用開發(fā)) yi

6、eld (產(chǎn)生。效果) anonymous（匿名的）ambiguous(含糊不清) follow up（弄明白）falsify(假裝) grips with (運(yùn)用)Connectivity diagrams(關(guān)聯(lián)圖)Grid charts(柵格圖)deliberately(周密地)encapsulated(壓縮)consistency(一致性）completeness(完整性)conformance(符合性)hardcopy(硬拷貝)volume(卷) interface(通過接口鏈接)be tied(連接) to snooping(偷聽) from scratch(從頭做起)outsour

7、ce(轉(zhuǎn)包給) lease(租用) chip(芯片)Convert (轉(zhuǎn)換成)to the new systemCompile(編輯) final documenthandheld(手持) elaborate(精心計劃的，詳盡組織的) coordination(協(xié)調(diào)) fall back on(退而求其次的補(bǔ)救)Pilot(試點(diǎn)) confined(限制在) point out(指出) neglected（忽視）contracted out(轉(zhuǎn)包給其它公司)multimedia presentation(多媒體講座) audits(稽查) keep pace with (跟上。步伐)prese

8、t criteria(評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn))step in(介入)The Stages in development在發(fā)展階段 Project initiation and PID項(xiàng)目啟動和PID Requirements engineering需求工程 System design系統(tǒng)設(shè)計 Software construction軟件建設(shè) Hardware purchase硬件采購 Integration & system testing集成與系統(tǒng)測試 Installation & cut-over安裝和切換 Project close-down項(xiàng)目關(guān)閉 Maintenance維修 PM

9、 primer 項(xiàng)目管理入門decipher(譯解密碼) substitution(替換)offsetting(偏移)cryptography (密碼使用法) Deep Crack(解殼)handcuffed (用手銬鎖著)bio-toxin formula(生物霉素配方)decrypt(解開) asymmetric scheme(不對稱方法)a public key(公鑰)tampered with(篡改) malicious(惡意的)public-key infrastructure (PKI)(公鑰基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)certificate authorities (CA)(認(rèn)證中心)compet

10、itive positioning(競爭定位)within the reach of (伸手可及的，在。范圍之內(nèi))mastery(控制)dysfunctions(混亂的)articulated (清楚地表達(dá))sustainable (page11 翻譯錯，在這兒應(yīng)翻譯成“可持續(xù)的” ) brand equity(品牌效益)sustainable competitive advantage (可持續(xù)競爭優(yōu)勢) occasionally（偶爾）current information critical(關(guān)鍵信息) business environmental scanning systems(商業(yè)環(huán)

11、境檢測系統(tǒng))barriers to entry”商業(yè)壁壘)Leverage IT investment( IT投資耗用)input (投入)entail(承受)indomitable brand(好品牌)economies of scale(規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益)economies of scope(范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)效益)practices(慣例,常規(guī)做法)mass customization (大規(guī)模定制)proprietary(專有的)differentiation(差異)switching costs(轉(zhuǎn)換成本)Further development< >future development

12、(注意，不要混淆)topologies(拓?fù)?2)unit3-partI1lesson7-2thermodynamics(熱力學(xué)) statistical mechanics(統(tǒng)計力學(xué))formulation(形成)randomness(無序性)spaces(空格) probabilities(概率)weighted(權(quán)重的)minimum channel capacity(最小信道容量)mathematical expectation(數(shù)學(xué)期望值) statistical properties(統(tǒng)計特性) occurrence frequencies (共現(xiàn)頻率)inspiration(啟示

13、，a sudden good idea)Empirically(根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看)non-lossy(無失真，無損)arithmetic coding(算術(shù)編碼)extensive(大量) components(組件)logistics(物流)extensive(大量) introduced(引進(jìn))in terms of (就.而言) Millennium(一千年)rationalization(使.合理化)piecemeal（一塊一塊地）introduced(引進(jìn)) incorporated(包含) sophisticated(精密的) Millennium(一千年)embedded(嵌入) r

14、ationalization(使.合理化)commonality(共性)專業(yè)詞匯集：B to B 企業(yè)對企業(yè)（也稱為商家對商家或商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)對商業(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)）的電子商務(wù)；B to C Business to Customer 企業(yè)到用戶的電子商務(wù)模式；C to C 客戶對客戶；Business transaction商業(yè)交易E-retailer企業(yè)E-mall電子商城E-book電子書E-cash/E-check (cheque) /E-wallet電子現(xiàn)金、電子支票（支票）/電子錢包Electronic commerce strategies電子商務(wù)戰(zhàn)略Electronic commerce paym

15、ent systems電子商務(wù)支付系統(tǒng)File transfer protocol文件傳輸協(xié)議Hypertext transfer protocol 超文本傳輸協(xié)議Uniform resource locator統(tǒng)一資源定位器Hypertext markup language (Html)超文本標(biāo)記語言（HTML）Global information infrastructure 全球信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Credit card/ debit card信用卡/借記卡Digital cash數(shù)字現(xiàn)金Electronic funds transfer電子資金轉(zhuǎn)帳Secure socket layer安全套接

16、字層Secure electronic transaction安全電子交易Internet bill payment 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)賬單支付Automate teller(?) machine (ATM)自動提款機(jī)（？）機(jī)（ATM）Market share市場份額Network protocol網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議Online catalog 在線目錄第9章profiteers (牟取暴利者)Memorandum(協(xié)議書)Digital divide(數(shù)字鴻溝)Gross Domestic Product (國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值)business practices(習(xí)慣做法)a rallying cry(集體呼聲) l

17、ess popular（少歡迎）.rests on(依賴)Information entropy信息熵/information theory信息理論/ probability distribution/概率分布/ plus/ subtract (deduce) /multiply /divide/加/減（演繹）/乘法/除法/ square (square-root) /cube (cube-root)/平方（平方根）/立方體（立方體根）/formula / function/expression公式/功能/表達(dá)nth-power /nth-root n次方/ n次方根 positive num

18、ber/ negative number/正/負(fù)數(shù)/ real-number/ imaginary number/實(shí)數(shù)/虛數(shù)/Decimal /fraction/ remainder/integer 小數(shù)部分/剩余/整數(shù) non-lossy compression非有損壓縮discrete mathematic/ higher mathematic/離散數(shù)學(xué)、高等數(shù)學(xué)/ probability theory/概率論/geometry /幾何/ statistics/ 統(tǒng)計/linear algebra/線性代數(shù)/operation research 運(yùn)行研究N-ary entropy n叉熵F

19、irst-order 第一階第十章詞匯(Vocabulary)Networked Economy網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)Takein account把考慮Digital divide (p.98)數(shù)字鴻溝（p.98）Sales tax/tax revenue 銷售稅/稅收入Power plant (power station)電廠（電站）Global positioning system (GPS)全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）Personal digital Assistants (PDAs)個人數(shù)字助理（PDA）Moors law(p104)摩爾定律（P104）Radio Frequency Identifica

20、tion Devices (RFID)射頻識別裝置（RFID）Transistor-electronic on/off switches晶體管的電子開關(guān)Fiber-optic cable 光纖電纜Copper wire銅線Two-way ticket/communication medium兩張單程票/通信介質(zhì)Bandwidth/computer chip帶寬/計算機(jī)芯片Shareware/firmware/software/hardware共享軟件/固件/軟件/硬件Cornerstone/ milestone基石/里程碑Adult-oriented (p115) /object-orient

21、ed成人導(dǎo)向（P115）/面向?qū)ο?premise /promise (p122)假設(shè)/承諾（P122）Contactless toll card非接觸式收費(fèi)卡Commodity combination商品組合Cost curve成本曲線Automobile/automotive industry 汽車/汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)Broadband access寬帶接入Deflation/inflation 通縮和通脹Socialist /capitalist /collective/market/state-owned/ Planned economy.社會主義與資本主義/集體/市場/國有計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)。Devel

22、oping /developed country 發(fā)展/發(fā)達(dá)國家Primary/secondary/ tertiary industry 第一/第二/第三產(chǎn)業(yè)Scarcity 稀缺性Underdevelopment /underdeveloped 不發(fā)達(dá)或不發(fā)達(dá)Economic depression/slump 經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退/蕭條Purchasing/buying power 采購權(quán)力Raw material 原料definition of scarcity(稀少性定義)consumer attention span(消費(fèi)者注意廣度)commodity(商品)amplified (擴(kuò)大)physi

23、cal strength(體力)dexterity(熟練)high school(高中)restructuring(調(diào)整) digital divide(數(shù)字鴻溝)characteristics(類型的人)implications(涉及) significant(重大的)subject(解決)across state lines(跨州)franchise(特殊產(chǎn)品經(jīng)銷)subject(上交) remit(免除)imposition（稅收）moratorium(延期)spawned(產(chǎn)生)stakeholder(利益相關(guān)方)out-side the box(創(chuàng)新，新奇)contactless t

24、oll cards(非接觸式交費(fèi)卡) miniaturized electronic circuitry(微型電路)shrinking(縮小) marvel(驚奇的事) Moor s law(摩爾定律)magnified(放大，擴(kuò)大)far-reaching implications(深遠(yuǎn)意義)voice traffic (語言業(yè)務(wù))In a sense(在某種意義上)consensus(共識) commandment(戒律)a credit union(信用合作社)nondestructive(非破壞的)snoop(探聽)bear false witness(做偽證的人)volatility

25、(變化無常) nominal(名義上)第十二章詞匯Decision maker/making/theory/support system 決策者/制作/理論/支持系統(tǒng)Group DSS 群體決策支持系統(tǒng)Mathematics (math)/management/operation research/ statistics/ psychology/ philosophy/ physics /chemistry/ geometry/ linear algebra/ higher mathematics/ discrete mathematics /macro-economic/micro-econ

26、omic / economics/probability theory/geography/ biology /history 數(shù)學(xué)（數(shù)學(xué)）/管理/研究/統(tǒng)計/心理學(xué)/哲學(xué)/物理/化學(xué)/幾何、線性代數(shù)、高等數(shù)學(xué)、離散數(shù)學(xué)、宏觀/微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)/經(jīng)濟(jì)/概率理論/地理/生物/歷史Normative/ prescriptive 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/規(guī)范Method/ model/methodology 方法/模型/方法 Hypothesis 假設(shè)，假說；邏前提；Software package/ software module/software model (p136)軟件包/軟件模塊/軟件模型 expert syst

27、em專家系統(tǒng)；Office automation system辦公室自動化系統(tǒng)；Algorithm (decision tree, support vector machine, association rule, clustering, classification, bayesian ) 算法（決策樹，支持向量機(jī)，關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則，聚類，分類，貝葉斯）Distributed computing分布式計算（技術(shù)）；Rational decision法合理決策；Cost-effective/cost-reduction 成本效益/成本的降低ACM SIGBDP conference (Associat

28、ion for Computing Machinery -Special Interest Group on Business Data Processing ) ACM SIGBDP會議（計算機(jī)械協(xié)會在商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)處理的特殊利益集團(tuán)）AI (artificial intelligence) 計人工智能；Model-driven DSS模型驅(qū)動的決策支持系統(tǒng)Information system design and optimization system信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計與優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)Firmware/groupware/shareware固件/組件/共享Vantage point/starting po

29、int /end point華帝點(diǎn)/起點(diǎn)/終點(diǎn)Sort out 整理Computer-aided decision system 計算機(jī)輔助決策系統(tǒng)Paper/dissertation/ thesis 文/研究/論文Spreadsheet 電子表格Relational database products關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫產(chǎn)品Process duration過程的持續(xù)時間Subroutine 子程序Real estate industry 房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)Trade association/ association rule 貿(mào)易協(xié)會/關(guān)聯(lián)規(guī)則Textbook knowledge (p139)課本上的知識F

30、uzzy logic模糊邏輯Cognitive process認(rèn)知過程interdisciplinary(跨學(xué)科)statistics(統(tǒng)計學(xué))philosophy(哲學(xué))psychology(心理學(xué))normative(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的)prescriptive(規(guī)范性的)methodologies(方法論)hypotheses(假說)against(依據(jù)) rationality(合理性)incommensurable commodities (沒有可比性的商品)heartland(中心地區(qū)=核心部分)objective financial value(客觀價值)dilutions(稀釋) sub

31、jective expected utility( 主觀期望效用) controversial(爭議)proponents(支持者)maintain(堅決主張/assert)paradoxes(自相矛盾，悖論)arise from (appear, happen) departures from(背離) theorems(定理) derivable(可引出的)a windfall(橫財) in the first place(首要，首位).a course of action(行動的過程) a psychological construct(心里學(xué)的構(gòu)建體)imputes(歸因于) commi

32、tment(承諾的義務(wù))bi-polar(兩極) extraversion(外向)introversion(內(nèi)向)empirical(經(jīng)驗(yàn)的)biases(傾向性）calling into question(對.帶來問題)Premature(過早地)biases(偏見)calling into question(對.有異議)Premature(未成熟) Conservatism(保守主義) inertia(惰性) Experiential(經(jīng)驗(yàn)的) screen-out(用屏幕把隔開/擋住) salient(非常重要的，突出的). in a positive light(事物好的一面)dist

33、ort(歪曲) Repetition(重復(fù)性) shapes(影響)credibility(可信性、信任)Incremental decision making(漸進(jìn)決策)escalating commitment(頑固認(rèn)同) 第13章 第七單元詞匯Data dictionary/data warehouse/ data redundancy /data mining/data security/ data integrity/data backup/data recovery/data modeling/data model 數(shù)據(jù)字典、數(shù)據(jù)倉庫、數(shù)據(jù)冗余、數(shù)據(jù)挖掘、數(shù)據(jù)安全、數(shù)據(jù)完整性、數(shù)據(jù)

34、備份、數(shù)據(jù)恢復(fù)、數(shù)據(jù)建模、數(shù)據(jù)模型Entity/Entity Relationship/entity identification 實(shí)體、實(shí)體關(guān)系實(shí)體識別 Attribute/multi-valued attribute/single-valued attribute / derived attribute/attribute inheritance/ attribute value/simple attribute/composite attribute多值屬性/屬性/單值屬性/導(dǎo)出屬性/屬性繼承/屬性值/屬性/復(fù)合屬性Conceptual methodology/ physical met

35、hodology/ logic methodology 方法論/方法/物理概念的邏輯方法primary key/ foreign key/ composite key/candidate key主鍵/外鍵/復(fù)合鍵/候選鍵Normal form (范式)Information Retrieval (IR) （信息檢索）Bottom-up approach/ top-down approach 自下而上的方法和自上而下的方法Concurrency control /access control 并發(fā)控制、訪問控制Fact-finding 發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)Privilege 特權(quán)Subclass/super

36、-class子類的超類Update anomalies更新異常UML (unified model language) UML（統(tǒng)一建模語言）Referential integrity 參照完整性Tuple (record) 元組（記錄）Integrity constraints 完整性約束Index card索引卡Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) 關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)（RDBMS）Bottle-neck瓶頸Deadlock僵局Database architecture 數(shù)據(jù)庫體系結(jié)構(gòu) Query processing 查詢處理Secur

37、ity mechanisms 安全機(jī)制One-to-one/one-to-many/many-to-many一對一、一對多、多對多chiseled(刻在) index cards(索引卡)retrieval(檢索)index cards(索引卡).vague(不清楚)formidable(困難的)coupled(耦合的)formulated(確切地闡述出)vehicle(工具) state-of-the-art(最高水平) a theoretical model(理論模型) abound in(大量存在于) the solar system(太陽系)ultimately (最終) coinci

38、de with(一致)rigour(嚴(yán)密性)prerequisite(先決條件) sound(完好的) pragmatically(務(wù)實(shí)的) appeal(吸引)resilient(適應(yīng)力強(qiáng)的)catastrophes(災(zāi)難)volatility(變化)overheads(開支)iterate(重述)第十四章：詞匯Business intelligence 商業(yè)智能Data set 數(shù)據(jù)集Machine learning機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)（能力），機(jī)器改進(jìn)（能力）；Association algorithm/regression algorithm /classification algorithm 關(guān)

39、聯(lián)算法/回歸/分類算法Statistical analyst統(tǒng)計分析師Server platform/ pattern recognition 服務(wù)器平臺/模式識別value(益處)the nontrivial(非瑣碎的，非沒有價值的)implicit(暗含的)algorithms(算法) Regression(回歸) intuition(直覺)stick around(徘徊) turned around(好轉(zhuǎn)) perceived(領(lǐng)悟)because of*(由于)詞匯預(yù)測：（看看預(yù)測的準(zhǔn)不準(zhǔn)，嘿嘿）1.Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) 系統(tǒng)開發(fā)生

40、命周期2. process management 進(jìn)程管理3. project management 項(xiàng)目管理4.feasibility study 可行性研究5.Business Process Redesign(BPR) 商業(yè)過程再設(shè)計、業(yè)務(wù)流程再造6. price tag 價格說明7. alternative solutions 可選方案 8. organization chart 組織圖 9. Data Flow Diagram 數(shù)據(jù)流圖10. Connectivity diagram 關(guān)聯(lián)圖 11. Grid chart 柵格圖 12. Decision table 決策表13. O

41、bject-oriented analysis (OOA) 面向?qū)ο蟮姆治?4. PERT (Program Evaluation Review Technique) 程序評估審閱技術(shù)15. Unit testing 局部測試16. Parallel approach 并行實(shí)現(xiàn) 17. Phased approach 分段實(shí)現(xiàn)18. Electronic Performance Support Systems (EPSS) 電子演示支持系統(tǒng)19. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) 電子轉(zhuǎn)賬系統(tǒng)20. Secure Electronic Transaction (

42、SET) 安全電子交易21. Internet Bill Payment/Presentment (IBPP) 電子轉(zhuǎn)賬繳費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)賬提示 22.Online Analytical Processing(OLAP) 聯(lián)機(jī)分析處理23. Special Interest Group on Business Data Processing（SIGBDP） 商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)處理專業(yè)組24. Decision Support System（DSS ）決策支持系統(tǒng) 25.Management Information System（MIS ） 管理信息系統(tǒng)26. Technical Problem Summary（TP

43、S ）技術(shù)問題摘要 27.Enterprise Resource Planning （ERP ）企業(yè)資源計劃28.Manipulation Part 控制部分29. Relational Database Management System（RDBMS ）關(guān)系型數(shù)據(jù)庫管理系統(tǒng)30.Attribute Value 屬性值 31.Data Warehouse 數(shù)據(jù)倉庫32. Data Refresh 數(shù)據(jù)刷新 33.Iterative Approach 迭代方法34. Data Definition Language （DDL ）數(shù)據(jù)描述語言35.Department of Commerce Su

44、rvey 商業(yè)調(diào)查部36. Digital Subscribe Loop（DSL） 數(shù)字用戶線環(huán)路2、 句子翻譯（4*4=16 1*5=5 共21分）1、 From time to time, organizations need to change their information systems, in response to new marketing opportunities, modified government regulations, the introduction of new technolog, merger with another company, or oth

45、er developments. 譯文：不時，一些機(jī)構(gòu)需改變它們的信息系統(tǒng)，以適應(yīng)新的市場機(jī)會、修改的政府規(guī)章、引進(jìn)的新技術(shù)、公司的合并或其他的發(fā)展。2、 Ineed,in progressive companies ,management may require employee input in developing new systems through a process called JAD (Joint Applications Development),which uses highly organized ,intensive workshops to bring togeth

46、er system owners ,user,analysts, and designers to jointly define and design system .譯文：實(shí)際上，對于那些能不斷進(jìn)取的公司，其管理需要將員工融入到一個稱之為JAD過程（聯(lián)合應(yīng)用開發(fā)）的新的系統(tǒng)中去，JAD通過使用高度有組織的、集中式的工作場地將系統(tǒng)所有者、用戶、分析人員和設(shè)計人員匯集在一起進(jìn)行定義和設(shè)計系統(tǒng)。1.Whereas at one time the debate in most business focused on whether to engage in electronic commerce ,

47、today the debate concerns exactly how to go about engaging in electronic commerce.譯文：雖然大多數(shù)企業(yè)的爭論曾一度聚焦在是否參與電子商務(wù)，而今天的爭論卻是如何參與電子商務(wù)。3、 選擇題（不知道會怎么出題，這是網(wǎng)上百度的）As the strategic support role,information systems can support a company's competitive positioning (l)The supports of help in the piloting of the

48、chain of internal value. They are the most recent,the most_performance_ and are within the reach of the manager They are the solutions of reductions of costs and management of the_articulated _. One_ set_ them under the name of “Business Workflow Analysis”( BWA) or of “Business Management Systems Pe

49、er To Peer(p2p)”Tools networks,they assure the control of the piloting of the_indicates _ of the functions of the company,the mastery in real time of the costs of dysfunctions cause distances from accounts,evaluation and reporting of accounting results_pragmatic _ in the evaluation and in the report

50、ing of results qualityindicates articulated pragmatic performance set四、閱讀理解(百度的，僅供參考)1、 Different organizations may refer to the systems development life cycle by different names - such as applications development cycle.systems development cycle, or structured development life cycle - or, indeed, so

51、metimes by no name at all. However,the general objectives remain the same. the number of steps necessary to complete the cycle may also vary from one company to another, depending on the level of detail necessary to effectively administer and control systems development. One way to look at systems d

52、evelopment is to divide it into six phases The FIrst Phase: Conduct a Preliminary Investigation In this step, you need to find out what the organization's objectives are and to explore the nature and scope of the problems under study. Determine the organization' s objectives: Even if a probl

53、em pertains to only a small segment of the organization, you cannot study it in isolation. You need to find out what the overall objectives of the organization are and how groups and departments within the organization interact. Then you need to examine the problem in that context.Note that systems

54、analysis does not focus only on information technology. In Business Process Redesign(BPR) , principles of systems analysis are applied to the goal of dramatically changing and improving the fundamental business processes of an organization. Interest in BPR was driven by the discovery that most curre

55、nt information systems and applications have merely automated existing inefficient business processes. BPR analysis focuses almost entirely on non-computer processes. Each process is studied and analyzed for bottlenecks, value returned, and opportunities for elimination or streamlining. The last stop is to examine how information technology might best be applied to the improved business processes. In this chapter, however, we ar