第八節(jié)動詞（7-1~13-1）

1、第八節(jié) 動 詞（7-113-1）考試大綱要求動詞包括時態(tài)、被動語態(tài)、動名詞、分詞以及虛擬語氣。 （1）動詞的分類：及物動詞與不及物動詞；連系動詞；助動詞；情態(tài)動詞。 （2）動詞的基本形式：動詞原形、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞；不規(guī)則動詞的形式 （3）動詞主要時態(tài)的構成及其用法。包括一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時，現(xiàn)在完成進行時，一般過去時，過去進行時，過去完成時，完成進行時，一般將來時，將來完成時，過去將來時。 （4）情態(tài)動詞及其基本用法。 （5）非謂語動詞（不定式、動名詞、分詞）的形式及主要用法。 （6）被動語態(tài)的構成及其基本用法。 （7）虛擬語氣的常見形式及其基本用法。一、動詞的分類 動詞類型

2、 在句子中的用法 及物動詞 后面接賓語 不及物動詞 后面不接賓語，或接介詞/副詞+賓語 連系動詞 后面接表語 助動詞 后面接動詞原形 情態(tài)動詞 后面接動詞原形，或接動詞的完成式二、動詞的基本形式 動詞除原形外，還有過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞三種形式。（一）過去式和過去分詞的構成 1一般情況下在原形后加-ed。如：work-worked, help-helped。 2以e結尾的單詞，在原形后加-d。如：like-liked, joke-joked, hope-hoped. 3. 以輔音字母+y結尾的單詞，變y為i再加-ed。如：study-studied, carry-carried, copy

3、-copied。 4以重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母結尾的單詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母再加-ed。如：stop-stopped, prefer-preferred, admit-admitted, plan-planned. 有些動詞的過去式和過去分詞有特殊的形式。 cost-cost-cost meet-met- met catch-caught-caught rise-rose-risen drive-drove- driven get-got-got/gotten leave-left-left smell-smelt/smelled-smelt/smelled tell-told-tol

4、d take-took-taken（二）現(xiàn)在分詞的構成 1一般情況下在原形后加-ing。如：go-going, carry-carrying, play-playing, answer-answering, ask-asking。 2以不發(fā)音的e結尾的單詞，去e加-ing 。如：live-living, come-coming, dance-dancing, write-writing。 3以重讀閉音節(jié)、末尾只有一個輔音字母結尾的詞，雙寫末尾的輔音字母再加-ing 。 如：sit-sitting, begin-beginning, permit-permitting, run-running,

5、 forget-forgetting. 有些動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有其特殊形式。如：die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying, picnic-picnicking.三、動詞的主要時態(tài)（一）一般現(xiàn)在時 一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性或習慣性的動作、現(xiàn)在的特征和狀態(tài)、普遍真理等。 Galileo said the earth moves around the sun. 一般現(xiàn)在時的謂語形式： 1當動詞為實義動詞，如read, go, look時，謂語用動詞原形，否定句在動詞前面加do not ，疑問句加助動詞do 。常和always, often, usually, sometimes, ev

6、eryday等表示時間的狀語連用。 I go to school everyday. I read the newspapers after lunch. Do you agree with me?(agree with sb. 同意某人觀點) I dont quite agree with you. 主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞后面一般加s（具體變化規(guī)則與名詞變復數(shù)相同）。否定句加does not, 疑問句加does . My father gets up at six everyday. He loves sports. Does it hurt? Does Miss Wu teach us

7、 English? The machine doesnt run smoothly. 2當動詞為be時，謂語隨人稱和數(shù)的不同用am, is, are 三種形式。 One is not guilty until he is proved. 在被證明有罪之前， 人都是無罪的。 Knowledge is power.知識就是力量。 She isnt afraid to go to school alone now. Are you from Yunnan?（be from 來自地方） What she says is true. 3當動詞為have, 表示有時，謂語用have, 主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時

8、，用has. 否定句相應用havent, hasnt, 或dont have , doesnt have, 疑問句將have, has 提至主語前面或加助動詞do, does. My sister has a lot of toys. She always have a lot of homework to do. Has she/Does she have any money on her? They dont have/havent much experience. 當have 作實義動詞，如have a look, have breakfast, have lunch, have sup

9、per時，句子的謂語形式與其他實義動詞相同。 Lets have a look at the picture. I always have breakfast at home. She often has lunch in the dinning hall. always、often通常放在系動詞之后，實意動詞之前。1. It is an accepted custom in our country for men to remove their hats when a woman _ the room.A. enter B. enters C. entering D. enteredwheh

10、狀語從句中的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，答案 B2. Im leaving now. Make sure _ the door. A. you lock B. youll lock C. for locking D. lockingmake sure+動詞原型或句子。答案 A3. Jean could be a very attractive girl but she _ to her clothes. A. pays no attention B. paying no attention C. was paying attention D. had paid attention答案 A4. How

11、does Alma like her new work? She _ with the hours. A. cant satisfy B. isnt satisfied C. doesnt satisfy D. hasnt satisfiedbe satisfied with 對滿意答案 B（二）一般過去時 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的動作或情況，包括過去的習慣性動作。常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如：a minute ago, yesterday, last week, in 1990, during the night, in those days. 用過去時時， 說過多少時間之后， 一

12、般用 after, 不用in。 一般過去時的謂語形式： 1動詞為實義動詞時，謂語用動詞的過去式，否定句在原形前加did not, 疑問句加助動詞did. 如： John suddenly fell ill yesterday.(fall-fell-fallen) My mother didnt look well when I saw her last time. It happened after four days. Did they go to Canada last week? Nothing happened since then. He went out just now.(jus

13、t now 剛才) A book that cost a few jiao several years ago is worth 30 yuan now. 2動詞為be, 主語是I 或第三人稱單數(shù)時，謂語用was, 其他情況用were. 如 They were classmates when they were ten years old. She was once a doctor but now she has retired . Why were you absent from school yesterday? 3. 動詞為have 時，肯定句謂語用had. 表示有時，否定句可用had

14、 not，疑問句將had 提至主語前面，也可與have作實義動詞時相同，即否定句用didnt have, 疑問句加助動詞did。如： They didnt have any money left and they couldnt afford the house. She didnt have any rest at noon and continued to work. Did you have dinner with Mr. Wang at that famous restaurant the day before yesterday? We had a big factory forty

15、 years ago.1. John was finishing his assignments when his father _ home from work. A. came B. comes C. has come D. is coming主句為過去時，狀語從句也為過去時。答案 A2. The first zoological garden in the United States _ in Philadelphia in 1874.(zoo) A. had established B. has established C. was established D. established

16、考試時應先考慮句子是主動還是被動，然后再考慮時態(tài)。動物園應該是被建A、D都是主動語態(tài)。答案 C（三）現(xiàn)在進行時 現(xiàn)在進行時主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作?？膳cnow, at present, at this moment, these days等時間狀語連用。 現(xiàn)在進行時的謂語形式：am / is / are +現(xiàn)在分詞。 What are you doing, Jack? Were trying to plan our future. The train is now rapidly approaching the city.(approach 接近) Life is changing

17、all the time. The woman who is standing here is my mother. 動詞go, come, leave, stay, arrive, die 等用于進行時態(tài)中，可以表示將要進行的動作。 The bus is leaving, please hurry up. Its going to rain. Dont forget to take the umbrella. My uncle is coming to see us this weekend. The boy is leaving for Beijing tomorrow.（leave fo

18、r 動身）1. Health experts in many countries still _ their ideas about the relationships between our food and our health. A. have tested B. tested C. are testing D. teststill（仍舊）一般用于進行時。still一般放在系動詞后面，實義動詞前面。答案 C2. What is this noise? Tell me what _ here. A. went on B. goes on C. is going on D. will go

19、on答案 C（四）過去進行時 過去進行時主要表示過去某個時刻或一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的動作。 過去進行時的謂語形式：was / were + 現(xiàn)在分詞。 My son was practicing the piano this time yesterday evening. When I called him, he was having his breakfast. While we were having a meeting, Mary came in and told us the terrible news. I was leaving the room when the telephon

20、e rang.1. James has just arrived, but I didnt know he _ until yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes現(xiàn)在完成時表明的是過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。had been過去完成時，表示過去的過去。was coming用過去進行時表示將要的動作。答案 B2. What were you doing when Anna phoned you? I had just finished my work and _ to take a bath. A

21、. starting B. to start C. have started D. was startingwhat were you doing提問的是過去進行時。答案 D（五）一般將來時 一般將來時主要表示準備做的事、將要發(fā)生的動作情況、按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。 一般將來時的謂語形式： 1am / is / are going to +動詞原形 2will / shall +動詞原形（shall用于第一人稱） 3am / is / are +不定式 Well have eggs and toast for breakfast this morning. How are you going t

22、o spend your summer vacation? I think its going to rain. We are going to the zoo tomorrow. The factory is to go into production. The line is to be opened to traffic on May Day. The machine wont work. The meeting wont last long. be about to 可表示即將做某事。 He is about to leave. My mother is about to retire

23、. 一般將來時有時還可以用來表示一種傾向。 Crops will die without water. Whenever I have time, Ill go and see you. Whoever fails to see this will make a big mistake. Oil will float on water. 用Shall I? Shall we? 開頭可以表示征求對方的意見?？隙ɑ卮鹩?Yes, please或 Please do; 否定回答用 No, please dont 等來回答。 -Shall I close the window, its too col

24、d here. -Yes, please. (No, Please dont.) -Shall we call a taxi? -Yes, lets. (No, I dont think we shall.) 時間和條件狀語主句是將來時，從句中一般不能用將來時態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替。 Liping will let you have the book when he is through.（主動語態(tài)里let后面再出現(xiàn)動詞省略to） We shall help you if you ask us. Ill ask my mother as soon as she comes. It will be

25、 six years before we meet again. She will miss the train unless she hurries up.1. No matter how much _, it well be worth it. A. will the watch cost B. the watch will cost C. does the watch cost D. the watch costs狀語從句主句將來時從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。how much+主語+謂語單問表的價錢：How much does the watch cost?答案 D2. Although he p

26、romised to change, Im still wondering when he _ able to put his heart into his studies. A. was B. will be C. be D. werebe able to do選項C中when是時間狀語從句，謂語不直接跟系動詞be。答案 B3. Will Susan get her Ph.D.? It is likely that she _. A. will B. does C. will do it D. gets it用將來時提問直接用將來時回答即可。答案 A4. Did you visit Grac

27、e last summer? No, but I _ her over the Christmas vacation. A. will see B. be seen C. have seen D. have been seeing答案 A5. Mr. And Mrs. Zhang are going to Brazil next week and they _ to Mexico later in the month. A. will go B. would go C. went D. have gone答案 A6. Are there going to be many people at y

28、our party today? We hope that _. A. there will be B. there is C. there are D. there are going to答案 A7. When will the plane arrive? Ill tell you when I _. A. will find out B. find out C. am finding out D. have been finding out時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中主句為將來時則從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。find out 查出原因find 發(fā)現(xiàn) look for 尋找答案 B（六）過去將來時

29、過去將來時主要表示在過去某個時間打算要做的事，或從過去某個時間看來將要發(fā)生的事。過去將來時常用于間接引語中。 過去將來時的謂語形式： 1was / were going to +動詞原形 2would / should +動詞原形 3was / were to +動詞原形 We never imagined that my sister would become a doctor. He said he would come back the next day. I thought you wouldnt have any objection to it.（objection to sth.

30、反對某事） We were sure we would win final victory. He informed us the train was to leave at six . I didnt know when they were going to come again. He was about to get there when it began to rain. You knew I would come.1. They thought it _ fun to take the car. A. can be B. will be C. would be D. has been

31、答案 C2. Has John finished the report? No, he knew that he _ time to finish it by tomorrow. A. wont have B. will have C. wouldnt have D. shall not have答案 C（七）現(xiàn)在完成時 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去發(fā)生的但對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作，或從過去某個時間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還會持續(xù)下去的動作或狀態(tài)。 現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語形式：have / has +過去分詞。 現(xiàn)在完成時常常與for, since 等表示一段時間的狀語連用，副詞 just, already, ye

32、t, never, ever, lately, recently, so far等也常用于現(xiàn)在完成時中。 The car has arrived. My parents have had a good education. I have bought a dictionary. The delegation has already left. So far we have only discussed the first two chapters. We havent had much rain this winter. I have just received a letter from m

33、y parents. (just already never ever放在have、has后面，過去分詞前面) We havent reached an agreement yet. Have they got the plan yet? My mother has been a teacher for thirty years and now she has retired. （她退休已經(jīng)十年了不能用She has been retired for ten years表達，retire不能表一段延續(xù)的時間，有for或since時謂語動詞一定是可以表延續(xù)的動詞） My mother has b

34、een a teacher since she graduated from the university. My mother has been a teacher since ten years ago. for接一段延續(xù)的時間，since后接過去時的句子或時間狀語。 I have been here since last October. My sister has caught a bad cold. She has been ill for a week. 完成時態(tài)的運用還應注意以下兩點 1come, go , leave, arrive, begin, start, become,

35、 join, get up 等表示短暫性動作的動詞，不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用，這些動作需用表示狀態(tài)的詞替代。 I have had this coat for one year. ( 替代have bought) My uncle has been back for two days. (替代 has come back) The train has been away for an hour. (替代 has left) The twin brothers have been in the army for three years. (替代have joined the army) Th

36、e film has been on for ten minutes. (替代 has begun) Weve been up for two hours.(替代 have got up)2have been to 與 have gone to 的區(qū)別 have been to 表示去過某地或去干過某事，人現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了；have gone to 表示去某地了或去干某事了，人還沒有回來。 We have been to the Great Wall. Ive been to see a doctor. I have been to the library. He has gone to the

37、 library. Where is Xiao Wang? -He has gone to Shanghai.1. Whos that good-looking girl Frank is dancing with? I dont know. I _ her before. A. had never seen B. was never seeing C. have never seen D. never seen答案 C2. Sorry, Im a little bit late. Oh, I _ here just a few minutes. A. have been B. had bee

38、n C. am D. will be答案 A3. What a boring speaker! Yes, by the time he finishes, everyone _. A. was asleep B. will asleep C. has been asleep D. sleptasleep只能放在系動詞后面。答案 C4. We used to go skating in Michigan every winter, but I _ for the past five seasons. A. dont go B. havent gone C. am not going D. did

39、nt go答案 Bused to do 過去常常做某事5. Lead _ as a material for sculpture since the time of the early Greeks. A. has used B. used C. being used D. has been used答案 D6. When did you decide to be a doctor? Let me see. Im twenty, and I have wanted to be a doctor since _. A. ten years B. ten years ago C. I was te

40、n D. Both B and Csince接過去時的句子或過去時的狀語答案 D（八）現(xiàn)在完成進行時 現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示在現(xiàn)在以前這段時間里一直在進行的動作，該動作可能仍在進行，也可能已經(jīng)停止了一會兒。 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的謂語形式：have / has been +現(xiàn)在分詞。 Weve just been talking about you. Ive been sitting here all afternoon. How long has it been snowing? I have been wanting to meet you for a long time. Recently he

41、has been doing his work quite regularly. 所有的動詞都可以有現(xiàn)在完成進行時，但是有些動詞用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時意義差別不大，有些則只能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時中。 Hes been shaving since last year. (不能用has shaved) Youve been saying that for two years. (不能用have said ) My father has been writing letters all this morning.(不能用has written) Ive been going to the sa

42、me grocers since we lived here. (不能用have gone) How long have you been waiting for me? (可以用have waited) My family has been living here for ten years.(可以用has lived) 有些動詞不表延續(xù)不可以用在現(xiàn)在完成時，但所有動詞都可以用在現(xiàn)在完成進行時。1. Who has been planning the dance? Everyone in the club _. A. is B. are C. have D. has答案 D2. Though

43、 they _ side by side for twenty years, the two neighbors are not very friendly. A. having been lived B. had been living C. have been living D. having been living答案 C3. You havent got the textbook for my chemistry course yet. I know, and we _ to get it for the last five weeks. A. have been trying B.

44、had tried C. will be trying D. will have been tryingfor the last five weeks表示延續(xù)的時間狀語答案 A（九）過去完成時 過去完成時表示在過去某個時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況，簡單地說就是表示過去的過去。 過去完成時的謂語形式：had +過去分詞。 When we got to the theatre, the play had already started. He suddenly remembered that he hadnt locked the door when he left. By the end

45、of that year we had trained more than 1,000 employees. They had been married many years before a child was born to them. No sooner had we left the school than it began to rain.(no soonerthan= as soon as 一就，no sooner開頭的句子要倒裝)（十）過去完成進行時 表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間。這個時態(tài)必須以一過去的時間為前提。 過去完成進行時的謂語形式：had be

46、en+現(xiàn)在分詞 I had been looking for it four days before I found it. The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered. It had been raining for two days. The fields were all under water. At last we got the letter we had been expecting.1. How long had you been waiting before Mr. Winte

47、r finally arrived? Well, he came at three oclock, and I _ the day before. A. had waited after B. had been waiting since C. was waiting from D. had been waiting for等某人 wait for sb.for接一段延續(xù)的時間，since接過去時間狀語或過去時句子。答案 B(十一)將來完成時 表示在將來某一時間之前完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間產(chǎn)生影響。 將來完成時的謂語形式: will (shall) have+ 過去分詞 I shall

48、 have finished reading the book by the end of this week. Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter.(before long 不久) How many words will you have learnt by the end of the term? When we get there theyll probably have left. He will have finished his term paper by the end of this month.1.

49、 My niece has been to Sumatra(蘇門達臘) and Iran（伊朗） as well as all of Europe. By the time shes twenty, she _ almost everywhere. A. will be B. would be C. will have been D. would have been答案 C2. By the time you get to Greenwich you _ the most historic parts of London. A. will be seeing B. will see C. ar

50、e going to see D. will have seen答案 D 主要復習了動詞的十一個時態(tài)。重點記憶主句將來時，時間狀語從句、條件狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時?，F(xiàn)在完成時中for和since的區(qū)別，for接一段連續(xù)的時間狀語，since接過去時句子或過去的時間狀語。有for或since的現(xiàn)在完成時句子中，動詞只可以是表延續(xù)的動詞?，F(xiàn)在完成進行時可以接所有的動詞。 進行時態(tài)的運用往往根據(jù)上下文來決定。 Be quiet, everybody. The students of Class One are having a listening test. When I was cooking these potatoes, I forgot to put any salt in it. 在運用完成時態(tài)時，應特別注意表示瞬息間動作的動詞不能與for 引導的一段時間狀語連用。 瞬息間動詞往往須換成be+副詞/介詞結構的形式，或選用句式It is / has been + 時間狀語 + since 來表態(tài)。 1.Have the visitors arrived? Yes, they have been here for an hour. 2.By the time we got to the cinema, the film _ for half an hour.A. h