定語(yǔ)從句(整理)

1、1.定義定義： 又稱形容詞性從句，在復(fù)合句中修又稱形容詞性從句，在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞，起定語(yǔ)作用。飾名詞或代詞，起定語(yǔ)作用。2.先行詞先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞3.關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞Who, whom, whose, which, that，asWhen, where, whyA dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.句子主干：句子主干：定語(yǔ)從句：定語(yǔ)從句：先先 行行 詞：詞：關(guān)系代詞：關(guān)系代詞：A d

2、ictionary is a book.which gives the meaning of words.bookwhich4. 分類：限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句分類：限定性定語(yǔ)從句與非限定性定語(yǔ)從句限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句中限定性定語(yǔ)從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分不可缺少的組成部分，使先行詞區(qū)別于同類其使先行詞區(qū)別于同類其他事物；主句和從句之他事物；主句和從句之間間不用逗號(hào)不用逗號(hào)隔開隔開非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)對(duì)主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主句先行詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，沒(méi)有這種從句不影響主沒(méi)有這種從句不影響主句意思完整句意思完整.一般一般用逗號(hào)用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開把主句和從句分開引導(dǎo)詞：關(guān)系

3、代詞和引導(dǎo)詞：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞，作關(guān)系副詞，作賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)時(shí)一些關(guān)系代詞一些關(guān)系代詞可以省可以省略略引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)詞：as, who, whom, whose, which, of which, when, where等，等，不用不用that或或why,不能省不能省略略1. A plane is a machine. The machine can fly.A plane is _can fly.a machinethat /whichJoin the following sentences:2. The girl is Mary. We saw her yesterday._ we saw y

4、esterday is Mary.The girl限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例： 1. The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 2. China is a country which has a long history. 3. In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：非限制性定語(yǔ)從句舉例：1. His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him

5、. 2. China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 3. Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. All the books that have pictures in them are well written. All the books, which have pictures in them, are well written. （

6、帶插圖的書寫得好。）（帶插圖的書寫得好。）（所有的書都寫的很好。所有的書都帶插圖）（所有的書都寫的很好。所有的書都帶插圖）指代內(nèi)容指代內(nèi)容所做成分所做成分是否可省略是否可省略that人；物人；物主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ) 作賓語(yǔ)可省作賓語(yǔ)可省which物物主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ) 作賓語(yǔ)可省作賓語(yǔ)可省who人人主語(yǔ)主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ) 作賓語(yǔ)可省作賓語(yǔ)可省whom人人賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)可省可省whose(人人/物物)的的定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)不可省不可省關(guān)系代詞的用法關(guān)系代詞的用法1. who指人指人, ,作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ) ( (作賓語(yǔ)可省略）作賓語(yǔ)可省略）The boys who are playing football ar

7、e from Class One. A person who steals things is called a thief.2. whom指人指人, ,作賓語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ) ( (作賓語(yǔ)可省略作賓語(yǔ)可省略, ,如如介詞提前則不能省介詞提前則不能省) The man (whom/who) I talked to is Mr. Li.The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.3. whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，與后面在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)，與后面的名詞為所屬關(guān)系。的名詞為所屬關(guān)系。 whose多指人，也多指人，也可指物，指物時(shí)可與可指物，指物時(shí)可與 of which互換使用?；?/p>

8、換使用。He has a friend whose father is a doctor. =the father of whom2. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.3. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? Do you know

9、the girl whose hair is very short in our class?Do you know the girl?Her hair is very short in our class.He is the student.I broke his pencil yesterday.He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. We found a house of which the roof had been damaged.We found a house the roof of which had been dam

10、aged.We found a house whose roof had been damaged.4which 指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或指物，在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?。賓語(yǔ)，做賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?。 1. Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 2. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 3. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 4. The film ( which ) they

11、went to see last night was not interesting at all.5. that 指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who 或或whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在定語(yǔ)從句中作。在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷宰髻e語(yǔ)時(shí)常可省略。1. Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 2. The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 3. The season that / which comes after sp

12、ring is summer. 4. Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia. that和和which在指物的情況下一般都可在指物的情況下一般都可以互換以互換, , 但在下列情況下但在下列情況下, , 一般用一般用that而不用而不用which。Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. (1) 限制性定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞為限制性

13、定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞為all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, some等不定代詞指物時(shí)。等不定代詞指物時(shí)。(something用用that或或which均可均可)This is the first book (that) he has read.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.This is the first time (that) I am in Beijing. (3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾。先行詞被序數(shù)詞或最高級(jí)修飾。There is a book on t

14、he desk that belongs to Tom. (2)There be 句型中用句型中用that。(4)先行詞是先行詞是who或或which引導(dǎo)的主句。引導(dǎo)的主句。Who is the girl that drove the car? Who that broke the window will be punished.Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?They talked about the persons and thing

15、s that they remembered at school. Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.(5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物。當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物。Ive read all the books that are not mine. This is the very book that belongs to him.(6)先行詞被先行詞被all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the very, the last, just, right等修

16、飾。等修飾。Those are many trees under which they can have a rest.在下列情況下在下列情況下, ,一般用一般用which而不用而不用that。(1) 緊跟介詞作賓語(yǔ)緊跟介詞作賓語(yǔ)Football, which is a very popular game, is played all over the world.The tree, which is 400 years old, is very famous here. (2) 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中He may be late, in which case, we sho

17、uld wait for him.(3) 作定語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)n as 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句: n1) 表示表示“正如正如”n2）位置前、中、后）位置前、中、后n3）只能代指整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容）只能代指整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容n4）如不是在結(jié)構(gòu)）如不是在結(jié)構(gòu)n the sameas./suchas中，中，n 則引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句as 和和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別區(qū)別 which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后；引導(dǎo)的從句只能放在主句之后；as引導(dǎo)的從句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。引導(dǎo)的從句，可放在句首、句中或句尾。2. which既可代指先行詞，又可代指整既可

18、代指先行詞，又可代指整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。相當(dāng)于個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。相當(dāng)于 “and this” 或或 “and that”. 譯為譯為“這一點(diǎn)這一點(diǎn)”。as只能代指整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。常帶有只能代指整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。常帶有“正如正如”之意，且已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu)。之意，且已形成固定結(jié)構(gòu)。 as is known, as is reported, as is said, as is expected, as we know, etc.1. Einstein, as is known, is a famous scientist.2. As is reported, China has become an import

19、ant country in the world.3. Taiwan belongs to China, as is known to all.4. Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.5. My son now goes to the school, which I used go to when I was a child.6. He didnt come to attend the meeting, as is expected.3. as在從句中作主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須在從句中作主語(yǔ)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須 是系動(dòng)詞；而是系動(dòng)詞；而whic

20、h則不一定。則不一定。 He is very strict, as is shown in his work. The man is very learned, as is described in the book.4. 先行詞前有先行詞前有the same, such限定時(shí)，關(guān)限定時(shí)，關(guān) 系詞只能用系詞只能用as. I have the same opinion as you (have). Dont read such books as are beyond your ability.當(dāng)先行詞受當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)也用修飾時(shí)，有時(shí)也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，但與引導(dǎo)定

21、語(yǔ)從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。句意思有區(qū)別。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 5.主從之間存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，主從之間存在邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí)，關(guān)系詞往往用關(guān)系詞往往用which。Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 關(guān)系副詞的用法關(guān)系副詞的用法指代內(nèi)指代內(nèi)容容所做成分所做成

22、分 是否可省略是否可省略when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)否否where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)否否why原因原因狀語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)否否Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.on whichIll never forget the time which/that was spent with you.when 在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，先行詞往在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間的名詞。相當(dāng)于往是表示時(shí)間的名詞。相當(dāng)于介詞介詞+which若定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，需用若定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，需用which或或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。This i

23、s the house where I lived two years ago.in whichThe library (which/that) you visited yesterday was built in 1990.where在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞往在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞往往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。相當(dāng)于往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。相當(dāng)于“介詞介詞 + which”。若定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用若定語(yǔ)從句缺主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，用which或或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。where 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句也可以修飾case, condition, situation,

24、instance, 等先行等先行詞。詞。There are cases where this rule does not hold good.Can you think of a situation where this word can be used?Do you know the reason why she was late.The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. why在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，常位于在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)，常位于reason之后，相當(dāng)于之后，相當(dāng)于for which。th

25、e reason whyis that 的原因是的原因是他辭職的原因是他和老板吵架了。他辭職的原因是他和老板吵架了。The reason why he resigned was that he quarreled with his boss.Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good. 在在the reason why 結(jié)構(gòu)中，結(jié)構(gòu)中，why 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)定定語(yǔ)從句語(yǔ)從句，它也可以換為，它也可以換為for which或者省略或者省略。在從句中作在從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)原因狀語(yǔ)

26、。 如果關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞如果關(guān)系代詞指代先行詞reason在從句中在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等時(shí)，則用等時(shí)，則用that或或which。3.the reason is that結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用結(jié)構(gòu)中，只能用that 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句，不要受漢語(yǔ)的影響，誤用，不要受漢語(yǔ)的影響，誤用 because。1）如緊接著介詞，介詞）如緊接著介詞，介詞+whom(人人)/which（物（物）不用）不用that. This is the school at which I used to teach.= This is the school which/that I used to

27、teach at. “介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句That is the writer with whom I talked just now.=That is the writer whom/who/that I talked with just now.介詞的選擇：介詞的選擇：根據(jù)根據(jù)先行詞先行詞、動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞或或形容詞形容詞的固定搭配的固定搭配2）關(guān)系副詞）關(guān)系副詞where/when/why可替換成可替換成“介詞介詞+which”.This is the house in which I lived two years ago.=This is the hous

28、e where I lived two years ago.n Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?=Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason for which he was put in prison.=This is the reason why he was put in prison.n有些固定的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中介詞不可提前有些固定的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中介詞不可提前nThe boy who I take care of is my fr

29、iends son.【例【例1】 I shall never forget those years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a great effect on my life. 1994 上海上海 A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who 【解析】解析】本題的第一個(gè)空格處應(yīng)填入表示時(shí)間的本題的第一個(gè)空格處應(yīng)填入表示時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞關(guān)系副詞when，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。答案：答案：B。 【例例2】 Carol said the work w

30、ould be done by October, _ personally I doubt very much. 1999全國(guó)全國(guó) A. it B. that C. when D. which 【解析解析】“我個(gè)人所懷疑的我個(gè)人所懷疑的”是是“到十月份這工作到十月份這工作能否被完成能否被完成”，而不是，而不是“十月份十月份”，由此，由此判定非限制性定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的不是判定非限制性定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的不是October,而是前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。而是前面整個(gè)主句的內(nèi)容。答案：答案：D。 【例例3】 John said hed been working in the office for an hour

31、, _ was true.2001春春 A. he B. this C. which D. who 【解析解析】“John說(shuō)他在辦公室工作一個(gè)小時(shí)了，說(shuō)他在辦公室工作一個(gè)小時(shí)了，這件事情是真的這件事情是真的” 所以要用關(guān)系代詞所以要用關(guān)系代詞which指代這件事情并引導(dǎo)非限制性定指代這件事情并引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。答案：語(yǔ)從句。答案：C?！纠?】Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he答案答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用此為非限定性從句，不能用 th

32、at修修飾，而用飾，而用which. it 和和he 都使后句成為句都使后句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選況且選he句意不通。句意不通?！纠?】The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而性定語(yǔ)從句，而what不可。不可。That 不能用不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由不為連

33、詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。法上行不通?！纠?】The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （2004全國(guó)）全國(guó)） A. for whichB. at whichC. in which D. on which 本句屬于本句屬于“介詞介詞+關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句這一情況。通過(guò)拆分我們可以得句這一情況。通過(guò)拆分我們可以得 My students acted in the English play at

34、the New Years party.,所以答案為所以答案為C。 【例例7】_ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. （2004北京）北京）A. It B. As C. That D. What【例例8】I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (2004湖南湖南) A. how B. which C. where D. that例例9. Is this museum

35、 _ you visited a few days ago. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one變?yōu)榭隙ň洌鹤優(yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.在該句中，主句中所缺部分為表語(yǔ)，從句在該句中，主句中所缺部分為表語(yǔ)，從句中缺少賓語(yǔ)。只有中缺少賓語(yǔ)。只有the one既做了主句的表既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，相當(dāng)于：詞，相當(dāng)于：the one that/which 所以應(yīng)選所以應(yīng)選D。 Is this the museum _ t

36、he exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one變?yōu)榭隙ň洌鹤優(yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum _ the exhibition was held.該句中該句中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又，又因因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選用的不對(duì)，所以選A。例例10. The journey ar

37、ound the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. (2004全國(guó)全國(guó)) A. of which B. during which C. From which D. for which A 關(guān)系代詞關(guān)系代詞which指代指代 the journey, 定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句恢復(fù)為獨(dú)立句子應(yīng)該是：從句恢復(fù)為獨(dú)立句子應(yīng)該是：The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.1. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her

38、role in the play, , of course, made the others unhappy. A. whichB. who C. hisD. what2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. whichB. when C. that D. where 3. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief. A. who B. about whom C. whom

39、D. with whom4. Please take any seat is free. A. which B. where C. in which D. that5. The old man has two sons, is a soldier. A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whomD. none of them6. This is the ship we crossed the Pacific(太平洋太平洋). A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which7. New York is famou

40、s for its sky- scrapers (摩天大樓摩天大樓), has more than 100 storeys. A. the higher of them B. the highest of which C. the highest of them D. some of which8. My home village is no longer the same it used to be. A. which B. as C. where D. when9. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m.,

41、 many people have gone home. A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time10. The boy composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group. A. who B. whose C. that D. which11. The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it12. Mr. Wa

42、ng is a boss, factory Li Ping worked. A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which13. I dont like the way you speak to her. A. / B. that C. in which D. All A, B, C14. I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _ has a good effect on my life. A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who 15. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years