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1、大學(xué)英語(三)問題答疑材料馬靜一、 定冠詞與不定冠詞冠詞是虛詞,本身不能單獨(dú)使用,也沒有詞義,它用在名詞的前面,幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種,一種是定冠詞(the Definite Article),另一種是不定冠詞(the Indefinite Article),還有一種是零冠詞(Zero Article)。 (一)不定冠詞a (an)與數(shù)詞one 同源,是一個(gè)的意思。a用于輔音音素前,一般讀作e,而an則用于元音音素前,一般讀做en。 1) 表示一個(gè),意為one;指某人或某物,意為a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一類人

2、或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 定冠詞the與指示代詞this,that同源,有那(這)個(gè)的意思,但較弱,可以和一個(gè)名詞連用,來表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。 (二)定冠詞的用法: 1)特指雙方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine.把藥吃了。 2)上文提到過的人或事: He bought a house.Ive been to the house. 他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。 3)指世上獨(dú)一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth

3、 4)單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元; the fox 狐貍;或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí),及形容詞only, very, same等前面: Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二層。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的東西。 6)與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用,指整個(gè)群體: They are the teachers of this school.指全體教師

4、) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教師) 7)表示所有,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,用在表示身體部位的名詞前: She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。 8)用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級(jí)、等專有名詞前: the Peoples Republic of China 中華人民共和國 the United States 美國 9)用在表示樂器的名詞之前: She plays the piano.她會(huì)彈鋼琴。 10) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人: the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫婦) 11) 用在慣用

5、語中: in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning等等。二、 虛擬語氣的用法:(一): 最基本的虛擬語氣句型:1. 虛擬現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),其if 從句的謂語形式用動(dòng)詞的過去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。If places were alike, there would be little need for geographers.如

6、果各個(gè)地方都一樣,就不需要地理學(xué)家了。2. 虛擬過去時(shí)是表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時(shí)即had過去分詞,主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞。If he had known your address yesterday,he would have telephoned you.3. 虛擬將來時(shí)是表示對(duì)將來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的或不確定的假設(shè)。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to / should +動(dòng)詞原形,主句用would / should/could/ might +動(dòng)詞原形。If he were

7、to leave today, he would get there by Friday4. 省略if 采用倒裝語序的條件句。有時(shí)可以把含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if省去,而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前,即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.=Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today, he would get th

8、ere by Friday.=Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place, I wouldnt do that.=Were I in your place, I wouldnt do that.5. 有時(shí)虛擬條件句并沒用if 從句表示出來,而是用介詞短語(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式來表示。如:We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned

9、 him. Without you help, I wouldnt have achieved so much. But for (“要不是.”的意思)your help, I would not have succeeded.(二): 虛擬語氣在從句中用should的情況:1. 在表示建議,要求,命令,想法的動(dòng)詞后的從句里, 用should + 動(dòng)詞原形, should 可以省略. 如 advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, requ

10、est, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.??嫉降氖? suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.2. 在表示建議,要求,命令,想法的名詞后的從句里, 用should +

11、動(dòng)詞原形, should可以省略. 如 advice, decision, agreement, command, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.It was Bills suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.He gave u

12、s a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.3. 在It is/was +形容詞后的that 從句中用should的結(jié)構(gòu), should 可以省略. 這類形容詞常見的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(絕對(duì)必要), impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, preferable, pro

13、bable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.Its natural that she (should) do so.It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.4. 在 lest 和 for fear that(以免),in case(以防)從句中用should, should 可以省略.She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.Have your gun ready in case we should need it.(三):

14、wish 后的 that 從句中:1. 表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼脑竿?從句中過去式.I wish I knew his address.I wish I were young.2. 表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)或不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望, 從句用過去完成式或would, could, might + have + 過去分詞.I wish you had written to him. I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.3. 如果將wish改成wished, 其后that 從句中動(dòng)詞的形式

15、不變.4. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示 對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請(qǐng)求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.I wish you would help me.I wish you would stop asking silly questions.(四): 在 Its about/ high/ first(second, third etc)time 后的that 從句中,用過去式.表示“該是做什么的時(shí)候了”It is about time you were in bed.It is

16、 high time we left.It is the first time I came here.(五): 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that從句中,用過去式或過去完成式,表示“寧愿做什么”I would rather he came tomorrow than today. John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. (六): 在if only(“如果.就好了”的意思) 感嘆句中,謂語動(dòng)詞與wish賓語從句的虛擬形

17、式相同.If only he didnt drive so fast! (現(xiàn)在)If only she had asked someones advice.(過去)If only the rain would stop.(將來)(七): 在as if / as though 從句中,表示和現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑,用過去式;表示過去想象中的動(dòng)作或情況, 用過去完成式He speaks as if he were on the spot.She spoke to me as if I were deaf.This device operated as though it had been

18、 repaired.注: 1. 在 as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成為事實(shí), 用陳述語氣.He looks as if he is going to be ill.2. 在 insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅(jiān)持自己, 用陳述語氣, 堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語氣.She insists that she is right.She insisted that I should finish the work at once.三、 非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞主要包括不定式&動(dòng)名詞&分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞),.即動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語外,可以承擔(dān)句子的任

19、何成分它有三種形式:不定式,分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞),動(dòng)名詞1非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有: (1)如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語連用,例如: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. (2)都可以被狀語修飾: The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. (3)都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng), “體”式(一般式;進(jìn)行式;完成式)的變化。例如: He was punished by his parents.(謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)) He avoided being

20、punished by his parents.(動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式) We have written the composition.(謂語動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)) Having written the composition, we handed it in.(現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式) (4)都可以有邏輯主語 They started the work at once.(謂語動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語) The boss ordered them to start the work.(動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語) We are League members.(謂語動(dòng)詞的主語) We being League member, t

21、he work was well done. (現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語) 2、非謂語動(dòng)詞與謂語動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有: (1)非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞),在句中做主語、賓語、表語。 (2)非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞),在句中做定語、表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語。 (3)非謂語動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用(如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞),在句中作狀語。 (4)謂語動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語,受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。四、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成和用法單音節(jié)形容詞以及少數(shù)以er, ow結(jié)尾的形容詞和副詞加“er”,“est”。例如:great,greater,greatest;fast,faster,fastest

22、;clever,cleverer,cleverest;narrow,narrower,narrowest 以e結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)形容詞和副詞,以及少數(shù)以ble,ple結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞后,加“r”,“st”。例如:large, larger, largest; able, abler, ablest; simple, simpler, simplest 以一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾的單音節(jié)形容詞,其前的元音字母發(fā)短元音時(shí),該輔音字母要雙寫,然后加“er”,“est”。例如:hot, hotter, hottest; big, bigger, biggest 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的形容詞和少數(shù)不是形容詞加l

23、y構(gòu)成的副詞,要將y改為i,再加“er”,“est”。例如:easy, easier, easiest; early, earlier, earliest 一般雙音節(jié)詞、多音節(jié)形容詞和副詞在原級(jí)前加more或most。例如:beautiful, more beautiful ,most beautiful; carefully, more carefully, most carefully 少數(shù)單音節(jié)形容詞如real, glad, fond, tired, pleased等也加more和most構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。例如:tired, more tired; most tired, please

24、d, more pleased, most pleased。形容詞與副詞的比較等級(jí)1. 原級(jí)比較(肯定形式asas和否定形式notas/soas)ChineseisnotsodifficultasLatin.注:在形容詞原級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu)的句子中,可以加上數(shù)量詞作狀語,表示倍數(shù)或分?jǐn)?shù)關(guān)系。Weveproducedtwice/threetimesasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidlastyear.Thislakeishalf/one-thirdasbigasthatone.2.比較級(jí)(than或morethan)(a)構(gòu)成方法:單音節(jié)詞和少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞(主要是以y結(jié)尾的詞)前加-er

25、,多數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞和全部多音節(jié)詞前加more。當(dāng)然,還有些不規(guī)則變化的詞,如far,old,little,late,good/well,bad/badly/ill,many/much等。(b) 用法(其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為than/morethan)(1) 當(dāng)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞用于than前后時(shí),一般用一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞代替第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞。NowwespeakmoreEnglishthanwedidlastterm.(2) 比較級(jí)前可加表示程度的狀語(如much,many,far,alot,agreatdeal,alittle,abit等),也可加數(shù)量詞表示倍數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)和百分?jǐn)?shù)。Theyhavemuchmoreknowledge

26、/manymorebooksthanme.Cottonoutputwas2percenthigherthaninthepreviousyear.Thepriceofourproductisonefourthcheaperthanthemarketprice.(3) 使用比較級(jí)時(shí)要注意避免比較級(jí)的重疊、比較級(jí)對(duì)象的重疊、不合邏輯的比較和搭配錯(cuò)誤。*Itislesscoldertodaythanyesterday.(應(yīng)改為lesscold或colder)*Maryismorebeautifulthananygirlintheclass.(應(yīng)改為anyothergirl)*TheclimateofJ

27、apanismilderthanCanada.(應(yīng)改為thatofCanada)*Thisbookisthesamelikethatone.(應(yīng)改為as)(4)句型“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”表示“越越”之意。Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilllearn.(5)注意區(qū)別morethan(比更,與其說不如說)/morethan(超過,多于),nomorethan(和一樣不)/nomorethan(僅僅),notmorethan(不如)/notmorethan(不超過).五、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)1 一般情況下,動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)可根據(jù)句中表示時(shí)間的狀語而定。(具體情況見教材)2 固定句

28、型中的時(shí)態(tài)情況:(1)時(shí)間或條件狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。PleasegivethebooktoJackwhen/ifhecomesheretomorrow.注:有時(shí)will可用于條件狀語從句中,但不是表示將來,而是表示意愿。Wellasksomeoneelseifyouwontcome.(注意翻譯)(2) 虛擬條件狀語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)問題詳見下面的“虛擬語氣”部分。(3)since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)。GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinmyhometownsinceIleft.注:如果主句是表示一段時(shí)間的話,既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),

29、也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。Itis/hasbeen10yearssinceIleftmyhometown.(4) 動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞come,go,leave等可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。ImleavingforShanghaitomorrow.(當(dāng)然也可用willleave)(5)sinceliberation,fortwodays,sofar,untilnow,uptonow,inrecentyears,in/for/over/duringthepast/last/recenttenyears等作狀語,謂語動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Wehaveseeneachotherthreetimesinthepasttwo

30、months.(6) 在句型“It/thisisthefirst/secondtime(that)”中常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);在句型“It/thatwasthefirst/secondtime(that)”中常用過去完成時(shí)。Itisthethirdtime(that)IhavevisitedJapan.Thatwasthefirsttime(that)hehadspokentome.(7 由by構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語常跟完成時(shí)相呼應(yīng)。若表示將來,則用將來完成時(shí);若表示過去,則用過去完成時(shí)。Wellhavelearned3,000Englishwordsbytheendofthisterm.Bytheendof

31、lastyear,hehadworkedfortenyears.注:由upto構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語跟by的用法相似,若表示現(xiàn)在,則用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),如uptonow;若表示過去,則用過去完成時(shí),如uptothen。(8) 在句型“hardlywhen”和“nosoonerthan”中主句用過去完成時(shí),從句用一般過去時(shí)。Hehadhardlyreachedhomewhenitbegantorain.Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanthemeetingbegan.3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別(1)在與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(如since,for)連用時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞既可用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),也可用現(xiàn)

32、在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),只是后者更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性。Ithasrained/hasbeenrainingfor3days.(2)在不用時(shí)間狀語時(shí),現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作已結(jié)束,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行。Ihavepreparedforthefinalexam.(已準(zhǔn)備好)Ihavebeenpreparingforthefinalexam.(還在準(zhǔn)備)(3) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)只用于動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,若是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞只能用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。(狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示感覺、情感、看法、存在、認(rèn)識(shí)、愿望、所有關(guān)系等,如feel,love,exist,be,know,want,belong等)Theyhaveknowneachothersin

33、cechildhood.(4) howlong(多久,多長時(shí)間)常跟現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)相呼應(yīng)。Howlonghaveyoubeenlisteningtomusic?4.時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)的呼應(yīng)常出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中主句謂語動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí)的時(shí)候。其規(guī)則是從句的謂語動(dòng)詞由一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變成一般過去時(shí),一般過去時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)變成過去完成時(shí),一般將來時(shí)變成過去將來時(shí),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)變成過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。Hesaidhelikedhisnewteacherverymuch.Thegirlknewthathehadforgottenhispromise.Thesecretarytoldmethatthemanagerwouldcom

34、esoon.Thomassaidhewasholdingameeting.注:表示客觀真理或從句中有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語時(shí),不遵守時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則。六、被動(dòng)語態(tài)1.不及物動(dòng)詞和連系動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Inthepastdecade,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourcity.2.短語動(dòng)詞若是及物的,則也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài),但不要忘掉其小品詞。Thepoorboywaslaughedatbyhisclassmates.3.帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),一次只能將其中一個(gè)賓語改為主語。此外,當(dāng)原主動(dòng)句中直接賓語變成主語時(shí),原間接賓語前加不加介詞都可以,因?yàn)樵鲃?dòng)句有兩種表達(dá)方式。Ig

35、avemyfriendabookonhisbirthday.=Igaveabooktomyfriendonhisbirthday.Myfriendwasgivenabookonhisbirthday.(常用)Abookwasgiven(to)myfriendonhisbirthday.附:(a)givesb.sth.=givesthtosb.類似的動(dòng)詞還有award,bring,lend,offer,pass,leave,show,teach,lend,rent,pay,hand,recommend,read,write,tell,send,sell,return等。其中最后6個(gè)動(dòng)詞也可轉(zhuǎn)換為

36、由介詞for引導(dǎo)的短語,但意義不同。試比較:Pleasewritealettertome.(請(qǐng)寫封信給我)=Pleasewritemealetter.Pleasewritealetterforme.(請(qǐng)代我寫封信)(b)buysb.sth.=buysth.forsb.類似的動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et,save,order,fond,spare,sing等。4.英語中有些動(dòng)詞常用主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)含義,如write(寫起來),wash(洗起來),sell(賣起來),cut(切起來),drive(騎起來,開起來),cook(煮)等。Thepenwritessmoothly.Thenoodlesarestillc

37、ooking.5.使役動(dòng)詞make,have,let以及感官動(dòng)詞see,hear,notice,feel,observe,listento,lookat,watch等在主動(dòng)句中后面跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)要去掉to,但當(dāng)變成被動(dòng)句時(shí)要加上to。(當(dāng)然,have和let表示“使役”時(shí),一般無被動(dòng)語態(tài))Isawthegirlcrossthestreet.Thegirlwasseentocrossthestreet.七、獨(dú)立主格(一) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成: 名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞; 名詞(代詞)+形容詞; 名詞(代詞)+副詞; 名詞(代詞)+不定式; 名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成。 (二) 獨(dú)立主格

38、結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn): 1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在。 2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。 3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。 舉例: The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考試結(jié)束了,我們開始放假。 (三)前后兩部分具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語,多用于書面語。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)本身不是句子,在句子中作狀語,表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨等。(四)注意:引申:With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格

39、表伴隨時(shí),既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語 舉例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise八、基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞,數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞;表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。1、基數(shù)詞1)基數(shù)詞寫法和讀法: 345three hundred and forty-five;2)基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式,但下列情況,常用復(fù)數(shù): a. 與of 短語連用,表示概數(shù),不能

40、與具體數(shù)目連 用,如scores of people 指許多人; b.在一些表示一排或一組的詞組里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他們?nèi)齼蓛傻牡竭_(dá)了。 c. 表示幾十歲; d. 表示年代,用 in +the +數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù); e. 在乘法運(yùn)算的一種表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.2、序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式: first-1stsecond-2ndthirty-first-31st3數(shù)詞的用法1)倍數(shù)表示法 a. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(或分?jǐn)?shù))+ as + adj. + as I have three

41、 times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ the size (amount,length) of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主語+謂語+倍數(shù)(分?jǐn)?shù))+ 形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+ than The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%。 d. 還可以用by+倍數(shù),表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has

42、been increased by four times this year. 今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。2)分?jǐn)?shù)表示法構(gòu)成:基數(shù)詞代表分子,序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí),分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù),分母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù):1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.4基數(shù)詞的用法:從句子成分上分析,基數(shù)詞在句中可用作主語,賓語, 定語,表語等。 Four of them went to the factory. 他們四個(gè)人去了工廠。 (主語) I want two. 我要兩個(gè)。 (賓語) There are thirty classrooms in our s

43、chool. 我們學(xué)校有三十個(gè)教室。 (定語)My classmate is eighteen. 我的同學(xué)十八歲。 (表語)九、名詞性從句1. 主語從句(1)常見的以it作形式主語的that-從句及其句型轉(zhuǎn)換。Itissaid/believed/thought/reported/estimated/supposedthatItisbelievedthathewillcomeheretomorrow. Heisbelievedtocomeheretomorrow.Itisreportedthatthecriminalhasdiedinthecaraccident.Thecriminalisrep

44、ortedtohavediedinthecaraccident.(2)如果主語從句是一個(gè)疑問句,必需要用it作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu)。Hasitbeendecidedwherewewillholdthemeeting?Isittruethathewilltaketherisk?2.賓語從句(1)賓語從句中??墒∪ヒ龑?dǎo)詞that,但只是指可省去第一個(gè)that,若有幾個(gè)并列的賓語從句,則后面幾個(gè)的that不可省去。Theythought(that)thehousewastooexpensiveandthattheywouldlookforanothercheapone.2)如果賓語從句后跟有補(bǔ)語,常用it

45、作形式賓語,而將從句放到補(bǔ)語之后。Shehasmadeitcleatthatshehasnothingtodowithhim.Wethinkitnecessarythatweshouldlearnaforeignlanguage.(3) that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般不可直接用作介詞賓語,而要在that前加上形式賓語it。但wh-從句可直接用作介詞賓語。Imcountingonitthatyouwillcome.YoucandependonitthatIwillkeepmywords.Italldependsonwhetherwecangettheircooperation.注:that引導(dǎo)的賓語

46、從句可用作介詞in,except和but的賓語,但多看作固定用法,itthat(因?yàn)椋琫xceptthat(除了),butthat(要不是).IlikethecityinthatIhavemanyfriendshere.Heisagoodstudentexceptthatheisoccasionallycareless.Hewouldhavehelpedusbutthathewasshortofmoney.(4) 當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞為think,suppose,believe,assume,expect,guess,imagine等表示“認(rèn)為”、“猜想”的動(dòng)詞時(shí),其后的賓語從句如果帶有否定意義,

47、則否定前移。Idontthink(that)youtwohavemetbefore.Idontsuppose(that)anyonewillobjecttotheplan.注:此類動(dòng)詞若主語為第一人稱,變反意疑問句時(shí),應(yīng)該反問賓語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞,而其它帶賓語從句的動(dòng)詞變反意疑問句時(shí),則反問主句謂語動(dòng)詞。Idontbelievesheknownthematter,doesshe?Hesaidshewasnotagoodplayer,didnthe?(5) 在由doubt和doubtful引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中,若主句為肯定句,則賓語從句的連接詞用whether或if;若主句為否定句或疑問句,則賓語從

48、句的連接詞用that.Imdoubtfulwhether/ifhehadleftthecountry.Wedontdoubtthathewillsucceed.Doyoudoubtthathewillcome?注:doubt作為名詞,用法也一樣。ThereisnodoubtthatIsthereanydoubtthat?Thereissomedoubtwhether/if(6) 賓語從句的連接詞whether和if??苫Q,但whether多與ornot連用。另外,介詞后的賓語從句只能用whether引導(dǎo)。Heaskedmewhether/ifmybrotherwasathome.Heaske

49、dhismotherwhethershewouldreturnsoonornot.Itsaquestionofwhetherweshouldgo.3.表語從句(1) 表語從句的連接詞that等不能省去。Thefactisthathedintnoticesthecaruntiltoolate.(2) 主語是reason的表語從句要用引導(dǎo),不要誤用because引導(dǎo)Thereasonforhisabsence/(why)hewasabsentisthathewasill.4.同位語從句由that引導(dǎo)同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別:前者的that為連接詞,在從句中不作任何句子成分,沒有詞義;而后者的th

50、at為關(guān)系詞,在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分(主語或賓語),含有代替所修飾或限制詞語的意義。TheywereshockedatthenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia.Theywereshockedatthenewsthatwasannouncedontheradio.十、定語從句1.引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞及其作用(見下頁列表)關(guān)系代詞 who 代替人,作從句的主語或賓語whom 代替人,作從句的賓語which 代替物,作從句的主語、賓語,可引導(dǎo)限制性、非限制性從句that 代替人、物,作從句的主語、賓語,只能引導(dǎo)限制性從句whose 代替人、物,作定語as 代替

51、物,常與thesame,such連用,引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句;單獨(dú)使用引導(dǎo)非限制性從句,作主語、賓語或賓補(bǔ)關(guān)系副詞 when 先行詞是表示時(shí)間的詞,作時(shí)間狀語where 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的詞,作地點(diǎn)狀語why 先行詞是reason,作原因狀語as 先行詞是作狀語的詞組,作方式狀語2.先行詞為表示方式的theway時(shí),應(yīng)用that或inwhich引導(dǎo),或全部省去。Thisisnottheway(that/inwhich)wediditlasttime.3.which和as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句還都可指代整個(gè)主句,其主要區(qū)別在于:(a)which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句不能位于句首,而as引導(dǎo)的非限定性

52、定語從句位置很靈活,可在句首、句未或句中。(b)as在其引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí),其謂語動(dòng)詞通常是be或其它連系動(dòng)詞匯以及被動(dòng)語態(tài)。此時(shí),如果從句不在句首,as和which可互換。若是其它謂語動(dòng)詞,則用which。(c)as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句常有歸納概括之義,常譯作“這”;而引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句常含有“正如”之義。Aswasusualattheweekend,theclubwasalmostempty.Herperformancewaswonderful,aswehadexpected.Shewasabsent,which/asisoftenthecase.Aswasexpec

53、ted,heperformedthetaskwithsuccess.Shehasremarried,whichdelightedus.4.當(dāng)介詞of與關(guān)系代詞所構(gòu)成的介詞短語在定語從句中作定語時(shí),of不可移到句未,但不作定語時(shí),可移到前面,也可放在后面。Wefoundahouse,ofwhichtheroof/theroofofwhich/whoseroofhadbeendamaged.Ivereadthepoemofwhichsheisspeaking/whichsheisspeakingof.十一、狀語從句1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞 (1) 表示“當(dāng)時(shí)候”或“每當(dāng)”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的when, while, as, whenever (2) 表示“在之前(或之后)”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有before, after (3) 表示“自從”或“直到”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有s

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