專四語法講解

1、Section One: 概述General Information虛擬語氣類型賓語從句 狀語從句 名詞性從句（主語從句，同位語從句， 表語從句）定語從句 特殊類型 （感嘆句） 省略if 的虛擬法 （倒裝）ExamplesThe rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.I would rather that you did nothing for the time being.I wish tha

2、t I were a student again.I wished that I had followed his suggestion.名詞性從句中的虛擬主語從句(it is +adj./p.p that) 同位語從句(The +n. that ) 表語從句(n. +be that)省略if 的虛擬法 （倒裝）(1)虛擬語氣中如果從句引導詞if / whether 省略，從句中需要倒裝，提前助動詞(系動詞）或情態(tài)動詞。Eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not be able to have the sports meeting.=Should

3、it rain tomorrow, we should not be able to have the sports meeting.省略if 的虛擬法 （倒裝）(2)Eg. Whether it (may) be fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.=Be it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meeting.If she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions.=Had she be

4、en given more information, she could have answered the questions.虛擬語氣的動詞標志"insist, suggest, require, request, demand, propose, prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend,command, order"等動詞表"建議、愿望"時，其后賓語從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。Should +V wish其后賓語從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣的名詞標志1 “necessity”或“suggestion”

5、等名詞后面的表語從句或同位語從句中的謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。2 名詞word 表“命令”時，其后主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句中，謂語動詞需用虛擬語氣 (should)+V。3 wish 作名詞時其后主語從句，表語從句或同位語從句中，謂語動詞需用虛擬語氣(should)+V。虛擬語氣的形容詞標志It is + adj. that 句型中出現(xiàn)形容詞如necessary, important, vital, decisive, critical, crucial, urgent, strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或過去分詞充當?shù)男稳菰~如su

6、ggested, proposed, advised, demanded, requested, required等時，that 句中用should + V 表示虛擬。虛擬的介詞標志But for相當于if it had not been for。But for her help, I would have lost my way.Without, in the absence of 等組成的短語可相當于一個虛擬的條件從句。Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth?I

7、n the absence of water, plants would not grow well.Undercondition,也可相當于一個虛擬條件從句。Under more favorable conditions, we would have made more achievements.錯綜時間的虛擬條件狀語從句中謂語動詞的形式可與主句中謂語動詞的形式不“配套”，即錯綜時間的虛擬。If he had done as I had suggested then, he wouldn't be regretful now.If they hadn't found us t

8、hen, we would still be missing on the sea.If I hadn't made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldn't be in college now.虛擬和事實（前虛擬后事實）標志: butEg. I would have gone to the party with you, but I was too busy.= If I hadn't been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.（前事實后

9、虛擬）標志: otherwiseEg. I was too busy then, otherwise I would have gone to the party with you.More Informationwas (were) +to have done （不定式完成式）表示“原來想做而未做”后面通常but（陳述語氣）。Eg. I was to have arrived home on time, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jam.had hoped表示過去未實現(xiàn)的愿望，其從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬would+V。Eg. I had h

10、oped that he would agree to lend me the money.Tag Questions 反意疑問句首先判斷是助動詞還是情態(tài)動詞1. Have to反意疑問句的陳述部分謂語有have to時，附加疑問句通常用助動詞do。You have to study hard, don't you?I don't have to get up early, do I?They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didn't they?She didn't have to d

11、o it herself, did she?2. Need反意疑問句的陳述部分謂語有need時，need做情態(tài)動詞，附加疑問句仍用need，need做實義動詞時，附加問句用助動詞do。They needn't make such a loud noise, need they?He needs the money for his son's education, doesn't he?3. Had better反意疑問句的陳述部分為had better時，附加問用助動詞had。You had better go at once, hadn't you?We

12、9;d better call off our appointment, hadn't we?4. Would rather反意疑問句的陳述部分為would rather時，附加問句用情態(tài)動詞would。You'd rather not do it, would you?She would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldn't she?5. Used to反意疑問句的陳述部分為used to時，附加問句用助動詞did。You used to stay up late every evening watching

13、 TV, didn't you?6. Ought to反意疑問句的陳述部分為ought to時，附加問句用助動詞should.She ought to go by plane, shouldn't she?We ought not to laugh at others'mistakes, should we?7. Must反意疑問句的陳述部分有must，附加問句分三種情況：must domustn'tmust be隨人稱用系動詞一般現(xiàn)在時must have donedidn'tWe must book the ticket in advance, mus

14、tn't we? （必須）She must be in the office, isn't she? （肯定）對現(xiàn)在事情的肯定猜測。He must have done his homework, didn't he? （肯定）對過去事情的肯定猜測。8. Wish反意疑問句的陳述部分是wish時，附加問句用情態(tài)動詞may。I wish to shake hands with you, may I?人稱和數(shù)1. 陳述部分主語是"I"時，附加問句的人稱分二種情況：I hope that, don't you? I can't believe

15、 it, can you?I will be 14 tomorrow, aren't I?I am interested in it, aren't I?2. 陳述部分主語是everything、nothing、something等看作單數(shù)，附加問句用it指代。3. 陳述部分主語是everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one 、anybody、any one等時看作復數(shù)，附加問句用they指代。陳述部分主語是不定代詞one時，附加問句用one指代。Nothing is amazing there,is it?Somethin

16、g will have to be done about the price,won't it?Nobody is leaving tomorrow,are they?Everyone hopes to get promoted,don't they?Someone left their umbrella in the bus, didn't they?One can't be too careful, can one?祈使句后面的附加問句1. 祈使句后面的附加問句，分三種情況；表客氣、委婉、邀請、勸誘、愿望等時，用won't you 。Have a c

17、up of coffee, won't you?表命令、強制的要求、請求時，用will you。Do it at once, will you?否定祈使句用will you 。Don't close the door, will you?2. Let's 和let us后面的附加問句，分兩種情況；let's包括對方在內(nèi)，用shall we 或shan't we。let us不包括對方在內(nèi)，用will you 或won't you。Let 后接非us之外的人稱如me、him、her、them等時，附加問句用will you。3. (1)Let句型l

18、et's go to the movies, shall we?let us go to the movies, will you ?let him go, will you?let me attend the farewell party, will you?(2)There+be句型的反意疑問句There+be句型的反意疑問句，附加問句用be there/be not there，由主語人稱時態(tài)和數(shù)決定。There won't be any trouble, will there?There's not much news in today's paper,

19、 is there?There has been much confusion since his arrival, hasnt there?(3)This/that/It is/was the third time that句型This/that/It is/was the third time that等句型中，反意主句，用it指代。This is the third time this week he has been late, isn't it?It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall, wasn&#

20、39;t it?主從復合句1. I think (suppose)賓語從句結構，附加問句反意從句分兩種情況；前肯定句，后用否定句。I think that he is serious, isn't he?前有否定句，后面附加問句用肯定(I don't think)。I don't suppose that she is serious, is she?上述主從復合句主句主語是第一人稱以外的人稱時，反意主句。They think Mary will pass the examination, don't they?2. I hope+賓語從句結構，附加問句用don

21、't you。I hope that they study hard, don't you?感嘆句后的附加問句感嘆句后的附加問句指人時，根據(jù)人稱、數(shù)決定用什么指代。指物時，根據(jù)單復數(shù)決定，用it /they指代。What an interesting story, isn't it?What a funny man, isn't he?How silly they are, aren't they?Inversion 倒裝帶否定意義的副詞置于句首時帶否定意義的詞置于句首時，主謂語需要倒裝。Rarely does he go to the movies.N

22、ot for a moment did he doubt the truth of herhonesty.Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb.Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power.含有否定詞的介詞短語在句首時含有否定詞的介詞短語在句首時，句子主謂倒裝。這類介詞短語包括：in no case, at no time, in no way, by no means, on no account, in no sense, under no circumsta

23、nces, 等等。意思為“決不，在任何情況下都不。”“Only+狀語”置于句首時的倒裝“Only+狀語”置于句首時，主謂語需要倒裝。1) Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently.2) Only when I saw him did I remember that I promised to bring him a gift.3) Only then did I know that I was wrong.not only位于句首時的倒裝句首是not only且連接分句結構時，引起局部（部分）倒裝。

24、Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.Not only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully.neither，nor表示“也不”時的倒裝句首是neither，nor表示“也不”時，主謂語需要倒裝。I couldn't solve the problem, neither /nor could my brother.= I couldn

25、9;t solve the problem. My brother couldn't, either.I didn't go to school, nor did Mary.= I didn't go to school. Mary didn't, either.so表示“也是，同樣”時的倒裝句首是so表示“也是，同樣”時，主謂語需要倒裝。Copper is a good conductor; so is silver.John failed in the exam; so did Mark.He takes part in sports activities,

26、 so do his classmates.I have been to the Temple of Heaven, so has she.平衡倒裝There+be或其它不及物動詞come，go，happen，occur，stand，exist等結構中，為避免句子頭重腳輕，平衡倒裝。There stands an old house that is being pulled down.There existed a hostile relationship between the two families.There are many hobbies involving the creativ

27、ity of a person.Such/sothat句型中的倒裝Such/sothat句型中such+名詞或so+形容詞，副詞等位于句首時，主句中主謂倒裝。So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment.So excited was I that I didnt know what to say.比較狀語從句中的倒裝than引導的比較狀語從句中，主從句謂語趨向中間以達到平衡，此時從句要求主謂倒裝。Nowadays, with the rapid developm

28、ent of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors.表頻率的狀語至于句首倒裝表頻率的狀語至于句首，倒裝。Many a time has he given us sound advice.Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents.More than once have we heard him make such promises.As,though讓步狀語從句中倒裝在以as，though引導的讓步

29、狀語從句中，從句常用倒裝語序，把表語或狀語提前。（名，形，付， 動詞）Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong.Intelligent as/though you are, you should be modest.Much as I admire him, I don't think he is perfect.Try as she did, she failed again.虛擬語氣中的倒裝虛擬語氣中省略“if”或“whether”時的倒裝。Were it left to me to choose, I

30、 prefer the latter to the former.Had it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday.Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity.副詞至于句首Here、there、in、out、up、down等表示方位的副詞至于句首時，主謂需要倒裝。Here comes the bus.Down jumped the little boy from the bridge.Here it ( 指the bus) co

31、mes.There they went.Subject & Verb Agreement主謂一致集體名詞做主語集體名詞做主語時，謂語動詞情況有三種有些集體名詞如cattle、folk 、people 、youth 、clergy（教士）、police等常做復數(shù)看。The police have caught the murderer.集體名詞做主語有些集體名詞（表示總稱）如machinery、stationery,merchandise （商品） 、foliage（樹和植物葉子的總稱）等看作單數(shù)。New machinery is being installed in the facto

32、ry.集體名詞做主語有些集體名詞如army, audience、class、club, committee、company, crowd, family、group, government, jury, party, staff, team, union, public 、poultry等根據(jù)意思決定，有時做單數(shù)看待，有時做復數(shù)看待。The committee meet every Monday. He is on the committee that controls public spending.單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語，要根據(jù)意義決定謂語的形式。This means

33、 of transportation is the most convenient one.There are various means of transportation being developed.成雙成對的東西的名詞表示成雙成對的東西的名詞，若被a pair of修飾，要求單數(shù)謂語；否則，用復數(shù)謂語形式。A pair of gloves is a nice present.My shoes need repairing.My trousers want mending.表示時間、重量 、長度、距離、價值等單位的名詞做主語表示時間、重量 、長度、距離、價值等單位的名詞以及概念上屬于整

34、體的一個單元的名詞雖然形式上是復數(shù)，但謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式。Ten years is only a moment in history.Two copies is enough.Three hours is not a long time to wait.表數(shù)量名詞做主語number、variety、proportion、majority、population、percent 、 total等詞有時做單數(shù)，有時作復數(shù)看待，從意思上決定。（分數(shù)、百分數(shù)、部分）20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea.20 percentage o

35、f the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program.不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞前加表示數(shù)量的復數(shù)名詞，后面跟復數(shù)謂語。There are two cups of coffee.Here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer to / make reference to.書名、電影名或格言等專有名詞做主語如果主語是一本書的名字、電影的名字或一個格言等專有名詞，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。"Gone with the Wind" is an int

36、eresting novel."The Scent of a Woman" is an awarded film.No Pains, No Gains is a widely quoted proverb.學科名詞做主語表示學科名稱的名詞如physics, mathematics, economics, politics, electronics, 做主語，雖然形式上以 結尾，但應為單數(shù)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。In my opinion, physics is a difficult subject.Politics is an interesting topic for ma

37、ny men.表示疾病的名詞做主語表疾病名稱的名詞如diabetes, tuberculosis, measles等做主語，雖然形式上以 結尾，但應為單數(shù)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。Diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich. （富貴?。㏕uberculosis is no longer threatening people's life.就近/毗鄰一致原則There 或here引起的句子中主語不止一個時，謂語就近一致。由or、eitheror 或neithernor、not only、but al

38、so、not,but等連接的兩個主語謂語就近一致。謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（1）Many a /More than one所修飾的名詞作主語時謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。 Many a brave soldier has died in that battle.More than one question has been raised in the lecture.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（2）Either/neither做主語通常作單數(shù)看待，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。Either of the methods is effective.Neither of the roads leads to the town

39、.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（3）each、some、any、no、every等構成的復合代詞，都作單數(shù)看待，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)。There is somebody on the phone for you.Nobody was working when I came in.Everything is all right.Each is given a copy of the book.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（4）主語中包括“and”時，若表示一個單一概念，謂語動詞應做單數(shù)。加：(and 連接兩個單數(shù)名詞前面如有each、every， many a， no等)The poet and writer

40、has come.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Every man and woman is eager to find a life-long companion.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（5）主語是單數(shù)，后面盡管有with、together、with 、along with 、besides 、as well as 等引導的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)。The teacher, together with some of her students , was cleaning the classroom.We as well as he ag

41、ree with you.one of+名詞/代詞做主語"one of+賓語"后的定語從句中謂語動詞的形式有兩種情況： (only) one of +賓語 that+復數(shù) the(only)one of +賓語 that+單數(shù)He is only one of the students in our class who have passed the CET-4.He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET-6.謂語動詞多用單數(shù)的情況（6）None在代表不可數(shù)名詞時總是單數(shù).I am af

42、raid that we can't have coffee; there is none left.None of +名詞短語做主語謂語動詞總是用單數(shù)。None of us is interested in the suggestion.None of the students has passed the exam.謂語動詞多用復數(shù)的情況（1）由bothand連接的兩個部分總是作復數(shù)看待。Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job.Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job.

43、謂語動詞多用復數(shù)的情況（2）the +adj（或過去分詞）表一類人需作復數(shù)看待。The old need our care.The wounded are being taken good care of.The young are our country's hope.The injured were sent to the hospital immediately.謂語動詞多用復數(shù)的情況（3）ch、sh、-ese等結尾的表示國籍的詞，也作復數(shù)看待。The British are very fond of their sense of humor.The French are wel

44、l-known for their romance.The Chinese are famous for their hospitality.The rest of +名詞/代詞做主語The rest of +名詞/代詞做主語時， 謂語動詞有三種情況：1）The rest of +可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)做主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)。2）The rest of +可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。3）The rest of +不可數(shù)名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。what引導的主語從句由what引導的主語從句，一般用單數(shù)謂語。若從句謂語或從句后表語為復數(shù)，則用復數(shù)謂語形式。What he has told me

45、is not true.What ideas he has are his wife's.動名詞短語，不定式短語& 名詞從句作主語動名詞短語，不定式短語和名詞從句作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。Collecting foreign coins is my favorite hobby.To die for the people is a glorious death.When they will come hasn't been made public.Emphatic Structure 強調(diào)句詞匯強調(diào)用強調(diào)性形容詞表示強調(diào)。(very、utter)This is the

46、 very book I am looking for.You are the very person whom I want to make friends with.This is the utter place where the accident took place.用強調(diào)性副詞表示強調(diào)。(absolutely、only、just)What you have said is absolutely true.I am only too happy to do that.I have had just enough.用反身代詞表示強調(diào)。(self)I myself did it.I di

47、d it myself.比較級結構中通常在形、副詞比較級前加副詞even、much等表示強調(diào)。This problem is even more complicated than the previous one.The train runs much faster than the bus.最高級前用by far等表示強調(diào)。She is by far the most ambitious student I have ever met.This is by far the most urgent problem that the government should solve.在疑問詞（wh

48、-詞）后加上on earth、in the world等一些特殊詞語，加強疑問語氣表示強調(diào)。What on earth do you want?Where in the world can I find such a valuable painting?在否定句中用at all、in the least等加強否定語氣表示強調(diào)。He was not at all satisfied with his job.She is not in the least ignorant/foolish.在人稱代詞所有格后加own表示強調(diào)。The small boy went to the seaside on

49、 his own.They wanted a house of their own.She gave her own lunch to the poor old man.So 表強調(diào)“的確，確實”。He has succeeded in doing the experiment.So he has.She passed the difficult test of English.So she did.The small boy can recite more than 300 ancient poems.So he can.語法強調(diào)用助動詞(do、does、did)強調(diào)動詞謂語。I do be

50、lieve that you can succeed.He does know how to do that.They did go there and arrest the murderer.1. 句型強調(diào)句型whatis/was結構可用來強調(diào)句子的表物的主語或賓語。What I need is your support.What matters is quality.What was really important was that it brought about many benefits.*It is /was+that/who可強調(diào)主語，賓語，狀語等。Last year she

51、visited Singapore with her parents.It was she that/who visited Singapore withIt was Singapore that she visited with It was with her parents that she visited SIt was last year that she visited S with .另：*It is not until+a time +that .It was not until then that he had realized the importance of hard w

52、ork.It was not until she told me that I had known my mistake.2. 強調(diào)句型的疑問形式It was purely by accident that I came across the book.Was it purely by accident that you came across the book?It is his teacher that he usually turns to for help.Who is it that he usually turns to for help?3. 其它句型*It is /has be

53、en+表一段時間的詞+since（從句中用一般過去時）It has been a year since we last saw each other.It is a decade since we carried out the policy of market economy.*It/This/That is/was +序數(shù)詞+time that sb. has/had done sth.This is the third time within one month that he has gone to the cinema.That was the fourth time that he

54、 had made changes to the original design.修辭強調(diào)通過句子倒裝表示強調(diào)。請參考倒裝一課。From under the bush comes a strange sound.Down jumped the man from the cliff.In the letter I found a photo.Gerund 動名詞，非謂語動詞英語中，不作句子的謂語，而是用于擔任其它語法功能的v ，叫非謂語動詞，它不受主語人稱、數(shù)等因素的限定，又被稱作非限定動詞。三大非謂語動詞： 動名詞， 分詞和不定式。動名詞的語法功能1. 作主語Seeing is believi

55、ng.Listening to music is one of my hobbies.Studying abroad has many advantages.Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.習慣用法A. It is no use / good/harm+Ving. It is no use quarreling with her. It's no use crying over the spilt milk.B. There is no+Ving. There is no denyi

56、ng (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today.There is no joking about this matter. 這事開不得玩笑。2. 作表語My favorite pastime is collecting stamps.Her hobby is swimming and cycling.One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual.My job is teaching.One of the most diff

57、icult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language.3. 作動詞賓語She enjoys listening to rock music.We appreciate your offering to help.We must avoid making such mistakes again.People who like travelling have their reasons.跟動名詞作賓語的v.及v. phrase常見的能跟動名詞作賓語的v.及v. phrase:admit, appreciate, avoid, confess to, consider, delay, deny, endure(忍耐), enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy(想象), finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice,risk, can't help, feel like, give up, keep out, object to (反對), oppose, put off(推遲).注意：動名詞作賓語后面帶