（寒假總動員）2015年高三英語寒假作業(yè) 專題07 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)（學）

1、（寒假總動員）2015年高三英語寒假作業(yè) 專題07 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)（學）動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)考點，是英語高考必考點之一。在高考中主要考查點有：九種時態(tài)的基本用法、九種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的用法、具體語境下的時態(tài)應用、某些特殊句式中的動詞時態(tài)和語態(tài)等。本考點在高考中的命題形式主要有：1.單選填空（出現在自主命題區(qū)）；2.語法填空（短文填空）（出現在全國卷中）3.短文改錯。一、一般過去時和現在完成時的用法區(qū)別1一般過去時所表示的一個或一段過去時間是可以具體確定的，與其他時間沒有牽連。它所表示的事情純屬過去與現在情況沒有聯系?，F在完成時表示的事情發(fā)生在不能具體指出的現在以前的過去的某個或某段

2、時間。它所表示的事情與現在情況有關系，是過去事情在現在產生的結果或對現在的影響。2一般過去時常用的狀語有yesterday, last night, two days (months, weeks) ago, at that time 等；現在完成時常用的狀語有already, just (剛剛), yet, never, before 等；表示從過去延續(xù)到現在并包括現在在內的一段時間狀語有：today, now, lately, recently, in the last / past few days / years (在過去的這幾天/年里)。since then, up to now,

3、so far (至今)等。3比較下面幾組句子，體會兩種時態(tài)的不同：He served in the army from 1952 to 1954. （這是過去的一件事）He has served in the army for 5 years. （現在他仍在軍中服役，他是個軍人）He wrote many plays when he was at college. 他上大學的時候，寫了許多劇本。（寫劇本是他過去的事）He has written many plays. 他寫了許多部劇本。（這意味著他是劇作家）I saw Hero last year. 去年我看了英雄這部電影。（看英雄的時間是去

4、年，與現在時間無關）I have seen Hero before. 我以前看過英雄這部電影。（強調現在還知道這部電影的內容。以前看過，但“以前”是表示一個與現在有聯系的過去時間，而不是一個確定的與現在無關的過去時間。）二、一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別1一般過去時是對現在說話時刻而言的，過去完成時則是對過去某一時刻而言。兩種時態(tài)建立的時間參照點不同，對過去完成時來說，這一個時間參照點十分重要，它是過去完成概念賴以建立的基礎，也是和一般過去時相區(qū)別的重要標準。過去完成時指“過去的過去”。2過去完成時的時間狀語常用by 和before 引導的短語表示，如by that time, by the

5、 end of, before 2000, by the time +句子等。三、過去完成時與現在完成時的用法區(qū)別1兩種時態(tài)都常與一段時間和狀語連用，但現在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現在或同現在有關的動作（句中不可有表示過去特定時間的狀語），而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的勸作（句中有表示過去特定時間的狀語）。2比較下面的說法She had been ill for a week before she came back. 她在回來之前就生病一個星期了。（回來發(fā)生在過去某一時間，發(fā)病發(fā)生在過去的過去）She has been ill for a week. 她生病一個星期

6、了。（現在仍在生?。┧?、動詞時態(tài)的一些典型用法1在if, unless, even if 引導的條件狀語從句中，在when, before, until (till), as soon as, the moment, once 引導的時間狀語從句中，在no matter what /who / which / when / where / how 或whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however 引導的讓步狀語從句中，如果主句是將來時（往往出現will / shall / can / must ）或主句是祈使句，從句用一般現在

7、時表示一般將來時。如： Ill go with you as soon as I finish my work. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she arrives. Can I join your club, Dad ? You can when you get a bit older. If city noises are not kept from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard even at the dinner

8、table 20 years from now. Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.2would 與used to would 與used to 都可用來表示過去經常性或習慣性的動作，常常可以換用。如：When we were boys we used to / would go swimming every summer. 小時候，每天夏天我們都要去游泳。He used to . would spend every penny he earned on books. 過去他通常把掙來的錢全花在買書了。 would 之后要接

9、表示動作的動詞，不接表示認識或狀態(tài)的動詞，而used to 則無此限制。如：I used to like football when I was at middle school. He used to be nervous in the exam. would 表示反復發(fā)生的動作。如果某一動作沒有反復性，就不能用would, 只能用used to。如：And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing roo

10、m to practice. 從那天起，只要碗盤撤掉、飯桌清理干凈，媽媽就馬上躲進做針線活的房間練習起來。（具有反復性）I used to live in Beijing. 我過去住在北京。（沒有反復性） used to 表示過去經常性或習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，現在已經結束（含有較強的“今非昔比”的意思），would 則只表示說話者對過去一種回想心情，有可能再發(fā)生。如：People used to believe that the earth was flat. 過去，人們總以為地球是扁平的。（現在已不再這樣認為）He would go to the park as soon as he was

11、free.過去他一有空就去公園。（現在有可能再去）3be +動詞不定式 表示按計劃或安排要做的事。例如：When are you to leave for two days to New York ?你什么時候去紐約？She is to get married next month. 她下個月結婚。這種結構也可用于過去。was / were to do sth. 表示曾經計劃要做某事，但不表明計劃是否被執(zhí)行，或表示“命運（即使中注定要發(fā)生的事）”，而非計劃；was / were to have done sth. 表示未曾實現的計劃。例如：I felt excited because I wa

12、s soon to leave home for the first time. 我感到很激動，因為我很快就要首次離開家了。We were to have told you, but you were not in. 我們本來想告訴你的，但是你不在家。 表示“指令”，相當于should, ought to, must, have to。例如：You are to report to the police. 你應該報警。What is to be done ? 應該怎么辦呢？This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 這種藥一天要服三次。The

13、 books in this room are not to be taken outside. (The books in this room mustnt be taken outside.) 這個室內的書籍不得帶出室外。 表示“想，打算”，相當于intend, want。例如：If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now. 如果我們想在十點前到，我們現在就得走。 用于第一人稱疑問句，表示征求對方意見。例如：Am I to go on with the work ? 要我繼續(xù)這項工作嗎？What are we to do nex

14、t ? 我們下一步該怎么辦？ 在與be 連用的結構中，see, find, congratulate 的不定式被動式有特殊的用法。例如：The news is to be found in the evening paper. 這條消息可以在晚報上見到。He is nowhere to be seen. 在哪里也見不到他。You are to be congratulated. 應當向您表示祝賀。4瞬間動詞又叫非延續(xù)性動詞，還叫終止性動詞。瞬間動詞可以有現在完成時態(tài)，但不可以接一段時間，若要接一段時間，須要做一些相應的變換。瞬間動詞在完成時態(tài)中的否定式可以接一段時間。× He has

15、 come to Beijing since last year. He has lived in Beijing since last year. × He has joined the army for 3 years. He has served in the army for 3 years. He joined the army 3 years ago. He has been a soldier for 3 years. It is 3 years since he joined the army. He has joined the army. 他已參軍了。常見的瞬間動

16、詞有：come, go, get to / reach / arrive at, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join /take part in, begin /start, return / give, borrow / lend, become / turn, bring /take, give, die, finish /end, receive /hear from, marry, break, lose, jump 等。5語境中的過去時，往往表示“剛才，剛剛”之意，暗示現在已“不再這樣”。如： Come on in, Peter.

17、I want to show you something. Oh, how nice of you ! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift. Your phone number again ? I didnt quite catch it. Nancy is not coming tonight. But she promised !6表示愿望、打算一類的詞，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其過去完成時表示過去未增實現的愿望或意圖。如：I had

18、 hoped to see more of ShangHai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去幫你的，但當時確實太忙了。I had thought you would come tomorrow. 我愿以來你明天才來呢。7某些固定句式中的動詞時態(tài)是固定的、約定俗成的。 This / It is the first / secondtime + that 從句。that 從句一般用現在完成時，如果把前邊的is 改為was，則that 從句用過去完成時。如：This

19、is the first time I have come here.It was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake. It is / has been + 一段時間 + since 從句。since 從句中用過去完成時。如：It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. be about to dowhen意為“即將（這時）突然”。如：I was about to go out when the telephone rang. be (was /were) +

20、 doing when 意為“正在干（這時）突然”。如They were reading when Tom shouted in pain. Hardly haddonewhen ; No sooner haddonethanwhen 和than 從句里用一般過去時，表示“剛剛就”。如：Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down. 我剛到家大雨就傾盆而下。 It + be + 一段時間 + before 從句這個句式分兩種情況：如果主句用將來時，則從句用一般現在時表將來時，意為多長時間以后即將發(fā)生某事；如

21、果主句用過去時，從句也用過去時，意為多長時間后發(fā)生了某事。如：It wont be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.)It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten years later. )8高考對于進行體的?？键c 一個長動作作為背景，被一個短動作打斷，長動作往往用進行體，短動作用一般體。如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. The students

22、 were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. 表示動作的未完性、暫時性。如： Have you moved into

23、the new house ? Not yet. The rooms are being painted. I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because tech

24、nology is changing so rapidly. 表示計劃、安排要做的事。如：Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum. What were you doing when Tony phoned you ? I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 表示現在或當時發(fā)展中的或正在進行的情況。如：I dont think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space. I firs

25、t met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. Is this raincoat yours ? No, mine is hanging there behind the door. Hey, look where you are going ! Oh, Im terribly sorry, I wasnt noticing. 五、主動和被動一、注意短語動詞和含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)That old man was often laughed at. 那位老人常受人嘲笑。The doctor has bee

26、n sent for. 已經派人請大夫去了。Time must be made good use of. 時間一定要充分利用。The plan will be given up. 那計劃就要被放棄了。Bad habits have been done away with. 壞習慣已經改掉了。（在被動結構中，切不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞，關于這類及物性質的短語動詞請看專題五）He must be prevented from going. 必須阻止他去。The plan ought to be put into practice as soon as possible. 計劃必須盡早執(zhí)行。（謂語結

27、構是：情態(tài)動詞+be +過去分詞）二、get + 過去分詞可以表示被動，此結構比較口語化，如：She got married last week. 她上周結婚了。The patient got treated once a week. 那位病菌人一周得到一次治療。He fell off the car and got killed. 他從車上摔下來，摔死了。三、主動形式表被動意義1系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep + 形容詞

28、/名詞構成系表結構。如：The steel feels cold. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad. 2表示開始、結束、運動的動詞。如begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move 等。Work began at 7 oclock this morning. The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 3表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞。如read, write, act, iron, cut draw, drive, se

29、ll, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink。這類動詞一般不單獨使用，常用一個修飾語。如：This coat dries easily. 這種外衣容易干。Nylon cleans easily. 尼龍容易洗干凈。The door wont lock. 這門鎖不上。Food can keep fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鮮。Your speech reads well. 你的演說講得好。This material has worn thin. 這個材料已經磨薄了。His book does

30、not sell. 他的書沒有銷路。Your pen writes smoothly. 你的筆好寫。This lock wont catch. 這鎖鎖不上。The match wont catch. 火柴擦不著。The plan worked out wonderfully. 這計劃制定得很好。The recorder wont play. 這錄音機不轉。The engine wont start. 引擎發(fā)動不起來。This knife cuts well. 這把刀子很快。The cloth washes well. 這布很耐洗。4少數動詞用于進行時，其主動形式表示被動含義。如print, cook, fry, hang, build, make。 如：The books are printing. 這本書正在排印中。The neat is cooking. 肉在煮。5介詞in, on, under 等+名詞構成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用，含被動之義，其意義相當于該名詞相應的被動形式，名詞前一般不用冠詞。常見的有：under control (受控制)，under treatment (在治療中)，under repair (在修理中)，under discussion (在討論中)，under construction (在施工中)，beyon