《安全工程專業(yè)外語》考試復習資料重點段落或者句子翻譯

1、unit 11 accident causation models事故致因理論the most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers health and safety at work. understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. accident theories aim to clarify

2、 the accident phenomena, and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. all modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. 安全管理的最重要的目的是維護和促進作業(yè)人員的工作健康和安全。在制定預防措施時，了解事故和其他有害事件的原因，以及它們?nèi)绾伟l(fā)展是非常重要的。事故理論的目的是刻畫事故的現(xiàn)象，并解

3、釋導致事故發(fā)生的機制。所有現(xiàn)代的理論都是基于事故的因果關系模型，改模型試圖解釋最終產(chǎn)生損失的事件序列。in ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of god and very little could be done to prevent them. in the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. 在古代，事故被看作是上帝的行為，人們很少可以去防止

4、它們。20世紀初，人們認為，物的不安全狀態(tài)是發(fā)生事故的根本原因。safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping, and inspections. in most cases an accident is the result of two things: the human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全工作者集中在提高機器防護、維護、檢修（的工作上）。在大多數(shù)情況下，事故是人的行為和物的狀

5、態(tài)或周邊環(huán)境條件的結果。petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. he concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions, and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. furthermore, he stated that it is th

6、e top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organizations operation. 彼得森的因果關系理論，從個人行為和周圍環(huán)境條件擴展到了整個管理系統(tǒng)。他的結論是不安全的行為，不安全的狀態(tài)和意外事故都是企業(yè)管理體系的異常標識。此外，他還指出，高層管理人員要負責建立一個可以有效地控制企業(yè)運行相關危險源的系統(tǒng)。the errors done by a single person can

7、 be intentional or unintentional. rasmussen and jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. nowadays, this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.個人錯誤可能是有意的或無意的。拉斯穆森和jensen提

8、出了三個層次的技術規(guī)則知識模型，用于描述不同類型的人為錯誤的起源。如今，這種模型是工作中的人為錯誤檢查的標準方法之一。2 safety management as an organizational activity作為安全活動的安全管理safety management is one of the management activities of a company. different companies have different management practices, and also different ways to control health and safety haz

9、ards. organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. 安全管理是企業(yè)的管理活動之一。不同的企業(yè)有不同的管理辦法，以及不同的方式來控制健康和安全隱患。企業(yè)文化是影響企業(yè)績效和行為的一個重要組成部分。one comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by schein who has said that organizational culture

10、 is “a pattern of basic assumptions invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive

11、, think, and feel in relation to those problems”. the concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. schein給出了組織文化的廣泛定義，他認為組織文化是由若干基本假設組成的一種模式，這些假設是由某個特定團體在處理外部適應問題與內(nèi)部整合問題的過程中發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)或完善的。由于以這種模式工作的有效性得到了認可，因此將它作為一種正確的方法傳授給新成員，讓他們以此來認識、思考和解決問題（指適應外部與整合內(nèi)部的過程中的問題）。如

12、今，安全文化的概念是工業(yè)化國家的熱點話題。these include: organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion, level of risk at the workplace, workers involvement in safety, and status of the safety o

13、fficer and the safety committee.這些措施包括：企業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)責任制，安全管理態(tài)度，應對健康和安全問題的管理活動，安全培訓和推廣，工作場所的風險水平，作業(yè)人員的安全參與，安全員和安全委員會。句子分析：all modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. 所有現(xiàn)代的理論都是基于事故的因果關系模型，改模型試圖解釋最終產(chǎn)生損失的事件序列。the strategi

14、c management, leadership, motivation, and the personnels visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study. 當今的熱點話題是戰(zhàn)略管理，領導，激勵，人員的可見的和隱藏的價值。unit 2system safety系統(tǒng)安全system safety engineering draws upon system safety concepts and the approaches used in system engineering. its

15、 objective is to safely integrate all system components in a manner consistent with other system criteria. 安全系統(tǒng)工程應用了系統(tǒng)安全的概念和系統(tǒng)工程中的方法。其目的是以與其他系統(tǒng)標準相一致的方式安全地集合系統(tǒng)成分。it involves the application of scientific and management principles for the timely recognition, evaluation, and control of hazards. through

16、 the logical programming of these efforts over a systems life cycle, the desired level of safety can be realized. 它涉及科學的管理原則的應用，以便及時識別，評估和控制危險源。通過系統(tǒng)生命周期的邏輯編程，可以實現(xiàn)期望的安全水平。system safety programthe degree of safety achieved in a system depends on the importance it is given by system designers, managers

17、, and operators. the efforts necessary to assure that sufficient emphasis is placed on system safety are often organized into formal programs. 在一個系統(tǒng)中能夠實現(xiàn)的安全程度取決于系統(tǒng)設計人員，管理人員和操作人員對安全的重視程度。在正式的規(guī)劃中，有必要確保充分的強調(diào)落實到系統(tǒng)安全中。the objectives of such programs are to recognize, evaluate, and control system hazards

18、as early in the life cycle as possible. adequate safety input during the initial phases is the key to produce an inherently safe system. effective system safety programs also eliminate the schedule delays and costly changes that often result in systems that did not have adequate safety planning.（系統(tǒng)安

19、全）規(guī)劃的目的是盡早地在系統(tǒng)生命周期識別、評估和控制系統(tǒng)危險源。初期階段，足夠的安全投入是建立本質(zhì)安全系統(tǒng)的關鍵。有效的系統(tǒng)安全規(guī)劃還消除了工期延誤，昂貴的變化。the heart of a system safety program is in the performance of hazard analyses. these efforts also involve most of the detail work of system safety engineering. analyses are conducted to identify and evaluate hazards wit

20、hin a system. with this information, responsible officials may determine the safest, most efficient means of controlling the hazards identified. 系統(tǒng)安全規(guī)劃的核心是進行危險源分析。這些還涉及系統(tǒng)安全工程的具體工作。分析有利于識別和評估系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的危險源。有了這些信息，負責人可以確定最安全、最有效控制危險的措施。with its accident sources eliminated, the entire system also becomes more

21、 effective in performing its task. in general, hazard analyses are conducted as follows:gain an understanding of the system.define the scope and purpose of the analysis.select and apply an analysis technique.evaluate the results.隨著消除事故來源，整個系統(tǒng)也變得更有效地完成其任務。在一般情況下，危險分析的步驟如下：理解系統(tǒng)。定義分析的范圍和目的。選擇和應用分析技術。評估

22、結果。hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. for an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. anyone who has a thorough, working knowl

23、edge of both the system under consideration and the analysis technique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. 危險分析過程不是憑直覺就能完成的。對于一個有意義的分析，必須在有效的假設基礎上對系統(tǒng)進行合理的、準確的描述。它的成功主要取決于進行分析的人所具有的技能與知識。只要對被研究的系統(tǒng)和用于分析的技術有全面的了解，任何人都可以進行危險分析。unit 3a process is a system whereby necessary components function and i

24、nteract to produce a desired goal. similarly, an ergonomics process is a plan in which a facility gathers all relevant information on work organization, employee capabilities and limitations, and work-related msds, to develop solutions to better accommodate these employees and reduce msd rates and t

25、heir associated costs.一個過程是一個系統(tǒng)規(guī)定的必要組成部分的功能和相互作用，從而產(chǎn)生一個預期目標。同樣，人體工程學設計的過程是提出更好地滿足員工并降低骨骼受傷率及其相關的費用的解決方案，究其而言，其好處是收集所有與工作組織相關的信息、雇員的能力和局限性、以及因工作帶來的骨骼損傷。one important aspect, actually the processs key purpose, is to communicate information among all those involved, so that adequate and feasible soluti

26、ons to problems having ergonomics issues can be solved. employee involvement in the ergonomics process, across several layers of an organization, helps to ensure its success. 其中一個重要的方面，實際上也是這個過程的主要目的，是所有有關各方之間的信息溝通，以至于對人體工程學問題有適當?shù)摹⒖尚械慕鉀Q方案。在人機工程學的過程中，企業(yè)各個層次員工的參與有助于確保其成功。when individuals in a company,

27、 from the upper echelons of management to the hourly employee, contribute to making changes in work systems and job sites, they become empowered and more responsible for these changes. this cooperation and employee involvement leads to feasible and successful changes that serve to improve the compan

28、y. a successful ergonomics process needs to be implemented and refined across various types of organizations, so that a wide variety of work-related issues can be incorporated.當一個公司的個人，從管理高層人員到按小時計的雇員，有助于使工作制度和工作場所的安全改變時，他們對這些變得更有能力和責任。這種合作和員工參與有利于提高公司的改革切實可行。一個成功的人體工程學設計過程中需要在各類組織實施和完善，使各種各樣的工作有關的問

29、題可以納入。one such process comprises five fundamental elements:the workplace;the ergonomics committee;management;medical management; the ergonomics expert.一個這樣的過程包括五個基本要素：工作場所;人類工效學委員會;管理;醫(yī)療管理;人類工效學專家。the element from which basic ergonomics issues arise is the workplace; that is, the area in which the p

30、hysical work is being performed and where employees become injured due to musculoskeletal stressors. it is the responsibility of the ergonomics committee to identify these stressors and provide solutions. the remaining three components (management, medical management, ergonomics expert) provide supp

31、ort for the interaction between the workplace and the ergonomics committee. 基本的人體工程學問題產(chǎn)生的因素是工作場所，即是，在身體緊張工作的部位，因肌肉骨骼的壓力而受傷。工效委員會的責任是確定這些壓力，并提供解決方案。其余的三個組成部分為（管理，醫(yī)療管理，工效學專家）在工作場所和工效學委員會之間的相互作用提供了支持。the companys management committee is responsible for committing to the process itself; that is, emphasi

32、zing the value it places on its employees, and for initially providing monetary and personnel resources to sustain the committee and the changes it makes within the facility. the medical management component deals with the health of the employees, by providing symptom recognition, providing prompt a

33、nd appropriate treatment, and returning injured .該公司的管理委員會負責提交過程本身，就是強調(diào)其關鍵是雇員，并初步提供貨幣和人力資源，以維持委員會，并改善內(nèi)部設施。醫(yī)療管理涉及員工的健康，提供癥狀的識別，提供及時和適當?shù)闹委?，并返回受傷部分。unit 4hazard identification is process controlled by management. you must assess the outcome of the hazard identification process and determine if immediat

34、e action is necessary or if ,in fact,there is an actual hazard involved.when you do not view a reported hazard as an actual hazard, it is critical to the ongoing process to inform the worker that you do not view it as a true hazard and explain why.this will insure the continued cooperation of worker

35、s in hazard identification.危險源辨識是靠管理來控制的。你必須對危險辨識過程中得到的結果進行評估，并決定在實際危險存在時是否需要立刻采取措施。當你不把一個已被報告的危險當做一個實際存在的危險時，你必須在工作過程中告訴工人你沒把這個被報告的危險當做一個真正的危險，并解釋原因。這將確保工人們在危險識別過程中進行持續(xù)合作。it is important to remember that a worker may perceive something as a hazard, when in fact it may not be a true hazard; the risk

36、 may not match the ranking that the worker placed on it. also,even if a hazard exists, you need to prioritaze it according to the ones that can be handled quickly,which may take time, or which will cost money above your budget.if the correction will cause a large capital expense and the risk is real

37、 but does not exhibit an extreme danger to life and the health, you might need to wait until next years budget cycle.an example of this would be when workers complain of a smell and dust created by a chemical process. if the dust is not above accepted exposure limits and the smell is not overwhelmin

38、g,then the company may elect to install a new ventilation system, but not until the next year because of budgetary constraints. the use of ppe until hazard can be removed may be required.重要的是要記住，一個工人可能會認為某些東西是危險源，而事實上，它可能不會成為一個真正的危險源，其風險可能不符合工人落實中的排名。此外，即使有危險源存在，則需要根據(jù)其優(yōu)先級（來區(qū)分），有的危險源可以迅速處理，有的危險源可能需要一

39、段時間，或有的危險源處理花費的錢超過你的預算。如果修正會造成大的資本支出，并且風險雖然真實存在的，但并沒有表現(xiàn)出對生活和健康造成極端危險的，你可能需要等到明年的預算周期。舉一個例子，作業(yè)人員會抱怨化學過程產(chǎn)生的氣味和粉塵。如果灰塵沒有超過接觸時間的限值，并且氣味不是很大，那么該公司可能會選擇安裝一個新的通風系統(tǒng)，而不是因為預算的限制等到明年（才處理）。在危險源消除之前，ppe（個人防護措施）都是必要的。the expected benefits of hazards identification are a decrease in the incidents of injuries, a de

40、crease in lost workdays and absenteeism, a decrease in workers compensation costs,increased productivity,and better cooperation and communication.the baseline for determining the benefit of the hazard identification can be formulated from existing company data on occupational injuriesillnesses, work

41、ers compensation, attendance,profit,and production.危險源辨識的預期效益是減少在事件中的受傷，減少損失工作日及缺勤，減少工人的補償成本，提高生產(chǎn)力，以及更好的合作與交流。危險源辨識的利益基準線制定可以參考企業(yè)現(xiàn)有的關于職業(yè)傷亡疾病，工傷賠償，考勤，利潤，和生產(chǎn)的數(shù)據(jù)。hazard identification includes those items that can assist you with identifying workplace hazards and determining what corrective action is n

42、ecessary to control them. these items include jobsite safety inspections, accident investigations, safety and health committees,and project safety inspection programs that involve supervisors and, if you have them, joint labor management committees. safety inspections should ensure that preventive c

43、ontrols are in place(ppe,guard,maintenance,engineering controls),that action is taken to quickly address hazards,that technical resources such as osha ,state agencies,professional organizations,and consultants are used, and that safety and health rules are enforced.危險源辨識有利于進行工作場所的危險源辨識，確定控制危險源的必要的糾正

44、措施。危險源辨識的項目包括現(xiàn)場安全檢查，事故調(diào)查，安全和健康委員會，以及項目的安全檢查程序，如果條件允許，最好在安全檢查時，有監(jiān)理和勞動管理委員會在場。安全檢查要確保預防控制措施落實到個人防護、安全裝置、維護、工程控制等方面，確保能快速解決危險源，確保技術資源如osha，政府機構，專業(yè)組織，以及顧問的使用，確保安全和健康規(guī)定的執(zhí)行。many workplace have high accidence and severity rates because they are hazardous. hazards are dangerous situations or conditions that

45、 can lead to accidents.the more hazards present,the greater the change that there will be accidents. unless safety procedures are followed, there will be a direct relationship between the number of hazards in the workplace and the number of accidents that will occur there.由于危險源的存在，許多工作場有較高的事故發(fā)生率，事故后

46、果的嚴重程度也很大。危險源是導致事故發(fā)生的不安全情形和狀態(tài)。危險源越多，發(fā)生事故的概率越大。除非采取一定的安全措施，否則工作場所的危險源數(shù)量和事故發(fā)生的概率有直接的關系。as in most industries,people work together with machines in an environment that causes employees to face hazards,which can lead to injury, disability, or even death. to prevent industrial accidents, the people, mach

47、ines, and other factors which can cause accidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled. this can be done through education and training, good safety engineering, and enforcement.在大多數(shù)行業(yè)中，人們在工作環(huán)境中總會接觸到機器，這使作業(yè)人員面臨著可能導致受傷，殘疾，甚至死亡的危險。為了防止工業(yè)事故的發(fā)生，可以通過安全教育、安全培訓，安全工程和強制執(zhí)行等措施去控制可能

48、會導致事故的人，機，以及其他因素，包括與它們相關聯(lián)的能量。the core of an effective safety and health program is hazard identification and control. periodic inspections and procedures for correction and control provide methods of identifying existing or potential hazards in the workplace and eliminating or controlling them. the

49、hazard control system provides a basics for developing safe work procedures and injury and illness prevention training. hazards occurring or recurring reflect a breakdown in the hazard control system.有效的安全和健康規(guī)劃的核心是危險源辨識與控制。其方法有定期檢查、校正和控制程序，為辨識、消除和控制工作場所現(xiàn)有的和潛在的危險源提供了支持。危險源監(jiān)控制度為制定安全工作程序，傷害和疾病預防的培訓奠定了基

50、礎。危險源的出現(xiàn)或再次出現(xiàn)通常說明危險源監(jiān)控制度已經(jīng)崩潰。the written safety and health program establishes procedures and responsibilities for the identification and correction of workplace hazards. the following activities can be used to identify and control workplace hazards:hazard reporting system, job site inspections, acc

51、ident investigation, and expert audits.書面的安全和健康規(guī)劃，建立工作場所危險源識別和校正的程序和責任。以下活動可以用來識別和控制工作場所的危險源：危險源申報制度，作業(yè)現(xiàn)場檢查，事故調(diào)查和專家審核。after all basic steps of the operation of a piece of equipment or job procedure have been listed, we need to examine each job step to identify hazards associated with each job step.

52、the purpose is to identify and list the possible hazards in each step of the job. some hazards are more likely to occur than others, and some are more likely to produce serious injuries than others. consider all reasonable possibilities when identifying hazards.列出設備操作或者作業(yè)程序的基本步驟后，我們需要檢查每一個工作步驟，以確定與每

53、個作業(yè)步驟相關的危險源。其目的是辨識并列出每一步的工作中可能發(fā)生的危險。有些危險源比其他的危險源更可能發(fā)生，有些危險源是比其他危險源更容易產(chǎn)生嚴重的傷害。進行危險源辨識時，應考慮所有合理的可能性。accident types事故類型struck-against type of accidents 物體打擊it is important to remember that a worker may perceive something as a hazard, when in fact it may not be a true hazard; the risk may not match the

54、ranking that the worker placed on it. 重要的是要記住，一個工人可能會認為某些東西是危險源，而事實上，它可能不會成為一個真正的危險源，其風險可能不符合工人落實中的排名。identification and control of hazards should include periodic site safety inspection programs that involve supervisors and, if you have them, joint labor management committees. 識別和控制危害，應定期進行實地安全檢查程序

55、，檢查工作要有監(jiān)理人員，如果有勞動管理委員會，則還可以聯(lián)合他們進行安全檢查工作。to prevent industrial accidents, the people, machines, and other factors which can cause accidents, including the energies associated with them, must be controlled. 為了防止工業(yè)事故，可能會導致事故的人，機，以及其他因素，包括與它們相關聯(lián)的能量，必須加以控制。study the work environment for what is moving in

56、 the vicinity of the worker, what is about to move, or what will move as a result of what the worker does. 研究工作人員附近的工作環(huán)境，什么是移動，或什么將隨著工作人員的工作移動。any type of work that involves materials or equipment that may be harmful without forceful contact is a source of contact-with accidents. 一般接觸到有害材料或設備的工作，是接觸

57、事故的根源。management is not as close to the actual work being performed as are those performing the work. 管理不像正在執(zhí)行的工作那么接近其實際情況。this hazard identification technique works well where management is open and genuinely concerned about the safety and health of its workforce. 對于管理開放的，真正關心其員工安全和健康的企業(yè)，這種危險源辨別技術是

58、有效的。unit 5句子分析：finding agreement upon criteria for effectiveness, or methods of measurement and evaluation is especially hard where basic disagreement exists upon what an ohsms is.在有效性的標準，或者測量和評價的方法中達成一致是特別困難的，基本的分歧在于ohsms（職業(yè)健康與安全管理體系）是什么。systems theory suggests that there should be four general req

59、uirements for an ohsms, although how these requirements are met in practice allows for considerable diversity.系統(tǒng)理論認為，對于職業(yè)健康安全管理體系應該有四個一般要求，但在實踐中如何滿足這些要求，允許有相當大的差異。in contrast, mandatory systems have evolved in a number of european countries where legislation requires adoption of a risk assessment system. 相反，強制系統(tǒng)形成于歐洲國家，這些國家的立法需要采用風險評估系統(tǒng)。