基于控制器顯示液晶的物理電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)

基于控制器顯示液晶的物理電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)顧益飛陳相璋李松（重慶交通大學(xué)信息科學(xué)與工程學(xué)院，重慶南岸400074）摘要液晶顯示器是一種功耗低的顯示器。它的使用非常廣泛，比如電子表，計(jì)算器，數(shù)碼相機(jī)，計(jì)算機(jī)的的顯示器，液晶電視等。液晶顯示器以其優(yōu)越的性能，越來越受到各方面的重視，液晶顯示器也越來越多的應(yīng)用于眾多領(lǐng)域。液晶顯示模塊是一種集成度比較高的顯示組件，它將液晶顯示器，控制器，PCB電路板，背光源和外部連接端口等組裝在一起，可以方便的使用于需要液晶的場合。關(guān)鍵詞液晶顯示器液晶顯示模塊集成度比較高方便使用1實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康牧私?1單片機(jī)的基本外圍電路設(shè)計(jì),學(xué)會(huì)使用12864液晶顯示模塊，用物理的科學(xué)方法分析實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象。并了解應(yīng)用物理學(xué)的微型控制計(jì)算機(jī)的功能。2實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容應(yīng)用物理電子元器件設(shè)計(jì)物理實(shí)驗(yàn)電路使用STC89C52，實(shí)現(xiàn)對12864液晶顯示模塊的漢字、圖形動(dòng)態(tài)顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)器材與儀器89C52一塊，12864液晶顯示模塊一塊，10K電阻一個(gè)，10K可變電阻一個(gè)，30PF電容兩個(gè)，10PF電容一個(gè)，開關(guān)按鈕一個(gè)，插針一個(gè)，萬用表，直流穩(wěn)壓電源器，示波器，烙鐵，焊錫等。3實(shí)驗(yàn)原理31液晶的物理特性液晶的物理特性是當(dāng)通電時(shí)導(dǎo)通，排列變的有秩序，使光線容易通過；不電時(shí)排列混亂，阻止光線通過。讓液晶如閘門般地阻隔或讓光線穿透。32單色液晶顯示器的原理LCD技術(shù)是把液晶灌入兩個(gè)列有細(xì)槽的平面之間。這兩個(gè)平面上的槽互相垂直。也就是說，若一個(gè)平面上的分子南北向排列，則另一平面上的分子?xùn)|西向排列，而位于兩個(gè)平面之間的分子被強(qiáng)迫進(jìn)入一種90度扭轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài)。由于光線順著分子的排列方向傳播，所以光線經(jīng)過液晶時(shí)也被扭轉(zhuǎn)90度。但當(dāng)液晶上加一個(gè)電壓時(shí)，分子便會(huì)重新垂直排列，使光線能直射出去，而不發(fā)生任何扭轉(zhuǎn)。LCD是依賴極化濾光器片和光線本身。自然光線是朝四面八方隨機(jī)發(fā)散的。極化濾光器實(shí)際是一系列越來越細(xì)的平行線。這些線形成一張網(wǎng)，阻斷不與這些線平行的所有光線。極化濾光器的線正好與第一個(gè)垂直，所以能完全阻斷那些已經(jīng)極化的光線。只有兩個(gè)濾光器的線完全平行，或者光線本身已扭轉(zhuǎn)到與第二個(gè)極化濾光器相匹配，光線才得以穿透。LCD正是由這樣兩個(gè)相互垂直的極化濾光器構(gòu)成，所以在正常情況下應(yīng)該阻斷所有試圖穿透的光線。但是，由于兩個(gè)濾光器之間充滿了扭曲液晶，所以在光線穿出第一個(gè)濾光器后，會(huì)被液晶分子扭轉(zhuǎn)90度，最后從第二個(gè)濾光器中穿出。另一方面，若為液晶加一個(gè)電壓，分子又會(huì)重新排列并完全平行，使光線不再扭轉(zhuǎn)，所以正好被第二個(gè)濾光器擋住?？傊?，加電將光線阻斷，不加電則使光線射出。當(dāng)然也可以改變LCD中的液晶排列，使光線在加電時(shí)射出，而不加電時(shí)被阻斷。33傳統(tǒng)的點(diǎn)陣獲取法在點(diǎn)陣式液晶中顯示圖像，首先要獲得圖像的點(diǎn)陣值。最傳統(tǒng)、最簡單直接的點(diǎn)陣獲取方法就是坐標(biāo)掃描法。其基本步驟為將圖像置于坐標(biāo)系中，根據(jù)坐標(biāo)格上象素的存在與否決定該點(diǎn)值為1還是0；然后將每八個(gè)象素值拼成一個(gè)字節(jié)，從而得到該圖像的點(diǎn)陣數(shù)據(jù)。下圖為一個(gè)燈泡圖像掃描成1616點(diǎn)陣的示意。34液晶模塊介紹選用點(diǎn)陣模型液晶模塊的液晶顯示器，不僅可以顯示字符，而且可以顯示連續(xù)，完整的圖形。這種液晶模塊是行，列控制型的?？刂破魇且壕?qū)動(dòng)器與計(jì)算機(jī)或單片機(jī)的接口，它以最簡單的方式受控于計(jì)算機(jī)或單片機(jī)。這種液晶模塊具有自己的一套專用指令，并具有自己的字符發(fā)生器CGROM。35液晶模塊與MCU的接口介紹351基本指令集352基本指令詳細(xì)說明353八位并口寫操作時(shí)序圖354八位并口讀操作時(shí)序圖36硬件部分STC89C52C52外圍電路LCM模塊LCD外圍電路361最小系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)362振蕩電路STC89C52內(nèi)部含有一個(gè)振蕩器，可以作為CPU的時(shí)鐘源，也可以由外部振蕩器輸入時(shí)鐘信號(hào)，作為CPU的時(shí)鐘源。這里采用片內(nèi)振蕩源，在XTAL1和XTAL2之間連接一個(gè)12MHZ的適應(yīng)晶體以及兩個(gè)陶瓷電容，構(gòu)成并聯(lián)諧振電路363復(fù)位電路單片機(jī)的硬件復(fù)位方法很多，其基本特點(diǎn)是在RST引腳輸入兩個(gè)以上機(jī)器周期的高電平便可以實(shí)現(xiàn)硬件復(fù)位。這里采用的復(fù)位電路，既可以上電復(fù)位，也可以手動(dòng)復(fù)位。開關(guān)斷開時(shí)RST為低電平，當(dāng)開關(guān)閉合時(shí)RST獲得高電平，實(shí)現(xiàn)對單片機(jī)的手動(dòng)復(fù)位。364液晶模塊部分圖中通過可變電阻來調(diào)節(jié)液晶對比度4軟件部分41總體設(shè)計(jì)使用C語言實(shí)現(xiàn)對液晶的定位文字，圖形動(dòng)態(tài)顯示42流程圖開始LCD啟動(dòng)等待初始化閃爍清屏左移顯示圖形延時(shí)閃爍清屏顯示四行中文延時(shí)閃爍延時(shí)5小結(jié)51本實(shí)驗(yàn)詳細(xì)的介紹了基本控制電路及液晶顯示模塊，并對一款常用的LCD驅(qū)動(dòng)控制器的指令和功能進(jìn)行了介紹。近年來，液晶顯示模塊應(yīng)用越來越廣泛，因此此實(shí)驗(yàn)非常有實(shí)際價(jià)值，不但熟悉了基本控制電路的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，還對液晶模塊有了深刻的了解，并熟悉了對其控制。52創(chuàng)新性521液晶模塊外圍電路的設(shè)計(jì)，引入了變阻電阻來調(diào)節(jié)液晶的對比度，使調(diào)節(jié)液晶對比度十分方便。522通過將液晶引腳RST與I/O口相接，用軟件就能實(shí)現(xiàn)對液晶的復(fù)位操作。523使用C語言編寫閃爍函數(shù)，顯示字符串函數(shù)，顯示圖像函數(shù)等，并通過89C52不斷地對液晶寫指令和數(shù)據(jù)，使其達(dá)到了循環(huán)動(dòng)態(tài)顯示文字，顯示圖片，文字左移，閃爍等效果。524通過親手設(shè)計(jì)電路和焊接電路，并對單片機(jī)進(jìn)行編程，通過液晶模塊顯示出來。達(dá)到了理論與實(shí)際的結(jié)合，而不局限于書本中的理論知識(shí)。525實(shí)驗(yàn)源程序IFNDEF_LCD12864_H_DEFINE_LCD12864_H_SBITLCD_RSP10/定義引腳SBITLCD_RWP11SBITLCD_EP12SBITPSBP13/使用8位并行接口，PSB1DEFINELCD_DATAP0DEFINEBUSY0X80/用于檢測LCD狀態(tài)字中的BUSY標(biāo)識(shí)/函數(shù)聲明/寫數(shù)據(jù)/VOIDWRITEDATALCDUNSIGNEDCHARWDLCD/寫指令/VOIDWRITECOMMANDLCDUNSIGNEDCHARWCLCD,BUYSC/檢測忙/UNSIGNEDCHARREADSTATUSLCDVOID/初始化/VOIDLCDINITVOID/清屏/VOIDLCDCLEARVOID/屏幕閃動(dòng)/VOIDLCDFLASHVOID/顯示一串字符/VOIDDISPLAYLISTCHARUNSIGNEDCHARX,UNSIGNEDCHARY,UNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATA/顯示圖形/VOIDDISPLAYIMAGEUNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATA/延時(shí)5MS/VOIDDELAY5MSVOID/延時(shí)400MS/VOIDDELAY400MSVOID/函數(shù)聲明/寫數(shù)據(jù)VOIDWRITEDATALCDUNSIGNEDCHARWDLCDREADSTATUSLCD/檢測忙LCD_RS1LCD_RW0LCD_DATAWDLCDLCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E0/寫指令VOIDWRITECOMMANDLCDUNSIGNEDCHARWCLCD,BUYSC/BUYSC為0時(shí)忽略忙檢測IFBUYSCREADSTATUSLCD/根據(jù)需要檢測忙LCD_RS0LCD_RW0LCD_DATAWCLCDLCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E0/讀狀態(tài)UNSIGNEDCHARREADSTATUSLCDVOIDLCD_DATA0XFFLCD_RS0LCD_RW1LCD_E1WHILELCD_DATA/檢測忙信號(hào)LCD_E0RETURNLCD_DATAVOIDLCDINITVOID/LCM初始化WRITECOMMANDLCD0X30,1/顯示模式設(shè)置,開始要求每次檢測忙信號(hào)WRITECOMMANDLCD0X01,1/顯示清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X06,1/顯示光標(biāo)移動(dòng)設(shè)置WRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置VOIDLCDCLEARVOID/清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X01,1/顯示清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X34,1/顯示光標(biāo)移動(dòng)設(shè)置WRITECOMMANDLCD0X30,1/顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置VOIDLCDFLASHVOID/閃爍效果WRITECOMMANDLCD0X08,1/顯示清屏DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X08,1/顯示清屏DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/顯示開及光標(biāo)設(shè)置DELAY400MS/按指定位置顯示一串字符VOIDDISPLAYLISTCHARUNSIGNEDCHARX,UNSIGNEDCHARY,UNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATAUNSIGNEDCHARLISTLENGTH,X2LISTLENGTH0X2XIFY4Y4X/限制X不能大于16，Y在14之內(nèi)SWITCHYCASE1X2|0X80BREAK/根據(jù)行數(shù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