托福閱讀長難句(pdf)

托福閱讀第二講托福閱讀長難句 本節(jié)課授課目標 1 句子的主要成分2 句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系3 長難句綜合分析4 句子簡化題的標識和出題形式5 解答句子簡化題 句子的主干 句子的主干指的是句子的核心信息 包括句子的主要成分和主要的邏輯關(guān)系 長難句各個成分的識別 定語從句 Overlongperiodsoftime substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears 定語從句 ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast Westtradecouldcreate 名詞性從句 Inlowlandcountryalmostanyspotonthegroundmayoverliewhatwasoncethebedofariverthathassincebecomeburiedbysoil iftheyarenowbelowthewater suppersurface thewatertable thegravelsandsandsoftheformerriverbed anditssandbars willbesaturatedwithgroundwater 名詞性從句 Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate 名詞性從句 WesternFarmersborrowedwiththeconfidentexpectationthattheexpandingeconomywouldkeepfarmpriceshigh thusmakingiteasytorepayloanswhentheyfelldue 狀語從句 Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically 狀語從句 Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow lyingshrubs herbs andgrasses whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants 非謂語動詞 With climax biome superorganism andvariousothertechnicaltermsfortheassociationofanimalsandplantsatagivenlocalitybeingcriticized theterm ecosystem wasmoreandmorewidelyadoptedforthewholesystemofassociatedorganismstogetherwiththephysicalfactorsoftheirenvironment n todo ed ing 介詞短語attemptstolinkimageswithrecordedsoundcropsraisedbywesternfarmerspumpsextractingwaterfromwatertableassociationsofplantsandanimalsatagivenlocality 插入語等其他結(jié)構(gòu) justashadmanypreviousattempts datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar tolinkimageswithrecordedsound of Oneofthemostdifficultaspectsofdecidingwhethercurrentclimaticeventsrevealevidenceoftheimpactofhumanactivitiesisthatitishardtogetameasureofwhatconstitutesthenaturalvariabilityoftheclimate 倒裝句式 OnlywhenEuropeandecorativethemeswereintroduceddidthesemeaningsbecomeobscuredorevenlost Amongthekeyfactorsbehindthisgrowthwereincreasedagriculturalproductivityandanexpansionoftrade 劃出定語 后置 定語從句狀語 地點時間程度副詞 插入語剩下的部分 主要是 主語 謂語 賓語 舉例 Overlongperiodsoftime substanceswhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieschangewiththeambientclimateatthetimecanbedepositedinasystematicwaytoprovideacontinuousrecordofchangesinthosepropertiesovertime sometimesforhundredsorthousandsofyears ThesheerscaleoftheinvestmentittooktobegincommercialexpansionatseareflectstheimmensityoftheprofitsthatsuchEast Westtradecouldcreate 夜晚需要寧靜花蕾需要更充足豐富的營養(yǎng) 才能釋放美麗的花朵釋放與吸收 選對時間了嗎 背負選擇求知欲 平靜 不安被黑星星追趕遇見一扇門 沖進 緊鎖著夾住了黑星星的手門縫中露出了黑色的手指甲換取暫且的安全 主要的邏輯關(guān)系 因果常見標志 because becauseof since for as dueto owingto inthat so sothat asaresult therefore thereby hence consequently cause leadto resultin from 因果關(guān)系 隱含標志 accordingly giveriseto produce spark comefrom beattributableto beresponsiveto reflect suggest show imply demonstrate contributeto beresponsiblefor accountfor Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit mediate andinterpretasociety sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity 社會學(xué)家認為主要團體是個人和社會之間的橋梁 因為主要團體傳播和解釋社會文化模式 并為社會提供統(tǒng)一意識 這對社會的團結(jié)是十分重要的 比較 常見標志 對象A 比較級 對象B同級比較 差異 same different unlike similarresemble 超越 surpass exceed transcend excel Timberlinetreesarenormallyevergreens suggestingthatthesehavesomeadvantageoverdeciduoustrees thosethatlosetheirleaves intheextremeenvironmentsoftheuppertimberline 樹帶界線內(nèi)通常是常綠樹木 他們和處于上行樹帶界線處極端惡劣環(huán)境中生長的落葉樹木相比 具有一定的優(yōu)勢 轉(zhuǎn)折 1 轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系but however yet 然而 onthecontrary contraryto contrarily by in contrast to whereas ratherthan insteadof unlike infact effect actually弱轉(zhuǎn) conversely2 讓步關(guān)系although muchas though eventhough if even despite inspiteof nevertheless anyhow anyway as while 雖然 盡管 即使 still 盡管如此 Forexample someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell beingandabandonedthem nevertheless theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness 例如 一些早期社會的人們認為有的儀式對他們的幸福生活來說不再是必需品 并且取消了那些儀式 雖然如此 人們還是保留了那些口頭傳述故事的傳統(tǒng)并且熱愛從這些儀式里發(fā)展起來的神話 出于它們的藝術(shù)性 而不是宗教原因 并列和遞進 并列詞 and 和 aswellas 也 likewise 同樣的 while 與此同時 similarly 類似地 or 或者 simultaneously 同時發(fā)生地 meanwhile 同時 inthemeantime neither nor either or notonly butalso 遞進詞 still also indeed furthermore 進一步 moreover 而且 此外 even 甚至 更 besides 注意區(qū)分except additionally inaddition what smore Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain constructiveprocessessuchasuplift whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures anddestructiveforcessuchaserosion whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms 主要有兩種影響會改變地形 建設(shè)性的過程 如產(chǎn)生新的地表特征的地殼隆起 和破壞性的力量 如緩慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蝕 概述與詳述 總分關(guān)系 舉例 總結(jié) 舉例 forexample forinstance suchas including specifically總結(jié) insum ingeneral overall tosumup onthewhole generally Mostengravings forexample arebestlitfromtheleft asbefitstheworkofright handedartists whogenerallyprefertohavethelightsourceontheleftsothattheshadowoftheirhanddoesnotfallonthetipoftheengravingtoolorbrush 例如 大多數(shù)時候都是從左側(cè)照射雕刻比較好 這樣適于右撇子藝術(shù)家工作 他們通常喜歡將光源放在左側(cè)以便自己手的投影不會落在雕刻工具或刷子的末端 綜合分析1 Asaresult claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore 結(jié)果 那些認為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康的觀點廣為人知 并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ) 綜合分析1 Asaresult claimsthateatingadietconsistingentirelyoforganicallygrownfoodspreventsorcuresdiseaseorprovidesotherbenefitstohealthhavebecomewidelypublicizedandformthebasisforfolklore 結(jié)果 那些認為只食用綠色食品就能防治疾病或增進健康的觀點廣為人知 并成為一些民間說法的基礎(chǔ) 綜合分析2 Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight justashadmanypreviousattempts datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar tolinkimageswithrecordedsound 綜合分析2 Thoughitmaybedifficulttoimaginefromalaterperspective astrainofcriticalopinioninthe1920spredictedthatsoundfilmwouldbeatechnicalnoveltythatwouldsoonfadefromsight justashadmanypreviousattempts datingwellbackbeforetheFirstWorldWar tolinkimageswithrecordedsound 盡管后來人很難理解 但在20世紀20年代 一種批判性的意見預(yù)言 有聲電影是一種將很快淡出公眾視線的科技新事物 就像許多先前把圖像和聲音結(jié)合起來的嘗試一樣 這些嘗試可以追溯到第一次世界大戰(zhàn) 綜合分析3 Thehypothesisthatbeggingcallshaveevolvedpropertiesthatreducetheirpotentialforattractingpredatorsyieldsaprediction babybirdsofspeciesthatexperiencehighratesofnestpredationshouldproducesofterbeggingsignalsofhigherfrequencythannestlingsofotherspecieslessoftenvictimizedbynestpredators 綜合分析3 Thehypothesisthatbeggingcallshaveevolvedpropertiesthatreducetheirpotentialforattractingpredatorsyieldsaprediction babybirdsofspeciesthatexperiencehighratesofnestpredationshouldproducesofterbeggingsignalsofhigherfrequencythannestlingsofotherspecieslessoftenvictimizedbynestpredators 關(guān)于乞討聲發(fā)展演化出一些性質(zhì) 能夠降低幼鳥吸引捕食者的潛在危險的假說產(chǎn)生出一個預(yù)言 那些被捕食頻率較高的幼鳥種群應(yīng)該比那些很少被捕食的種群產(chǎn)生出更柔和的高頻乞討信號 句子簡化題出題樣式 出題標志W(wǎng)hichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation 句子簡化題解題步驟 1 尋找句子的主干成份2 尋找句子的邏輯關(guān)系3 分析選項錯誤選項特點 1 與原句矛盾 未提及2 省略主要成分3 主賓顛倒 主次顛倒4 邏輯錯誤或邏輯顛倒 例1 Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes A Becauseoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes B Asaltitudeincreases thevelocityofwindsincreases leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes C Thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity whichincreaseswithaltitude cancauseserioushardshipfortrees D Increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees 例2 Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess A Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople B Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland C Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeoplein