美式英語發(fā)音教程7.doc

美式英語發(fā)音教程7發(fā)音基本功一、口語中的同化現象l 同化是指兩個相鄰的音連讀時，其中一個音受另一個音的影響，變得跟鄰音相同或相似；或者化一；或者兩音相互影響，變?yōu)榈谌齻€音的現象。第一節(jié) 順向型同化：前面的音影響后面的音，叫順向型同化。l 這種現象多見于單詞讀音中，如當名詞后加-e(-es)變成復數，動詞單數第三人稱加-s(-es),或規(guī)則動詞后加“-ed”變成過去式或過去分詞，由于受前面的音的影響，這些后加成分的讀音各不相同。如cats和beds其復數形式同樣是加“-s”但前者念s,而后者念z,原因是他們前面的音一個是清輔音t，另一個是濁輔音d。加“-ed”情況相同，其讀音規(guī)律是清清濁濁，即清輔音后讀清音，濁輔音后讀濁音。如：looked念 lJkt，而pulled念p Jld。l l 關于名詞后加-s(-es)變成復數，動詞單數第三人稱加-s(-es),或者規(guī)則動詞后加“ed”變成過去式或過去分詞，由于受前面的音的影響，這些后加成分的讀音規(guī)則為：清輔音后讀清音，濁輔音后讀濁音。l It raining cats and dogs.l 下傾盆大雨。l He stopped reading and looked up.l 這時他停止看書，抬頭看看。第二節(jié) 逆向型同化：前面的音受后面的音影響，叫逆向型同化。l 如news的單獨讀音是nju:z，但在復合詞newspaper中卻讀 nju:sp eippr, nju:z中的z在復合詞 nju:sp eIpr中由于受后面清輔音p的影響而清化變成了s。又如：used to 短語本該讀成 ju:zd tu，但受后面t的影響，濁輔音d變成了t，而t又影響z的讀音，使其清化為s，所以現在應念成 ju:s tu。l Before I eat dinner, I read the newspaper for a while.l We read the newspaper every morning.l A: He is not the man he used to be. l B: Dont worry. Youll get used to it in no time.l We used to go there every year.l Our company used to do business with theirs.l 第三節(jié) 相互同化l 相互同化（1）l 相互同化就是前后兩個連在一起得音念起來不太方便，于是連在一起的兩個音就互為影響而混合成一個新的、折衷的、比較好念的音，使之念起來順口、聽起來順兒、看起來順眼。此類同化并非是隨意的，而是有規(guī)可循的。主要的變化如下：l s + j = l 在此情況下基本上都連讀l God bless you.l gd blesju: s + j = 口語中讀音 gBd ble u: l Now look what a mess youve made. l Do you miss your family? I shall miss you very much. 相互同化（2）l t + j = t l 在此情況下基本上都連讀l How about you?l hau baut tju: t + j = t 口語中讀音hau baut t ju: l Take care that you dont spoil your new clothes.l A: Im very glad to meet you.l B: Its a pleasure to meet you.l Im sorry to tell that youve been dismissed.相互同化（3） l d + j = dl 在此情況下基本上都連讀l Could you tell me where the bus stop is? kudju: d + j = d 口語中讀音 ku d u:l A: Did you panic?l B: Of course! It was awful!l Would you show me the bathroom, please?l Would you care to go for a walk with me? （Care of 想）l Could you do me a favor?l Could you possibly give me a lift home? 因發(fā)音部位的影響而發(fā)生的同化l 當很快地說 This shield 或 horseshoe 時，this 或 horse 的詞尾的齒齦音s，受后面的 shield 或 shoe 詞頭的硬顎音的影響，也變?yōu)榱?。因而就念成?i ild、 hr u。l s 之后跟s 之后跟或j時，s常被同化為 s-。如： this ship is ip-i ipl z之后跟j或時，常被同化為； s-。如：Has she come? hz i: km-h i: km當齒齦鼻音 n出現在軟顎音k或g前面時，它就變成軟顎鼻音 l n+k或g= l Thank you. kju: n+k=l I take a walk along the river bank every morning.l I think I can learn to speak good English in one month.l Hunger is best sauce.l He hungered for her love.l I was angered by his refusal to come to the party.“清” 與“濁”之間的同化l 當 north, south, worth 三個詞變?yōu)樾稳菰~時，這些詞原來詞尾的因為受了后面元音的影響，就變成了濁音 ：l She has traveled in northern countries. l The southern half of the country is a desert. l She says help only the worthy poor. l This book is worthy of being read (to be read). 二、口語中的異化現象l 兩個相同或相近的音位，在發(fā)音過程中因受某種影響，而變得不同或不相近，這種現象叫做異化。l 異化也稱輔音的濁化現象，s后面的清輔音當連接一個元音時（一般出現在重讀音階上），s后面的清輔音受后面的元音影響，在實際發(fā)音中要讀成與其相對應的濁輔音，在語音分析中稱為濁化。秘訣：（1）sp+元音l （1）sp+元音口語中讀音為 sb+元音l sp end口語讀音sb endl How do you spend you leisure? l He spends a lot of time with his girlfriend. l Speak spi:k口語讀音sbi:k l Actions speak louder than words. l I must speak with my son about his cigarette smoking. （2）sk+元音l （2）sk+元音口語中讀音為 sg+元音、l scare sk 口語讀 sgl Im so scared. l You scared me. l School sku:l口語讀音sgu:l l He has studied English in school for tow years. l If I were a millionaire, I would start a school. （3）st+ 元音l （3）st+ 元音口語中讀音為sd+元音l start st:t 口語讀音sd:t l If you are ready, you may start you work. l He was so excited that he started to cry. l Still stil口語讀音sdill He came yesterday and he is still here. l He is dull; still, he tries hard. l Did you stay up late last night? l A: What steps are you taking in the matter?l B:Were dealing with it step by step. （4）str+元音l （4）str+元音口語中讀音為 sdr+元音l strike straik 口語讀音sdraik l He struck me with a stick. l A: How does the idea strike you? l B: The plan strikes me as ridiculous. l Strange streind 口語讀音sdreind l The work is still strange to him. l Who is that strange man over there? l Are you embarrassed about talking to strangers? （5）have to 和has to （不得不）的發(fā)音技巧l 相似的逆行同化作用也發(fā)生在have to 和 has to 中，have hv 詞尾的濁輔音v受了他后面清輔音t的影響，而變成了清輔音f。同樣地，hashz詞尾的濁輔音z受了他后面的清輔音 t的影響，也變成了清輔音s。l Have to 在口語中發(fā)成 hvft ；has to 在口語中發(fā)成 hst。l Youll have to get off here. l I have to go now. l You have to do you r homework. l I have to go, or Ill wet my pants. l That is all he has to do. l 特別說明假如have 和 has 分別念為不同化的hv和hz ，而后面稍有停頓再加上一個tu(:)的話，那么意思就是“有”，而不是“不得不”了。（6）had to （必須）的發(fā)