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動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)(Tense and Voice)一 動(dòng)詞的種類動(dòng)詞是指表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞。動(dòng)詞可分五種類型:及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 1及物動(dòng)詞 及物動(dòng)詞是指可以跟賓語的動(dòng)詞。如: He is writing a letter. 他正在寫信。 I smell flowers. 我聞到了花兒。 2不及物動(dòng)詞 不及物動(dòng)詞是指不可以跟賓語的動(dòng)詞。如: We lived in London. 我們住在倫敦。 The window has opened. 窗已經(jīng)開了。 3系動(dòng)詞 系動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞匯意義,也不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組,必須加上表語,構(gòu)成一個(gè)“系表結(jié)構(gòu)”。如: He is a student. 他是一個(gè)學(xué)生。 That sounds good. 那聽起來很有意思。 The child seems unhappy about it. 那孩子好象對(duì)此事不太高興。 要注意的是,有些系動(dòng)詞既可以用作及物動(dòng)詞,也可用作不及物動(dòng)詞,如 smell, sound, look, taste等。但是它們的意思會(huì)隨之發(fā)生變化。試比較: She felt well. 她感覺很好。(系動(dòng)詞) She felt something moving. 她感覺有東西在動(dòng)。(及物動(dòng)詞,有“察覺”的意思) He looks fine. 他看起來很好。(系動(dòng)詞) He is looking at the map. 他正在看地圖。(不及物動(dòng)詞) 4助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞本身沒有意義,只是和動(dòng)詞結(jié)合在一起,構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的各種形式,助動(dòng)詞通常有be, do, have。如: Do come in, please. 請(qǐng)進(jìn)吧。(助動(dòng)詞do構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句) I dont feel very well. 我感覺不好。(助動(dòng)詞do與否定詞not構(gòu)成否定句) 當(dāng)be, do, have用作普通動(dòng)詞時(shí),它們有一定的詞匯意義。如: I have one sister. 我有一個(gè)妹妹。 You can do it as you like. 你可以按你愿意的方法去做。 5情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示說話人對(duì)所說的話的態(tài)度和看法。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞雖然本身有一定的意義,但不能單獨(dú)構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組。它必須與主動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞詞組。除了本身具有表義功能外,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還可用來構(gòu)成疑問句。如: Can she speak Arabic? 她會(huì)說阿拉伯語嗎? It may well rain. 天很可能下雨。 People shouldnt ill-treat animals. 人們不應(yīng)該虐待動(dòng)物。 Will you help me, please? 請(qǐng)幫幫我的忙好嗎? 二 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)(Tense)高中英語主要時(shí)態(tài)及其結(jié)構(gòu)(以play為例)一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在play/playsis / am / are playinghas / have playedhas/ have been playing過去playedwas/were playinghad playedhad been playing將來shall/will playshall/will be playingshall/will have playedshall/will have been playing一) 動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí) 1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成 動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要表示當(dāng)前時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。除了第三人稱單數(shù)以外,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)采用的是動(dòng)詞原形。動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)的形式變化如下: 一般動(dòng)詞加 -s。 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾時(shí),先將y變成i,再加-es。 以“o”“s”“x”“ch”“sh”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加“es” goes dresses watches brushes動(dòng)詞be根據(jù)人稱不同,用am, is, are三種形式。 動(dòng)詞have的第三人稱單數(shù)用has。 (2)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法 表示習(xí)慣性或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 He goes to school by bike everyday. 他每天騎車上學(xué)。 My father doesnt smoke. 我爸爸不抽煙。 She is always late for class. 她上課總遲到。 表示客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理,特別是用于表示科學(xué)事實(shí)、客觀存在和格言等。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 Duck has two legs. 鴨子有兩條腿。 表示現(xiàn)階段存在的狀態(tài),特別適用于那些不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞。 I dont agree with you. 我不同意你的觀點(diǎn)。 The book is mine. 這書是我的。 I think you are right. 我認(rèn)為你是對(duì)的。 表示言行同時(shí)進(jìn)行的瞬間動(dòng)作,主要用于實(shí)況解說、操作演示及指導(dǎo)說明等。 Jack passes the football to Bob, who heads it straight into the goal. 杰克把球傳給鮑勃,鮑勃用頭頂著直射球門。 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來意義上的時(shí)間,主要有下列幾種情形:A .由when, after, before. as, as soon as, although, if, even if, in case, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中,如果主句為將來時(shí);從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,而不用將來時(shí)。 Ill tell her when she comes tomorrow.Even if it rains this afternoon, Ill meet you.Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.無論發(fā)生什么,你必須保持清醒的頭腦。Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go .無論你去任何地方我都在這里等你When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.When he arrives, hell tell us all about the match. 當(dāng)他到的時(shí)候,他會(huì)告訴我們這場(chǎng)比賽的經(jīng)過。 I cant come unless my brother agrees. 我不能來,除非我哥哥同意。 B 表示按時(shí)間表將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事件,如飛機(jī);火車 輪船;汽車等時(shí)刻表,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表達(dá)將來時(shí)的概念。下列動(dòng)詞:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來,這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The play begins at 6:30 this evening.When does the plane take off?He leaves for that city next week.According to the he timetable, the express to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning.按照時(shí)刻表,開往上海的特快列車早上7點(diǎn)出發(fā)。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.C倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,如:Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.D在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.The term starts at the beginning of September. 學(xué)期從九月份開始。 用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有:usually, sometimes, always, often, ever, never, once a week, now and then, from time to time等。 2一般過去時(shí) (1)一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成 動(dòng)詞的一般過去時(shí)表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間的動(dòng)作,一種過去的習(xí)慣,或是一個(gè)在過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)已經(jīng)結(jié)束了的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞的過去形式分規(guī)則和不規(guī)則兩種。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞在變過去時(shí)的時(shí)候,一般在動(dòng)詞后面加-ed,但不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞則各不相同。附錄里附有“不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表”,供大家查閱。 動(dòng)詞變化有以下五種情況。 一般動(dòng)詞直接加-ed。如: walk walked cancel canceled 如果動(dòng)詞的最后一個(gè)音節(jié)是重讀閉音節(jié),最后一個(gè)輔音字母要雙寫。如: dip dipped nonplus nonplussed 以不發(fā)音的元音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,直接加d。如: like liked smoke smoked 以輔音加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先將y變成i,再加-ed。如: study studied try tried 如果是以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,則直接加-ed。如: play played stay stayed 以-c結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先加k,再加-ed。如: traffic trafficked 2)一般過去時(shí)的用法 表示過去某一時(shí)刻或一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。 I wasnt in last night. 昨晚我不在家。 表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。 When he was a child, he often swam in the river. 當(dāng)他還是小孩的時(shí)候,經(jīng)常在這條河里游泳。 在條件或時(shí)間狀語從句中代替過去將來時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反的假設(shè)。 If I were you, I wouldnt accept the offer. 如果我是你,我不會(huì)接受這個(gè)提議。She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day.They would not leave until she came back.My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision用于I wish, Id rather, Id sooner, Id just as soon, Its (high) time后that從句中,表與現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼氖聦?shí)相反的主觀設(shè)想。 Its time you went to bed. 你該睡覺了。 用于表示委婉的語氣。 Did you wish to see me tomorrow? 你愿意明天來看我嗎?用于一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語常有:yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day in 1980 ,last year(night, Friday ,month ect.), in the 1990s ect.3)一般過去時(shí),現(xiàn)在時(shí)和完成時(shí)的幾組差異:Her brother was a chemist.(已去世)Her brother is a chemist.(尚健在)Thats all I had to say.(話已說完)Thats all I have to say.(言之未盡)It was so vice to see you (離別時(shí)用)It is so nice to see you (見面時(shí)用)Jane did a lot of work this morning.(已是當(dāng)天下午或晚上)Jane has done a lot of work this morning.(仍是上午)4一般將來時(shí) 1)一般將來時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀況,由助動(dòng)詞shall或will加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。Shall 用于第一人稱,will用于第二、三人稱。一般和表示時(shí)常、將來的時(shí)間狀語連用,如tomorrow, next month, next week等。如: He will graduate from the college next year.他明年從大學(xué)畢業(yè)。We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.我們將盡可能快地完成我們的工作。Ill go to see my grandmother next weekend. 下個(gè)周末,我要去看我的外祖母。 They will be moving to a new flat soon. 他們不久要搬入新房。2)將來時(shí)的其他結(jié)構(gòu):A. be going to do something. 打算做某事 Im going to buy a new coat this fall.“be going to”與 “will”的對(duì)比:Ill be sixteen years old next year.It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.When he comes, I will give him your message. B.be +to do sth. 表示計(jì)劃安排做某事或用來征求意見。Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate.C. be about to do sht. 即將做某事The talk is about to begin. 3)重點(diǎn)補(bǔ)充:be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事set out to do sth,. 著手做某事set about doing sth. .開始做某事二)動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)三種。動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。 1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“be的現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式(am/is/are)+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,主要用于以下幾方面。 1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如: They are having military training these days. 這些天,他們一直在軍訓(xùn)。 I am waiting for the bus. 我正在等公共汽車。 2)表示按計(jì)劃將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,通常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。如: My grandmother is coming to see me next week. 我奶奶下周要來看我。 Are going to the theater tonight? 你今晚去看戲劇嗎? 3)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí),如go , come , leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return ,join等表趨向性動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作。如: Shes coming tomorrow. 她明天來。 4)與always ,forever, continually, constantly等副詞連用,表示說話人帶有強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩:贊賞或厭惡He is always thinking of others. 他總是想著別人The boy is continually making noises.這男孩不斷發(fā)出吵鬧聲The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.老師一直在批評(píng)她遲到注意事項(xiàng) 有些表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動(dòng)等動(dòng)詞不可用于進(jìn)行時(shí),一般只用于一般時(shí)。 表示感覺的動(dòng)詞:see, hear, feel, notice, look, seem, appear, smell, taste; 表示感情的動(dòng)詞:hate, love, fear, want, wish, like, refuse, forgive, prefer; )表示思考和理解的動(dòng)詞:think, understand, know, believe, doubt, forget, remember; 表示存在狀況的動(dòng)詞:be, exist, stay, remain, obtain; 表示從屬與占有的動(dòng)詞:possess, own, have, contain, belong, consist of; 其它:owe, differ, form, resemble, apply to, 等等。注意:have a party/think about 可以用進(jìn)行時(shí),因?yàn)檫@里的”have” 意為“舉行”; “think “ 意為“考慮”。 2過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞“be的過去時(shí)形式(was/were)+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,其用法與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有相同之處,只是把動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間向前推移到過去某一 特定時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間之內(nèi)。 (1)表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如: I was reading a novel when you came in. (2)表示過去某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如: Tom was always calling me up. (3)指過去將來時(shí)間,常用于時(shí)間狀語分句和條件分句中。如: She asked me to say hello to her daughter in Singapore when I was visiting the city. (4)表示按計(jì)劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,通常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。如: He was attending the conference then. 3.將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的將來進(jìn)行時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞“will be+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,其用法與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有相同之處,只是把動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間向后推移到將來某一特定時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間之內(nèi)。 (1)表示將來某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如: I will be working in the department store next month. (2)表示原因、結(jié)果和可能。如: I wont be free tomorrow. Ill be seeing a friend off.(表示原因) If you dont come, we shall be wondering what has happened to you.(表示結(jié)果) She will be telling you about it this afternoon.(表示可能性) (3)在口語中表示預(yù)計(jì)將要發(fā)生或勢(shì)必要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如: Who will be taking over his job? (4)還可以表委婉語氣。如: If you will be wanting anything, just let me know. 三)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)三種。動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞have+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。借助于have的不同時(shí)態(tài)的形式,又可以構(gòu)成相應(yīng)的三種完成時(shí)。這三種完成時(shí)都表示在某一時(shí)間或某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前將要結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。 1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have (has) + 動(dòng)詞的-ed分詞”構(gòu)成,表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的情況或動(dòng)作,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,可能是已完成的動(dòng)作,也可表示多次動(dòng)作的總和,或習(xí)慣性的行為和持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作。如: I have cut my finger. 我割破了手。(結(jié)果:還在流血。) Ive always walked to school. 我一直步行去學(xué)校。(習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作) (2)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可以表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,但一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去,這時(shí)常常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。這類時(shí)間狀語有now, today, this week, just , lately, up to now, for和since引導(dǎo)的短語等等。如: I have studied English for four years. 我學(xué)英語已經(jīng)有四年了。 He has lived in Shanghai since 1992. 自從1992年以來他一直住在上海。 (3)在有yet, as yet, already, just, ever, never這類副詞作狀語的情況下,??捎矛F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如: Shes just gone. 她剛走。 (4)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用于將來的情況,即主語為一般將來時(shí),時(shí)間和條件從句中的謂語用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(而不能用將來完成時(shí))表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。如: We are going after weve had lunch. 吃過午飯后我們走。 2過去完成時(shí) (1)動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)只須把has / have改為had,同時(shí)把時(shí)間狀語向前推移到過去的某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間即可。在意義上,過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前,另一個(gè)動(dòng)作早已結(jié)束,它強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”的動(dòng)作。也可以用來表示在過去的時(shí)間內(nèi),兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的一 先一后,先完成的動(dòng)作用“過去完成時(shí)”,后一個(gè)動(dòng)作用“一般過去時(shí)”。 By the end of the month Jack had collected more than a hundred foreign stamps. 到這個(gè)月底,杰克已收集了一百多張外國(guó)郵票。 (2)在由if, if only, as if ,as though, Id rather, I wish等引出的從句中,表示與過去事態(tài)相反的主觀愿望或想法。 If the driver had been careful enough, all the passengers would have been safe now. (3)intend, mean, hope, assume, want, think, plan等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法。 I had assumed that you would not come here in this bad weather. 3將來完成時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的將來完成時(shí)只須把has / have改為will have,同時(shí)把時(shí)間狀語向前推移到將來的某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間即可,也可以由句中的一個(gè)將來時(shí)動(dòng)詞襯托出來。在意義上,將來完成時(shí)表示在將來某個(gè)日期或某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前,另一個(gè)動(dòng)作將要結(jié)束。它強(qiáng)調(diào)“將來的將來”的動(dòng)作。它也可以用來表示在將來的時(shí)間內(nèi),兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的一先一后。先完成的動(dòng)作用“將來完成時(shí)”,后一個(gè)動(dòng)作用“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”。 Theyll have hit the years target by the end of October. By next month I will have studied German for just two years. 四 )動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)實(shí)際上是進(jìn)行時(shí)的一種加強(qiáng)形式,表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作,其用法與進(jìn)行時(shí)也大致相同。 1現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have (has) + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,主要表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或離現(xiàn)在不遠(yuǎn)的時(shí)間里一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能仍然進(jìn)行,也可能停止了一會(huì)兒。如: She is ill. Shes been lying in the bed for two weeks. 她病了,已臥床兩個(gè)星期。(動(dòng)作會(huì)繼續(xù)下去) 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以用來表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)期反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情。如: Youve been saying that for five years. 這話你已經(jīng)說了有五年了。 2過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“had + been + V - ing”構(gòu)成,表示開始于過去的過去某一時(shí)刻但到過去某一時(shí)刻還在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。如: He told me he had been writing the paper for one month. 他告訴我他寫論文寫了一個(gè)月了。 過去完成時(shí)還可以表示開始于過去的過去某一時(shí)刻但到過去某一時(shí)刻剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。如: It had been snowing heavily, and the ground was covered with a thick layer of snow. 雪一直下得很大,地面有了厚厚的一層雪。 3將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來某時(shí)前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,是否繼續(xù)下去,要視上下文而定。如: I shall have been working here in this factory for eight years by the end of the year. 到今年年底,我將在這個(gè)工廠工作八年了。 五) 動(dòng)詞的將來時(shí) 1現(xiàn)在將來時(shí) 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀況,由助動(dòng)詞shall或will加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。Shall用于第一人稱,will用于第二、三人稱。在美國(guó),一般都用will,一般和next month, tomorrow, in a few days等。如: Theyll finish the job ahead of time. 他們將提前完成任務(wù)。 表示預(yù)料中要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如: They will be moving to a new flat soon. 他們不久要搬入新房。 2過去將來時(shí) 過去將來時(shí)由“should / would + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成,第一人稱用should,其他人稱用 would。在美國(guó),第一人稱也多用would。主要表示從過去某時(shí)看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或?qū)頃?huì)存在的狀態(tài),其常用在間接引語中。如: She said she would come back the next day. 他說他第二天回來。 過去將來時(shí)也可用來表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。在此種情況下,不管什么人稱,都用would。如: Every evening they would talk with the teacher. 每天晚上他們都和老師談天。 三 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)(Passive Voice)1概念 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)(voice)是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示主語和謂語之間語法或語義的關(guān)系,英語的語態(tài)有兩種:主動(dòng)語態(tài)(active voice)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(passive voice);當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),謂語的形式叫主動(dòng)語態(tài),主動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式與動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相同;當(dāng)句子的主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),謂語的形式叫被動(dòng)語態(tài),2構(gòu)成 “助動(dòng)詞be + 過去分詞”。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化,也可以構(gòu)成否定或疑問式。3用法 被動(dòng)語態(tài)常用于下列場(chǎng)合:如果我們注意的是行為對(duì)象(即強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者),則用被動(dòng)語態(tài),如:We speak English here. (主動(dòng)語態(tài))English is spoken here. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))當(dāng)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不容易說出,或者不需要說出或者根本不知道時(shí)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙起源問題大概永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)有答案。Work is done, when an object is lifted. 當(dāng)舉起一個(gè)物體時(shí),就做了功。論述科技內(nèi)容的文體需要強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性和科學(xué)性。如:Pollution should be done away with. 污染一定要消除。當(dāng)動(dòng)作的承受者比動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者更有必要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí),要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如:Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 大多數(shù)環(huán)境污染問題的存在,是因?yàn)檫^去沒有采取適當(dāng)?shù)念A(yù)防措施。Our roof was damaged in the last nights storm. 在昨夜的暴風(fēng)雨中我家的房頂遭到了破壞。在被動(dòng)句中,“by + 行為主體”說明什么人或什么東西做了某事。如:The window was broken by Tom. 窗戶被湯姆打破了。The window was broken by a stone. 窗子被一塊石頭打破了。行為主體也常與with連用,尤其是在crowded, filled, packed, killed等過去分詞之后。如:During the World Cup our streets were filled with football fans. 在舉行世界杯期間,我們街上擠滿了足球迷。The guard was killed with a high-powered rifle. 衛(wèi)兵被人用一支威力很大的步槍擊斃。4各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)及其他形式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(見下表)時(shí)態(tài)名稱被動(dòng)形式(以do為例)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am / is / are done一般過去時(shí)was / were done一般將來時(shí)will / shall be done過去將來時(shí)would be done現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / is / are being done過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were being done現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has been done過去完成時(shí)had been done情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can / may / must be done不定式 to be done; to have been done現(xiàn)在分詞 being done; having been done動(dòng)名詞 being done; having been done1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2)has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start. 3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) A new cinema is being built here 4) was/were done 一般過去時(shí) I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer. 5) had been done 過去完成時(shí) By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing. 6) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) A meeting was being held when I was there. 7) shall/will be done 一般將來時(shí) Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes. 8) should/would be done 過去將來時(shí) The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived. 9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(shí)(少用) The project will have been completed before July. 10) should/would have been done 過去將來完成時(shí)(少用) He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.應(yīng)注意: 被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常不用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)或各種完成進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)態(tài). 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“can (may, must, need等) + be + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成。 英語中有些動(dòng)詞短語是及物的,后面可以跟賓語,它們也可以使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),要注意不要遺漏了動(dòng)詞后面的副詞或介詞。如: The lights have been turned off. 燈已經(jīng)關(guān)了。 The children are well looked after in the kindergarten. 孩子們?cè)谟變簣@被照顧得不錯(cuò)。 英語中有些動(dòng)詞,在帶動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)必須省略不定式符號(hào)to(主動(dòng)句);但是在轉(zhuǎn)化為被動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),必須添加上to。這些動(dòng)詞有make, let, see, watch, help等。 5用主動(dòng)式表示被動(dòng)含義的幾種情況A用謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義a) 表示狀態(tài)特征的連系動(dòng)詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear + 形容詞 / 名詞構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如:The steel feels cold. 這塊鋼鐵摸起來涼。The plan proved practical. 這個(gè)計(jì)劃證明是實(shí)用的。b) 表示“開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)”的動(dòng)詞begin, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。如:Class begins. 上課!The shop closes at 6 every day. 這家商店每天6點(diǎn)關(guān)門。c) 表示主語的某種屬性特征的動(dòng)詞read, write, break, act, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, burn, drink等。當(dāng)它們被用作不及物動(dòng)詞來描述主語特征時(shí),常用其主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,主語通常是物。這類動(dòng)詞后一般加一個(gè)修飾性的狀語。如:The coat dries easily. 這上衣很容易干。The pen writes smoothly. 這支鋼筆寫起來滑順。Your speech reads well. 你的演說講得好。The recorder wont play. 這錄音機(jī)不轉(zhuǎn)。The engine wont start. 引擎發(fā)動(dòng)不起來。This knife cuts well. 這把刀子很快。注意:主動(dòng)語態(tài)表被動(dòng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語的特征,而被動(dòng)語態(tài)則強(qiáng)調(diào)外界作用造成的影響,試比較:The door wont lock(指門本身有毛?。㏕he door wont be locked (指不會(huì)有人來鎖門, 指“門沒有鎖”是人的原因)d) 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞(print, build, cook, fly, hang, build, make等)用于進(jìn)行時(shí),其主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。如:The textbooks are printing. 這些課本正在印刷中。The meat is cooking. 在煮肉。e)表示“發(fā)生、進(jìn)行”的不及物動(dòng)詞和短語,如:happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。例:How do the newspapers come out? 這些報(bào)紙是如何引出來的呢?B用非謂語動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義a) want, need, require作“需要”講時(shí),后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。如:The road needs / wants / requires repairing. 這條公路該修修了。b) 形容詞worth后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義。如:The book is well worth reading. 這本書很值得一讀。c) 在某些“形容詞不定式”做表語或賓語補(bǔ)足語的結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語或賓語又是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯賓語時(shí),這時(shí)常用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。這些形容詞有difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light, heavy, good, safe, dangerous等,這是因?yàn)槿藗兺J(rèn)為形容詞后面省去了for sb.。如:The book is difficult (for me) to understand. 這本書很難看明白。The boy is easy (for people) to get along with. 這男孩很容易相處。We found English difficult to learn. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)英語難學(xué)。d)動(dòng)詞不定式在名詞后面作定語,不定式和名詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí),又和句中另一名詞或代詞構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系, 不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)含義。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do與things是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,與I是主謂關(guān)系。)試比較:Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此處用不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)作定語表明you不是post動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。)e) 在“have sth. to do或give sb. sth. to do”的句式中,不定式作名詞的后置定語,既與被修飾的名詞構(gòu)成邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,又和句子的主語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:I have an important meeting to attend. 我有一個(gè)重要的會(huì)議要參加。I will give the children some good books to read. 我要給孩子們一些好書讀。f) 在there be句型中,當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式修飾名詞作定語時(shí),不定式用主動(dòng)式作定語,重點(diǎn)在人;用被動(dòng)形式作定語,重點(diǎn)在物。在口語中多用主動(dòng)形式。如:There is no time to lose(to be lost)(用 to lose可看成for us to lose;用to be lost,誰 lost time不明確。)There are many things to do / to be done. 有好多事情要做。g) 在be to do結(jié)構(gòu)中的一些不定式通常應(yīng)用主動(dòng)表主動(dòng), 被動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。然而,由于古英語的影響,下列動(dòng)詞rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:The car is to let. 汽車出租。The parents are to blame for the spoiled child. 對(duì)這個(gè)寵壞了孩子的父母該受責(zé)備。Who is to blame for starting the fire?誰對(duì)這場(chǎng)大火負(fù)責(zé)任。h) 在too to結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式前面可加邏輯主語,所以應(yīng)用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義. 例: This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.C介詞in, on, under等 + n. 構(gòu)成的介詞短語表示被動(dòng)含義。如:1). “under +名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),表示“某事在進(jìn)行中”。常見的有:under control(受控制), under treatment(在治療中), under repair(在修理中), under discussion(在討論中), under construction(在施工中)。 The building is under construction( is being constructed). 那座建筑正在建設(shè)中The question is under discussion. (= The question is being discussed.) 這個(gè)問題正在討論。 2)“beyond+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu),“出乎勝過、范圍、限度”。常見的有:beyond belief (令人難以置信), beyond ones reach(鞭長(zhǎng)莫及),beyond ones control(無法控制),beyond our hope 我們的成功始料不及。The rumour is beyond belief(=cant b

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