國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)英文版課后練習(xí)參考答案

練習(xí)參考答案Chapter 1流動(dòng)性過剩excess liquidity自給自足self-sufficient經(jīng)濟(jì)資源economic resources直接投資direct investment國際收支balance of payments易貨交易barter出口退稅export tax rebate傾銷dumping出口型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長export-driven economic growth東道國host country貿(mào)易差額balance of trade貿(mào)易順差貿(mào)易逆差favorable unfavorable balance of trade歐盟European Union國際收支順差國際收支逆差favorable unfavorable balance of payments有形貿(mào)易visible trade無形貿(mào)易invisible trade貨物貿(mào)易trade in goods服務(wù)貿(mào)易trade in servicesThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and thetrade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244 while exports to China have grown 221，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling 39.5 billion at the end of the year.1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In todays complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital） that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in aforeign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that： FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2關(guān)稅壁壘tariff barriers非關(guān)稅壁壘non-tariff barriers從量稅specific duties配額quota保護(hù)性關(guān)稅protective tariff市場失靈market failure幼稚產(chǎn)業(yè)infant industry許可證制度licensing system財(cái)政關(guān)稅revenue tariff政府采購government procurement貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義trade protectionism從價(jià)稅Ad valorem Duties最低限價(jià)floor price本地采購規(guī)則“buy local” rules增加內(nèi)需raise domestic demandDomestic content 國內(nèi)含量Red-tape barriers 進(jìn)口環(huán)節(jié)壁壘Export susidies 出口補(bǔ)貼Binding quota 綁定配額Absolute quotas 絕對(duì)配額VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 關(guān)稅配額Zero quota 零配額“Buy local” rules 本地采購原則1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保護(hù)主義是指蓄意使用或鼓勵(lì)進(jìn)口限制，以此使本國相對(duì)效率低的產(chǎn)品能成功地和外國產(chǎn)品競爭。2.If the Russians release their stocks of tin into the world market,the price of the metal will sink through the floor.一旦俄羅斯人將其持有的錫礦股票投放于國際市場之中，那么該市場中金屬的價(jià)格會(huì)跌破最低限價(jià)。3.Protective tariff means a duty or tax imposed on imported products for the purpose of making them more expensive in comparison to domestic producers,thereby giving the domestic products a price advantage.保護(hù)性關(guān)稅表示對(duì)進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收的關(guān)稅，旨在讓它們相比起本國商品更貴，從而使得本國商品具有價(jià)格優(yōu)勢(shì)。4.Types of tariffs include ad valorem,specific,variable,or compound.In the UnitedStates,the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods only.Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods,thus making them less competitive within the market of the importing country.After seven” Rounds ” of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade trade negotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions,tariffs are less important measures of protection than they used to be.關(guān)稅的種類包括從價(jià)稅，從量稅，可變稅與復(fù)合稅。在美國，只對(duì)進(jìn)口商品征稅。關(guān)稅抬高了進(jìn)口貨物的價(jià)格，從而使得它們?cè)谶M(jìn)口國商品市場競爭優(yōu)勢(shì)下降。繼關(guān)稅及貿(mào)易總協(xié)定七個(gè)回合主要關(guān)于降低稅價(jià)的貿(mào)易協(xié)定之后，稅收所起的保護(hù)作用日趨下降。1.Tariff is a duty collected by customs of a government on imports and or exports.2.A revenue tariff can be some of the incomes of a government,but it must be taken under control.3.To export goods at an unreasonably low price is taken as dumping which might be fought against by government of the importing country.4.A tariff may be assessed on a per unit basis,in which case it is known as a specific duty.It also may be assessed as a percentage of the value of the item,in which case it is knownas an ad valorem duty.5.Import tariffs primarily serve as a means of raising the price of the import goods so that competitively produced domestic goods will gain a relative price advantage.Chapter3APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operationFTAAP Free Trade Agreement of Asia and the PacificEU European UnionNAFTA North American Free Trade AgreementMERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Cono Sur Southern Common MarketASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsEFTA European Free Trade AreaAFTA ASEAN Free Trade AreaPTAs Preferential Trade agreementsTrade bloc 貿(mào)易集團(tuán)Trade block 貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)封鎖Open regionalism 開放式區(qū)域主義Free trade area 自由貿(mào)易區(qū)Customs union 關(guān)稅聯(lián)盟Common market 共同市場Economic union 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟Trade embargoes 貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)Boycotts 抵制歧視性關(guān)稅discriminatory tariffs經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁economic sanction貿(mào)易彈性trade elasticity雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定bilateral trade agreements多邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定multilateral trade agreements最惠國most favored nationChapter 4GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeHOD Heads of DelegationsTRIPs Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsGATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesTRIMs Trade Related Investment MeasuresMFN Most Favored Nations惠國Patronage nations受惠國Favored nations締約國Contracting Parties市場準(zhǔn)入market access透明度transparency緊急進(jìn)口措施Urgent Importing Measures爭端解決機(jī)制dispute settlement mechanism可持續(xù)發(fā)展sustainable development特許經(jīng)營franchise1.Until now WTO has already had 150 members and its trade volume covers 90 of the total trade volume in the whole world.2.Topmost of WTO is the Ministerial Conference which has to meet at least once every two years.Under the Ministerial Conference is the General Council that has to meet at Geneva regularly.3.The WTO Secretariat,which offices only in Geneva,Swizerland,has around 550 regular staff and is headed by a Director-General.Since decisions are made by Members only,the Secretariat has no decision-making powers as the other international institutions.4.The Secretariat provides some form of legal assistance in the dispute settlement process and advises governments wishing to become Members of the WTO.Chapter5 FOB 班輪條件 FOB liner term清關(guān) customs clearanceFOB 吊鉤下交貨 FOB Under Tackle平艙 trim多式聯(lián)運(yùn) multimodal transport船舷 shipboard內(nèi)陸水運(yùn) marine navigation on inland waterway理艙 stow卸貨費(fèi) discharge expense投保 cover insuranceCFR 卸至岸上（含著陸費(fèi)） CFR Landed班輪 liner單據(jù)買賣 documentary salesCFR 艙底交貨 CFR Ex-ships HoldCFR 班輪條件 CFR liner terms象征性交貨 symbolic delivery.Under CFR,buyer should effect insurance.Under CIF Ex-Ships Hold,seller should pay the discharge charges.Under CIF,the insured amount should be US 22000 if the contracted price is US20000.Under CIP,seller has to procure insurance against the buyers risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage.The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.The DEQ term requires the buyer to proceed with the customs clearance for imports and payment of all customs duty.Under DDP,the seller must pay the costs of customs duties as well as all duties,taxes and other official charges payable upon exportation and importation of the goods.Under DDU the seller must give the buyer instant notice of the shipping of the goods as well as any other notice required in order to allow the buyer to take measure.The price quoted includes commission on FOB basis.該報(bào)價(jià)為FOB 的價(jià)格并含的傭金。.Under CPT,CIP,“carrier” means any person who,in a contract of carriage,undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport,by rail,road,air,sea,inland waterway or by a combination of such modes.在CPT、CIP 項(xiàng)下，“承運(yùn)人”指在貨物運(yùn)輸合同中承諾通過鐵路、公路、航空、海運(yùn)、內(nèi)河水運(yùn)或多式運(yùn)輸?shù)确绞酵瓿韶浳镞\(yùn)輸?shù)娜恕?Under FCA,the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place.If delivery occurs at the sellers premise,the seller is responsible for loading.If delivery occurs at any other place,the seller is not responsible for unloading.在FCA 項(xiàng)下，交貨地的選擇對(duì)貨物的裝船與卸載責(zé)任有影響。如果交貨地基于賣方，賣方有裝載責(zé)任。如果交貨地在其它地方，賣方對(duì)卸載沒有責(zé)任。.Under FOB，the seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyerAnd the buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ships rail at the named port of shipment在FOB 項(xiàng)下，賣方必須在約定的日期或期限內(nèi)，在指定的裝運(yùn)港，按照該港習(xí)慣方式，將貨物交至買方指定的船只上。買方必須自貨物在指定的裝運(yùn)港越過船舷之刻起承當(dāng)貨物滅失或損壞的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。EXWFCAFASFOBCFRCIFCPTCIPDESDEQDDPDo the terms of delivery include production costs and profits？YYYYYYYYYYYIs export packing includedYYYYYYYYYYYDoes the quoted price include transport to docks or airport in home country of export？NYYYYYYYYYYDoes the exporter pay marine insurance in the contract？NNNNNYNYNNNIs the exporter responsible for all charges up to final destination？NNNNYYYYYYYDoes the exporter have to pay charges of shipping documents？NYYYYYYYYYYDoes the shipper pay ocean freight chargesNNNNYYYYYYY A.c；.d；.a；.c；.c；.c；.d；.b；.d；.cB.a；.ab；.abcdf；.abc；.aefChapter 6.Sales by SellersBuyers Sample憑賣方樣品買賣憑買方樣品買賣.Reference Duplicate Sample 基準(zhǔn)樣品副樣.Qulity Tolerance 品質(zhì)公差.Counter Sample 對(duì)等樣品.More or Less Clauses 溢短裝條款.Neutral Packing 中性包裝.Customs Formality 報(bào)關(guān)手續(xù).Inspection Certificate of Quality 質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)證書.FDA 食品及藥物管理局.Marking of Goods 標(biāo)記貨物.毛重gross weight.理論重量theoretical weight.凈重net weight.約定皮重computed tare.公量conditioned weight.單位重量unit weight.含水量water capacity.習(xí)慣皮重customary tare.法定重量legal weight.實(shí)際皮重actual tare.從價(jià)稅ad valorem duty.平均皮重average tare.貨樣不符goods not equal to the sample.副產(chǎn)品by-products.國家質(zhì)量監(jiān)督校驗(yàn)檢疫總局General Administration of Quality Supervision，Inspection and Quarantine of the Peoples Republic of China（B） mineral ore A.sample（C） ordinary garments B.manual（D） fish C.F.A.Q（E） Haier washing machines D.G.M.Q（G） medical apparatus E.famous brand（A） wheat F.specification（H） calligraphic works G.inspection（F） power plant generator H.drawing or diagram.The quality and price of commodities should be taken into consideration in choosing the packing material and package designing.A topper,matched with the superior-grade packing,speaks itself for its high quality and preciousness.It will extremely increase the cost of the goods to pack the medium-low quality with the high quality material,and therefore,influence its sale.It will effect its marketing of the goods to doggedly strive for thrift in a way to pack the superior quality with the low quality material.We should take not only the quality and appearance of the goods into consideration,but also the customerstaste and preference.We must improve the quality of the export goods so as to strengthen its competitiveness in the international market.Chapter 7油輪Oil tanker定程租船Voyage Charter滾裝船Ro Ro vessel定期租船Time Charter載駁輪LASH（Light Aboard Ship）光船租船Bare Boat Charter（BBC）船期表sailing schedule租船合同charter contract滯期費(fèi)demurrage charge班輪運(yùn)價(jià)表liner freight rate schedule速遣費(fèi)dispatch money選卸附加費(fèi)optional additional直航附加費(fèi)direct additional轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)transshipment surcharge港口擁擠附加費(fèi)Port Congestion Surcharge運(yùn)輸代理transpotation agent包裹package拼箱貨LCL（Less than container load）結(jié)匯settlement整箱貨FCL（Full container load）空運(yùn)單Air waybill集裝箱貨運(yùn)站container yard裝運(yùn)通知shipping notice處置權(quán)right of disposalPartial shipment transshipment 分批裝船轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)Bill of lading 提單Clean B L 清潔提單Order B L 指示提單Combined transport B L 聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸提單Blank BL 空白提單Straight BL 記名提單Through B L 聯(lián)運(yùn)提單Liner BL 班輪提單Ante-dated B L 倒簽提單Advanced BL 預(yù)借提單Consignment note 陸運(yùn)或鐵路運(yùn)輸通知Blank endorsement 空白背書IATA 國際航空運(yùn)輸協(xié)會(huì)Combined transport documents 多式聯(lián)運(yùn)單據(jù)FCL LCL 整箱交拆箱接.delayadvance.acceptedunaccpted.把“or without”去掉.海運(yùn)提單上列出了承運(yùn)人和托運(yùn)人之間的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。.班輪公司通常把航海時(shí)間表登載在報(bào)紙上或者分發(fā)給托運(yùn)人。.在多式聯(lián)運(yùn)提單上，卸貨港應(yīng)該是提單許可的中轉(zhuǎn)碼頭。.集裝箱收費(fèi)是多種多樣的。例如附加費(fèi)，總費(fèi)率的確定是基本費(fèi)率加上附加費(fèi)率。.集裝箱的好處在于： 方便處理貨物，減少盜竊，減少暴露，節(jié)約裝船成本。.Transport documents which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey,provided they indicate the same destination,will not be regarded as covering partial shipment,even if the transport documents indicate different dates of shipment and or different ports of loading,places of taking in charge,or dispatch.Clean transport document is one which bears no clause or notation which expressly declares a defective condition of the goods and or the packaging.Neither the carrier nor the shipper shall be responsible in any event for loss or damage to,or in connection with,goods if the nature or value thereof has been knowingly misstated by the shipper in the Bill of lading.Where the performance of the carriage or part thereof has been entrusted to an actual carrier,whether or not in pursuance of a liberty under the contract of carriage by sea to do so,the carrier nevertheless remains responsible for the entire carriage.The carrier is responsible,in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier,for the acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of his servants and agents acting within the scope of their employment.Chapter 8投保人insured共同海損general average投保金額insured amount外來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)extraneous risks保險(xiǎn)單insurance policy推定全損constructive average海上風(fēng)險(xiǎn)marine risks施救費(fèi)用salvage charges救助費(fèi)用sue and labor expenses意外事故misfortune承保人insurer單獨(dú)海損particular average保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)insurance premium航空運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)air transportation war risk陸運(yùn)險(xiǎn)land transportation risks陸運(yùn)一切險(xiǎn)land transportation all risks估損費(fèi)用risk estimation charges航空運(yùn)輸一切險(xiǎn)air transportation all risksOcean marine insurance 海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)War risks 戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)Basic risks coverage 基本險(xiǎn)種Insured amount 投保金額T.P.N.D 偷盜、失竊、提貨不著險(xiǎn)Taint of ordr 竄味險(xiǎn)Overland transportation insurance 陸上運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)Parcel post insurance 郵寄包裹保險(xiǎn)Free from particular average 平安險(xiǎn)Additional risks coverage 附加險(xiǎn)別Fresh water and or rain damage 淡水雨淋險(xiǎn)With particular average 水漬險(xiǎn).Special additional coverage such as war risks,strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA,WPA.（and all risks）.In essence,open policy is （not） the same as the insurance certificate.Three（two） types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance,namely the perils of sea,the extraneous risks （去掉and the force majeure）.Ocean marine insurance covers two types of losses,partial loss and total loss perils of sea and extraneous risks.Exposed to many risks in the process of transporting and loading and unloading,export goods face the possibility of loss.Supposed that the goods is put on deck instead of in the cabin where it should be according to the clause stipulated in the insurance contract,insurer has the right to against any possible claims lodged by the insured.Cabin coverage includes the risk of falling into ocean only,and excludes the risks of fresh water,rain and soak.Export credit insurance is a kind of credit insurances.The insured should deliver the goods to the carrier by the agreed way before the maturity of insurance.Initial value assurance is settled by the seller normally,whereas increased value assurance is bought by the buyer.If the insured cannot get the whole or partial payment due to the commercial credit or political risks,the insurer should pay the indemnity.Marine insurance policy is the part of the Bill of Lading.Insurer is the marine insurance company.從廣義上來講，海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)的可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)包括貨物在海上運(yùn)輸中可能的損失和損壞。.戰(zhàn)爭條款是保單中的一項(xiàng)條款，用以保因戰(zhàn)爭引起損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。.保險(xiǎn)應(yīng)包括水漬險(xiǎn)、偷盜失竊及提貨不著險(xiǎn)和戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)。保險(xiǎn)金額為CIF 價(jià)的110。如果發(fā)生賠付，賠付地為紐約，賠付款以美元計(jì)價(jià)。.倉至倉保險(xiǎn)所承保的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)包括從貨物因運(yùn)輸目的而離開倉庫起經(jīng)運(yùn)輸期間以及到達(dá)目的地倉庫（或者到期日前 天）為止，這段時(shí)間內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。.如果保險(xiǎn)人所投保的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)發(fā)生以至產(chǎn)生實(shí)際損失，托運(yùn)人應(yīng)該向保險(xiǎn)人出示單證以取得賠償。Chapter 9Cost structure成本構(gòu)成Cost of production 生產(chǎn)成本Profit margin 邊際利潤Selling cost 銷售成本Target costing 目標(biāo)成本法Everyday low pricing （EDLP） 每日低價(jià)Total fixed cost 總固定成本Variable cost 變動(dòng)成本Skimming price strategy 撇脂定價(jià)戰(zhàn)略Penetration s