2014職稱英語(衛(wèi)生類A)

Good or Bad?Saccharin(糖精) is the only truly man-made sweetener. It was discovered by accident 100 years ago in an experiment with coal tar(煤焦油). In the experiment, a scientist got some substance (which later he knew was saccharin) on his finger. “Later, at dinner, he put his finger into his mouth and noticed the sweet taste,” says Eric Walters, professor of biochemistry at the Chicago Medical School.Containing no calories, saccharin is not absorbed by the human body. It began to be disliked by people during the late 1970s and early 1980s when one set of studies showed that it caused cancer in laboratory animals. According to Walters, it is not fair to saccharin because the studies were not perfect.More recent testing with other animals with small amounts of saccharin has not repeated the same results. Even with these experimental results, saccharin labels are still required to carry a warning saying it has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. In 1990, saccharin was allowed to be sold in the market again.Because it is hundreds of times sweeter than table sugar, only a small amount of saccharin is used at home, in restaurants or in the food-making industry.Another sweetener we commonly use is aspartame(甜味劑). It is not so sweet as saccharin, but much sweeter than table sugar. Unlike saccharin, however, aspartame can be absorbed into the body. It contains 4 calories per gram, the same as table sugar. But aspartame is 180 times sweeter than sugar.Although aspartame is found in thousands of products, its safety, like saccharin, has still been uncertain. Nevertheless, people allow its use in all foods and drinks.“In my opinion, aspartame is as safe as sugarbut then there are those who think white sugar is dangerous,” says Walters. “Between aspartame and saccharin, I would pick aspartame. But at normal use levels, I think saccharin is safe too.”1. When talking about saccharin and aspartame, Eric Walters most probably thinks that aspartame is safer than saccharin.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A2. After doing many experiments, Walters finally found saccharin at dinner.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B3. Aspartame is sweeter than saccharin when in hot drinks.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: C4. Because saccharin was reported to have caused cancer in lab animals, it got a bad name.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A5. Saccharin and aspartame are quite safe at normal use levels, but cause cancer in rats.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B6. Saccharin can be absorbed into the body but has no calories.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B7. White sugar is considered dangerous if taken in excess.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: CLearning DisorderDyslexiaAs many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some form of the learning disorder called dyslexia.Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not a disease. They say that persons with dyslexia use information in a different way. One of the worlds great thinkers and scientists Albert Einstein was dyslexic. Einstein said that he never thought in words the way that most people do. He said that he thought in pictures instead. The American inventor Thomas Edison was also dyslexic. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago. Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled. The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different. In most people, the left side of the brainthe part that controls languageis larger than the right side. In persons with dyslexia, the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not sure what causes this difference. However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in persons who are left-handed. No one knows the cause of dyslexia, but some scientists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a babys body long before it is born. They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dyslexia Dyslexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching help. After they have solved their problems with language, they often show themselves to be especially intelligent or creative.1.One out of five American children suffers from dyslexia.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A2. Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: C3. The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a century ago. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A4. The left side of the brain in a dyslexic person is bigger than the right side. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B5. Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in lefthanded males than in righthanded females. A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A6. It is believed that dyslexia is related to the bad habits of a babys mother.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: C7. Dyslexic people often turn out to be intelligent or creative once they have learned to handle language properly.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: AThe Fat Problem that Men FaceIt is a pleasure to see men of a certain age worrying about their weight. Listening to them is not such a pleasure. Because the men are new at the game, they dont hesitate to discuss the fat problem incessantly. However women of the same age do not discuss the fat problem, especially not in mixed company. They prefer to face the problem with quiet dignity. Discussing the problem might only draw attention to some stray body part that may be successfully tucked away under an article of clothing.The age at which a man begins to explore the fat problem can vary. The actual problem can manifest itself in the early 30s, but broad-range discussion usually starts later. There are early nonverbal symptoms. Ive watched the rugged journalist who shares my apartment sneak by with a Diet Coke. His shirts are no longer neatly tucked in to display a trim waist. Recently he has begun to verbalize his anxiety. He tells me, with a sheepish grin, that he is taking his suits to Chinatown to have them “tailored”.Still-older men have lost their dignity and rattle on unabashedly. Often wives and children play important roles in their fat-inspection rituals. Take my oldest brother, a former college football player. His daughter says that several times a day he will stand at attention and call out, “Fat, medium or thin?” She knows the correct answer:medium. Thin would be an obvious stretch, and fat may not get her that new video. According to his wife, he stands in front of the mirror in the morning(before the days meals take their toll), puts his hands behind his head and lurches into a side bend, then clutches the roll that has developed and says, “am I getting fatter?”His wife is expected to answer, “you look like you may have lost a few pounds”.職稱英語考試And then there are the ex-husbands a pitiful group. They are extremely vocal. When I go to the movies with one, he confides that he is suffering from great hunger because he is dieting. He hasnt eaten since the pancakes and sausages he wolfed down that morning. He pauses in his monologue while he buys his popcorn. After the movie, we sprint to a restaurant, where he again pauses to devour a basket of bread. Before he orders his chaste salad and soup, he grows plaintive. Do I think hes fat?1. Men of a certain age are always ready to talk about their fat problem.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A2. Women of a certain age do not discuss the fat problem, especially in the presence of men.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A3. Men usually begin to worry about their weight when they are nearly 40.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B4. The journalist used to drink Diet Coke and tuck his shirts in order to keep trim.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B5. Men older than the journalist never hesitate to talk about their fat problem yet would be displeased if their family members tell them the truth.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A6. My oldest brothers daughter would not tell her father he is fat because she loves him so much that she cannot bear to upset him.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B7. The ex-husbands are pitiful because they have got no wives to sympathize with their fat problem.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: CFactors Influencing MarriageThe common view in social science of love relationships is not that opposites attract each other but that like attracts like. People fall in love with others who share their interests and tastes and whose personalities are similar. Hill, Rubin, and Peplau (176) found only slight support for this view. On a great many characteristics, couples were not alike. On others, couples were only somewhat alike. Couples did tend to be about the same age, to be equally good-looking, to have similar IQ scores, to be of the same religion, and to want the same number of children. But on each of these things, quite a few couples differed from one another. In fact, on only one question did most agree on:whether they were “in love”.The early interviews failed to find that being alike was very important in bringing couples together. The follow up interviews found that similarities were much more important in keeping couples together. Those who were together after two years were much more closely matched than couples who broke up, especially in terms of age, IQ, college plans, and looks. Thus, couples were much more likely to break up if one person was a lot smarter, better looking, or older. It is easy to imagine why these differences would matter. If one person is much smarter or more mature than the other, this could cause conflicts. If one person is much better looking, he or she will have more chances for other relationships.Yet other things that would seem as important turned out not to matter. Those who stayed together differed not at all from those who broke up in how alike they were on religion, sex role ideas, beliefs about sex, idealism, or the number of children they wanted. Surely, one might suppose that marked differences in sex role attitudes could cause friction or that religious differences might lead to breakups. But there was no evidence of this.In fact, conflict was not one of the main reasons people gave for breaking up. Most said they broke up because they got bored with the other person. Often this caused one of the pair to become interested in someone else, thus prompting the split. Perhaps surprisingly, the woman got involved with someone else far more often than the man. Also, women were much more likely to suggest a breakup than men, regardless of the grounds. However, people were more likely to remain friends after the breakup if the man asked for the split. This suggests that the male ego is more sensitive to rejection.1. Most couples are about the same age, to be equally goodlooking, to have similar IQ scores and so on.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A2. Similarities within couples were most important in keeping couples together.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A3. In a marriage, conflicts are often caused by the diversity of intelligence.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A4. The religious differences are usually a big reason for breakups.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B5. When one of the pair becomes interested in someone else, the marriage is most likely to break up.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B6. If a couple divorce without much conflict, they are more likely to remain friends after the breakup.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: C7. Most people hold the view not that opposites attract each other but that like attracts like.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: BFood and HealthThe food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon (結(jié)腸).Different cultures are more likely to develop certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates (硝酸鹽) commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, accused cancer. Yet, these additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin(青霉素) to beef and poultry(家禽)，and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows, Sometimes similar dugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons, The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.1. As a result of scientific intervention (介入)，some harmful substances have been added to our food.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A2. Nitrates are usually used for keeping the smell of food.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B3. “FDA”means Food and Drug Administration.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A4. All the drugs given to the living animals are for the health of the living animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B5. Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: C6. The FDA has tried to control the process of food.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B7. Eighty percent of all animal illnesses are related to food.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: CThe Origin of the Air MailAt Blackpool Holt Thomas and Graham White agreed to make a practical experiment in carrying mails by aeroplane.The idea,as it was first worked out,was for the aeroplane to fly from Blackpool airport across to Southport airport,and for the mails to be taken over by the Post Office there.But the programme had to be changed owing to a series of high winds.What happened in the end was that Graham White took a mail bag in his plane ,and made a flight with it across country for a distance of about seven miles,returning to the airport.This experiment gave Graham White the honour of being the first airman in England to carry a bag of mail across country in an aeroplane.Letters and postcards which were carried in this test,and which had a special stamp recording the fact,soon became much sought after by collectors.The second and more important experiment in British air mail transport took place in September 1911,and was the first of its kind in this country to obtain the official permission of the Postmaster general.It was indeed one of the historical events in our airmail development.In this case as many as 130,000 letter and postcards were carried by aeroplane between London and Windsor.One of the airmen engaged in this pioneer service was the famous Gustav Hamel,flying a monoplane.I remember going out one afternoon to see him start off with one of the bags of mail.It was an extremely bad day for flying ,and just before the time due for the start,the wind was blowing at nearly 50 miles an hour.None of the other pilots would have thought of going up,but Hamelone of the finest of all pilots of the British monoplanewas not to be stopped.He jumped into his machine and fairly shot off the ground .The monoplane,so long as it was near the earth,was thrown about like a small boat on an angry sea.But Hamel gave a splendid exhibition of airmanship;as soon as he reached a great height,conditions became much steadier ,and her finished his journey without accident.This was an early demonstration that an airplane was more than a fine weather machine,and that it could fight its way successfully through violent winds.This fact impressed the postal authorities a good deal,and helped those who believed that the airplane had a great commercial future.1. Holt Thomas and Graham White were the first airmen to carry the airmail in England.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B2. Graham White carried in the aeroplane letters and postcards that later became special collections.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A3. It was after much discussion that the Postmastergeneral approved the second airmail transport.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: C4. The writer described Hamel as the best pilot but criticized his assistant for his carelessness in the flight.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B5. It was an unfavorable weather for flying an aeroplane but Hamel displayed excellent airmanship and succeeded in the second air mail flight.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: A6. The writer must be about 80 years old.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正確的答案是: B7. The postal authorities helped in developing th