英語(yǔ)分隔結(jié)構(gòu)小札.doc

英語(yǔ)分隔結(jié)構(gòu)教學(xué)小札-西蕭浪軒英語(yǔ)句子的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)（Split Structure）是英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序的獨(dú)特現(xiàn)象之一。按照一般語(yǔ)序規(guī)則，語(yǔ)法關(guān)系密切的兩個(gè)成分應(yīng)該緊挨在一起，如定語(yǔ)與被修飾的詞，主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)，等等，但在實(shí)際行文中，為了使句子的結(jié)構(gòu)保持平衡，以避免頭重腳輕，或?yàn)榱耸拐Z(yǔ)義保持嚴(yán)密，防止產(chǎn)生歧義，往往打破這種語(yǔ)序的規(guī)則，在本應(yīng)緊挨在一起的兩個(gè)成分之間插入其他成分，這就形成本文要討論的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)尤其在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中頻繁出現(xiàn)。例如：（1）I am afraid there is nothing else in the world that I can talk about.句中定語(yǔ)從句that I can talk about 是修飾nothing else的，它與先行詞之間被in the world 分隔。如果按常規(guī)，把that從句理解成修飾它前面的名詞the world就會(huì)產(chǎn)生文句上的混亂?，F(xiàn)擬英語(yǔ)句式分隔結(jié)構(gòu)主要幾種情況，作一概述：1定語(yǔ)與被修飾詞之間的分隔 這類分隔結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)較多，容易產(chǎn)生理解上的困難。被分隔的定語(yǔ)可能是介詞短語(yǔ)，從句，不定式短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)等。 （2）In the first two chapters a short sketch will be given of the origins and evolution of diplomatic practice and theory.(介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，被謂語(yǔ)分隔) （3）I fell thatthe day is coming when the telegraph wire will be laid on to house just like water or gas, and friends will talk with each other without leaving home.(從句作定語(yǔ),被謂語(yǔ)分隔) (4)Ask any lady in London society that has daughter, and shell tell you the same. (定語(yǔ)從句被介詞短語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)分隔) （5）I feel that . day is coming when the telegraph wire will be laid on to house just like water or gas, and friends will talk with each other without leaving home.(從句作定語(yǔ)，被謂語(yǔ)分隔)。（6）Was there anybody there that/who applauded him? (定語(yǔ)從句被狀語(yǔ)分隔)（7）But if basic discussion can go on based on concrete practice, then the worlds progressive forces have much to gain. (過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，被謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分隔)從上述各定語(yǔ)與被修飾詞形成分隔結(jié)構(gòu)的例句中，我們可以看到，造成定語(yǔ)和它修飾詞分隔的原因有主要有兩點(diǎn)：A）被修飾的詞（主語(yǔ)）有較長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)，句子的謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，后面沒(méi)有或僅有很短的狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)定語(yǔ)移到句末，平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，如例（2），（4）。但是這種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)若變成主動(dòng)，分隔結(jié)構(gòu)便自然消除，例如（2），可以轉(zhuǎn)變成：In the first two chapters I will give a short sketch of the origins and evolution of diplomatic practice and theory. 或被修飾的詞（主語(yǔ)）的定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)，句子的謂語(yǔ)是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面沒(méi)有或僅有很短的狀語(yǔ)，如例（5），（7）。 B）被修飾的詞（主語(yǔ)或其他成分）和后面接的成分在意義上結(jié)合緊密，不宜分開(kāi)，定語(yǔ)只能往上移，如例（1），（5），（6），有時(shí)若把被修飾詞和后接的成分分開(kāi)，會(huì)造成意義上的差別，如果把例（4）改為 Ask any lady that has daughter in London society; and shell tell you the same. 這時(shí)，in London society 就可以理解為修飾daughter的了。2同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間的分隔同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間的分隔同定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間的分隔相似，也是為了平衡句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和嚴(yán)瑾句子意義。（8）The objection is bound to be raised that such a conception is ate compile travesty of the whole idea of philosophy.（同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間被謂語(yǔ)分隔）（9）The prayer that has been mine for twenty years, that I might be permitted in some way or at some time to relieve human suffering, has been granted.（同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞之間被定語(yǔ)從句分隔）3主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的分隔謂語(yǔ)的位置一般都緊接主語(yǔ)之后，但有時(shí)在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間會(huì)插進(jìn)其他成分，將它們彼此分隔。插進(jìn)的成分有進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)，修飾謂語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)，以及各種插入語(yǔ)。(10) Most of the characteristics which are often thought to throw doubt on its legal character, are familiar features of early systoms, (主謂之間被定語(yǔ)從句分隔)(11) The paper, published here, denounced the aggressors for their massacre of the inocent people.(主謂之間被分詞短語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)分隔)(12) The knowledge, even if apparently sound, touches only the very surface of all phenomena.（主謂之間被讓步狀語(yǔ)從句分隔）(13) The nucleus, on the other hand, is very heavy compared with the electrons.(主謂之間被插入語(yǔ)分隔)4、謂語(yǔ)兩個(gè)組成部分之間的分隔當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，常常會(huì)在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞與主要?jiǎng)釉~之間加入狀語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)，使謂語(yǔ)兩個(gè)組成部分之間形成分隔。(14) But this is a misleading and inadequate analysis even of the law of a modern state, it cannot, for instance, unless we distort the facts so as to fit them into the definition, account for the existence of the English Common law.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞cannot 和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞account之間插進(jìn)了插入語(yǔ) for instance和狀語(yǔ)從句 unless we distort the facts5、聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞與表語(yǔ)、之間的分隔聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞與其后的表語(yǔ)之間也可能加入狀語(yǔ)或插入語(yǔ)，形成兩者的分隔。(15)The language of the ancient Egyptians was for long a puzzle to the Egyptologist and no one was able to understand the inscriptions found on ancient Egyptian stones.(16) At that time learned men were puzzled about electricity. They wondered whether it was in some way like the lightning in a thunderstorm.例(15)和(16)都是由作狀語(yǔ)的介語(yǔ)將聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞與表語(yǔ)分開(kāi)，中間沒(méi)有用逗號(hào)，所以在理解句子時(shí)，有必要正確找出與聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的表語(yǔ)。6.及物動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間的分隔按照一般的語(yǔ)序，作謂語(yǔ)的及物動(dòng)詞后面應(yīng)該緊跟賓語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)可能被修飾謂語(yǔ)的狀語(yǔ)將它們分隔，有時(shí)甚至把賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)提到賓語(yǔ)前面，造成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)之間的分隔。這都是因?yàn)橘e語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)而造成的。(17)They said interest shall be divided into 5 parts and distributed as followsone part to the person who shall have produced within the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency. （動(dòng)賓之間加入了狀語(yǔ)）(18)They might agree in calling “primitive” those uses of language that concern greetings, grumbles and commands, but they world probably insist. (賓補(bǔ) “primitive” 前置)7. 動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞與介詞固定搭配之間的分隔許多動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞可以和介詞組成固定搭配，如動(dòng)詞 inquire about詢問(wèn)、探問(wèn)； inquire after問(wèn)起(某人)的健康或生活情況； inquire for詢購(gòu)(店中的貨物等)，要同(某人)談?wù)劊?inquire into調(diào)查或查問(wèn)(事情、原因等)；inquire of向(某人)了解情況。抽象名詞 an influence on影響；ones dependence on依靠；an inquiry into調(diào)查。形容詞 be dependent on依靠； be good at擅長(zhǎng)于； be interested in對(duì)感興趣，等等。在這類動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞與介詞之間常常會(huì)加入其他成分，造成固定搭配的分隔。(19) On this view, the language which different people seem to share consists, as it were, of flesh and bones. (插入語(yǔ)分隔了動(dòng)詞consists和介詞of )(20) The molecules of the gas meet with much more resistance from the closely packed water molecules to their free movement. (定語(yǔ)分隔了名詞resistance和介詞to)(21）However different the table that he perceives may be from the table that I perceive, he agrees with me in saying of certain things that they are tables and of others that they are not. （句子倒裝造成形容詞different和介詞from的分隔）。8、不定式符號(hào)to與動(dòng)詞原型之間的分隔 不定式符號(hào)to和動(dòng)詞原型一般應(yīng)該緊密相連，修飾動(dòng)詞的副詞要放在動(dòng)詞之后。但為了避免修飾詞的位置不當(dāng)而產(chǎn)生歧義或?yàn)榱耸咕渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，加強(qiáng)連接意義，人們?cè)趯?shí)際行文時(shí)，把修飾或連接動(dòng)詞原型的詞語(yǔ)放在不定式符號(hào)與動(dòng)詞原型之間，于是形成兩者的分隔。(22)The children seem to especially enjoy interesting stories. （插入狀語(yǔ)）(23)It was evident that he purposed to both charm and astonish me by his appearance. （插入關(guān)聯(lián)詞） (24)New emissaries are trained with new tactics, to, if possible, entrap him and hoodwink and handcuff him. （加入插入語(yǔ)） 這里需要指出的是，例(22)中的副詞especially把to與動(dòng)詞原形enjoy分隔，這種分隔避免了句子產(chǎn)生歧義。如果按照正常語(yǔ)序把該句改成：The children seem to enjoy especially interesting stories. 這句話就有歧義理解，一種是“孩子們看來(lái)特別喜歡有趣的故事”，especially修飾enjoy，另一種是“孩子們看來(lái)喜歡特別有趣的故事”，especially修飾interesting。9、其它形式的分隔結(jié)構(gòu) 以形式主語(yǔ)it構(gòu)成的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)與真正主語(yǔ)之間的分隔(25)It is thus ess