綜合英語6課文翻譯(1-7).doc

Unit1TechnologyinReverseLetmeintroduceyouretardedtechnology.Itstheoppositeofadvancedtechnology.Advancedtechnologyenablesustodousefulnewthingsortodooldthingsmoreefficiently.Bycontrast,retardedtechnologycreatesnewandexpensivewaysofdoingthingsthatwereoncedonesimplyandinexpensively.Worse,itencouragesustodothingsthatdontneeddoingatall.Ithasmadewasterespectable,elaboratealluringandevenfun.1.讓我給你介紹落后科技。它是先進科技的對立面。先進的科技讓我們更有效地利用新事物或是舊事物。相反，落后科技則會使那些本來簡單快捷的做事方式變成新和浪費。更糟糕的是，它會鼓勵我們做那些不需要的事，使浪費變得可敬，值得做，誘人，甚至是有趣。Justtheotherweek,NEWSWEEKreportedaboominelectronicbooks.Theideaistoputbooksontodiscsthatyoucanplugintoyourcustomizedbook-displayingcomputer.Heresaswellideaofretardedtechnology.Ontheonehand,youcanbuya$900or$9,000book-readingcomputerthatyoucanfeedwith$20discsofyourfavoritebooks.Itscumbersome.Ifyoutakeittothebeach,itgetscloggedwithsand.Youcantuseitasapillow.Ifitslipsoffthekitchencounter,itsmashes.2.幾個星期前，新聞周刊報道了電子書的一個爆炸新聞。這個創(chuàng)意是你可以把書裝在可以接通你電子書電腦的光盤上。這是落后科技的極佳創(chuàng)意。一方面，你得買個價值900美元或900美元的，可以裝滿20本你最喜歡閱讀書的書本閱讀電腦。這很繁瑣。如果你帶它去沙灘，它可能會摔在地上。你不能把當(dāng)做枕頭去用。如果在廚房柜臺上滑倒，還會打碎。Ontheotherhand,youcanbuyanold-fashionedbook.Itscheaper,moremobile,lessfragileandmoredurable.Youcanlendit,eventocasualfriends.Ifyoudontlikeit,youcanstopreadingwithouthatingyourselfforeverbuyingit.Losingitisnotatraumatizingevent.3.另一方面，你可以買本舊書。它會便宜，更方便，不容易碎，還很耐用。你可以借出去，甚至是陌生人。如果你不喜歡它，可以不去考慮你曾經(jīng)買了它而恨自己去不讀。弄丟了，也不是件多么傷心的事。Thepro-technologycomebackisthatcomputerswillsomedaycompressentirelibrariesontochipsordiscsand,thereby,openvastvistasofinformationtoalmostanyone.Thetroublewiththisisarithmeticandcommonsense.Aschoollibrarywith2,000bookscantheoreticallyserve2,000readerssimultaneously.Aschoollibrarywithonecomputerterminalthatcancallup200,000bookscanserveonlyonereaderatatime.Thecomputercreatesabottleneck.Sure,thelibrarycanbuymorecomputers,buttheyrecostlierandbulkierthanbooks.Finally,therescommonsense:domostpeoplereallyneedaccessto,say,theentirecollectionoftheNewYorkPublicLibrary?4.支持科技回歸是因為電腦有一天將整個圖書館壓縮在芯片或是光盤上，從而，給幾乎任何人開放巨大信息的影像。帶來的麻煩是算術(shù)和常識問題。一個藏書2000冊的學(xué)校圖書館理論上可以同時服務(wù)兩千人。而裝有一個搜索200000冊圖書的電腦終端的學(xué)校圖書館一次只能服務(wù)一個讀者。電腦成了瓶頸。當(dāng)然，圖書館可以買更多的電腦，但那比圖書更笨重和浪費。最終形成一個共識：大多數(shù)人真的需要這種途徑，比如說，紐約公共圖書管的整個收藏嗎？Heresanotherexampleoftechnologyracingbackward:thevideopressrelease.Inmybusiness,werebombardedwithpressreleasesforproducts,politiciansandpolicies.Andnowtherearepromotionalvideos.Insteadofa10-centpressreleasethattooktwodaystoprepareand29centstomail,Igeta$4.50tapethatcost$2tomailandtwomonthstoprepare.Icanreadstandardpressreleasesin10or15secondsbeforetossing99percentofthem.Butthevideosgettossedimmediately.ToviewthemwouldrequirefindingaVCRandwastingfiveto10minuteswatching.Sorry,nosale.Thevideocostsmoreanddoesless.5.另一個科技倒退的例子是新聞稿錄像。就我而言，我們總是圍繞在產(chǎn)品，政治和治安的新聞下。還有一些促銷新聞錄像。代替一張10美分的新聞，它的花費是兩天去準(zhǔn)備，并花29美分去郵寄，我可以得到一個4.5美元的磁帶，它的花費是2美元郵寄，2個月去準(zhǔn)備。在沒有完全了解前，我可以在10到15秒內(nèi)閱讀一份標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的新聞稿。但錄像可以直接扔。去游覽它們需要一臺錄像機，花5到10分鐘去觀看。不好意思，沒有銷售。這個錄像得不償失。Iamnotabouttoarguethatalltechnologyisbad.Heavens,no.Oursisaneraofconspicuoustechnologicalupheaval.Butthepurportedgainsofnewtechnology-risingincomes,greaterproductivity-seemtoeludeus.Somehow,theparadoxmustbeexplained.Onetheoryholdsthatwerestillintheprimitivestagesof,say,thecomputerrevolution,whosefullbenefitswillsoonburstuponus.Maybe.(Acorollaryisthattechno-dopeslikemeareholdingbackprogress.)6.我不準(zhǔn)備去爭論所有科技都不好。上帝，沒有。我們身處顯而易見科技的巨變下。但新科技的預(yù)想收獲，增加收入，豐富產(chǎn)品，看起來離我們漸行漸遠。不管怎么樣，我們需要求知。一個理論說明我們?nèi)蕴幱?，比方說，電腦革命的初級階段，它的收獲將會在我們身上爆發(fā)?？赡馨桑ㄒ粋€推論是像我一樣的科技笨蛋正在阻礙進步。）Buttothistheory,Iwouldaddthenotionofretardedtechnology.Yup,thegainsfromnewtechnologiesareplentifulandreal.Butthebenefitsarebeingcrudelyoffsetbyalotoftechnology-inspiredwaste.Technologyisoftenmisusedbecausethereasonspeopleembraceitcanbefairlyfrivolous.Towit:7.但對于這種理論，我想補充落后科技的理論。是的，從新科技得到的是巨大和真實的。但這種收獲卻被一大堆希望科技垃圾粗辱地抵消?？萍荚诒粸E用，因為理性的人在相當(dāng)愚蠢地使用它。比如說：SocialStatus.SupposeyourbrotherinHonolulugetsacarphone.Hemightevenneeditforwork.Canyouthenbewithoutone?Obviouslynot.Needisntanissue.(Since1985,thenumberofcellularsubscribershasleapedfrom340,000toabout8million.)社會地位。假如你的一位在夏威夷的兄弟得到一部車載電話。他僅僅是為了工作需要它。你不想要一部嗎？很顯然不是。需求不是一個問題（自1985年，移動電話的數(shù)量從34萬陡增到800萬部。）AdultPlay.Newmachinesareoftengrown-uptoys,successorstoLegosanddolls.AwomanIknowwell(mywife)recentlyexultedaftercreatinginvitationcardsonherpersonalcomputer.(Idarednotaskhowlongthistook.)IknowIcouldhavegoneoutandboughtHallmarkcards,shesays.ButImsoproudofmyself.Imthrilled.Intheoffice,computermailhastransformedidlechitchatintoanall-dayaffair.成人娛樂。新機器往往是成長玩具，樂高積木和玩偶的使用者。一個我非常了解的女人（我的妻子）最近很高興，她在自己的個人電腦上制作了邀請函。（我不敢去問她花了多久。）“我知道我本可以出去，買張豪馬卡片”，她說?！暗液茏院溃芘d奮。”在辦公室，電腦郵件已經(jīng)讓空虛的無聊轉(zhuǎn)變成一整天的事務(wù)。TheMountEverestEffect.Everynewtechnologyinspiresthetemptationtoseewhatitwilldo-nomatterhowinaneortime-consumingthetask.ThisisthetechnologicalequivalentofWereclimbingthatmountainbecauseitsthere.Hence,thevideopressrelease.Entireareasofacademiclife(politicalscience,economicsandevenhistory)arenowincreasinglygivenovertonumbercrunching.Computersallownumberstobeeasilycrunched;sotheyare.Genuinethoughtisdiscouraged.Thesamethought-deadeningprocessafflictsAmericanmanagers.珠峰效應(yīng)。每項新科技會產(chǎn)生誘惑來看它能做什么，不管它多么愚蠢或是花了多長時間實驗。這就是“我們在爬向那座在那的大山”的對等物。今后，則是錄像新聞稿。學(xué)術(shù)生活（政治學(xué)，經(jīng)濟甚至歷史）的整個范圍正在極大的數(shù)量在運算。電腦允許數(shù)字很容易運算。它們確實是。天才的想法是不被鼓勵的。同樣壞想法的加工折磨著美國用戶。Thesurvivalofstupidtechnologyisordainedbyegoandmoney.Newtechnologiesoftenrequireaheftyinvestment.Onceinvestmentsaremade,theycanteasilybeunmade.Todosowouldbeembarrassing.Oldandinexpensivewaysofdoingthingsareeliminatedtohelppayfornewandexpensivemethods.Retardedtechnologybecomesinstitutionalizedandpermanent.8.愚蠢科技的存在是被自我和金錢而制定的。新科技往往需要一大筆巨額投資。一旦投資，它們則不容易被制造。這樣做將會很尷尬。舊的便宜的方法被淘汰來幫助新的昂貴的方法。落后的科技正逐漸有組織和長久。、Thisisroutinelydenied,becausepeoplewontadmittheyrefrivolousorwasteful.Onesurveyofcellular-phoneownersfoundthat87percentsaidtheirphonesraisedtheirproductivitybyanaverageof36percent.Morethanhalf(54percent)saidthephonehadimprovedtheirmarriages.Imagineifthesegainsweregeneralizedtotheentirepopulation:oureconomysoutputwouldinstantlyleapfrom$6trillionto$8trillion;divorcerateswouldplunge,andfamilyvalueswouldtriumph.Whatweneedarecellularsubsidiessoeveryonecanhaveone.9.這是正常的否定，因為人們不會承認(rèn)自己很愚蠢和奢侈。一項關(guān)于移動手機擁有者得調(diào)查顯示87%的用戶說手機平均提高了他們的生產(chǎn)量36%。一半以上（54%）說手機提高了他們的婚姻質(zhì)量。假設(shè)這些被廣泛普及到整個人群。我們經(jīng)濟的出口量將會立馬從6萬億增長到8萬億。離婚率將會銳減，家庭價值觀會和諧。我們需要做的是讓每個人成為手機用戶。Thebeatgoeson.AppleComputerrecentlyannouncedNewton,thefirstofagenerationofhandheldpersonaldigitalassistants.Newtonwill,Applesays,recognizeyourhandwritingwhenyouscribblesomethingonitssmalldisplayscreen.Thisseemsimpressive.YouscrawlJoeSmith,andNewtoncallsupJoeSmithfromitsmemoryandtellsyouJoesphonenumberandanythingelseyouveputinJoestinyfile.JustlikeaRolodex.10.步伐繼續(xù)著。蘋果電腦最近發(fā)布newton，第一代個人型掌上電腦。蘋果說，newton將會認(rèn)可你的書寫方式當(dāng)你在小小屏幕隨意幾筆時。這讓人印象深刻。你亂寫出“joesmith”，newton將會從存儲中提取“joesmith”，告訴你joe的電話號碼及其你記錄關(guān)于joe的個人文件，像名片盒一樣。Hey,maybeaRolodexisbetter.Itscheaper.Howaboutastandardnotebookoraddressbook?Theyalreadyaccepthandwriting.Evenfancyaddressbookscostonly$15or$20.ApplesaysNewton(whichwillalsoactasapagerandsendmessagesoverphonelines)willbepricedwellunder$1,000.Itshouldbeasmashingsuccess.11.喂，可能名片盒更好些。它很便宜。一個普通筆記本和地址薄怎么樣？它們可以書寫。每個奇特的地址薄只需15到20美元。蘋果宣布newton（可以像紙一樣并通過電話線發(fā)送短信）將會定位在1000元下的合理價格。這將是個了不起的成就。Unit2AClassActGrowingupinbomb-blitzedManchesterduringtheSecondWorldWarmeanttimesweretough,moneywasshort,anxietywasrifeandthepawnshopwasafamiliardestinationformanyfamilies,includingmine.1. 成長在二戰(zhàn)期間戰(zhàn)火連天的曼徹斯特意味著生活艱辛，金錢緊缺，整日焦慮不安，當(dāng)鋪成了大多數(shù)家庭經(jīng)常去的地方，當(dāng)然也包括我家。YetIcouldnothaveaskedformoreenterprisingandoptimisticparents.Theyheldourfamilytogetherwithhardwork,dignityandbucketloadsofcheer.Mysturdyandingeniousfathercouldturnhishandtoalmostanythingandwasnevershortofcarpentryandhandymanwork.Heevenparticipatedintheoddboutofbackstreetboxingtomakeendsmeet.Forherpart,ourMomwasthriftyandmeticulouslyclean,andherfivechildrenwerealwayssenttoschoolwellfed,scrubbedandattiredspotlessly,despitethetryingconditions.2.然而，我不能對已經(jīng)很有進取心和積極樂觀的父母有更多的要求了。他們艱辛地工作，用尊嚴(yán)和快樂來支撐著這個家庭。我剛毅而又智慧的父親幾乎無所不能，而且從不缺木匠和手工藝活。為了滿足家庭開支，他甚至參加了非法組織的拳擊比賽。至于我的母親，她勤勞節(jié)約，極愛干凈。即使條件艱苦，在母親的照料下，她的五個孩子總能吃得飽飽地，穿得干干凈凈地去學(xué)校。Thetroublewas,althoughmyclotheswereironedtoaknife-edge,andshoespolishedtoagleam,noteveryitemwasstandardschooluniformissue.WhileMomhadscrimpedandsavedtoobtainmostofthegear,Istilldidnthavetheprescribedblueblazerandhatband.3.盡管我的衣服熨得很平整，鞋子擦得發(fā)亮，還是不符合學(xué)校的著裝標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。盡管媽媽勤儉持家，想辦法為我們做衣服，但是我還是沒有學(xué)校指定的藍色校服和帽徽。Becauseofthewar,rationingwasinplaceandmostschoolshadrelaxedtheirattitudetowardsproperuniformsknowinghowharditwastoobtainclothes.Nevertheless,thegirlsschoolIattendedmadeitstrictpolicythateachofitsstudentswasproperlyattired,andthedeputyheadmistresswhoranthedailyassemblymadeithermissiontoteachmealesson.4.由于戰(zhàn)爭，政府實施定量配給制。很多學(xué)校都放寬了對學(xué)生著裝的要求，因為他們知道在那個時候弄到衣服是一件很困難的事情。盡管如此，我所在的女子學(xué)校對著裝的要求依舊很嚴(yán)格，每個學(xué)生必須要穿學(xué)校指定的校服。所以，每天主持校會的副校長就把教我一個人如何著裝當(dāng)成了他的工作。DespitemyattemptsatexplainingwhyIcouldntcomply,anddespitethefactthatIwasmakingslowprogresstowardsthefulluniform,everydayIwouldbehauledoutoflineandmadetostandonthestageasashiningexampleofwhatnottoweartoschool.5.雖然我努力地向老師說明我不能遵守的理由，并且事實上，我也在努力地改進，但是每天老師都會把我從隊伍中拉出來，然后讓我站到臺上，作為不穿校服到學(xué)校的學(xué)生的典型。EverydayIwouldbattlebacktearsasIstoodinfrontofmypeers,embarrassedand,mostoften,alone.Mypunishmentalsoextendedtobeingbarredfromthegymteamortonottakingpartintheweeklyballroomdancingclasses,whichIadored.IdesperatelywishedthatjustoneteacherinthishorridschoolwouldopentheireyesandseeallIcoulddo,ratherthanconstantlytellingmewhatIcouldntdo.6.每天，當(dāng)我獨自一人尷尬地站在同學(xué)們的面前時，我都會強忍住淚水。為了懲罰我，老師甚至不允許我參加體操隊，也不允許我參加我最喜歡的每周一次的交易舞會。我多么希望在這所可怕的學(xué)校里，能有這樣一位老師，他會睜開雙眼，然后看看我會做什么，而不是不斷地告訴我不能做什么。However,inmy12-year-oldmindIhadnochoicebuttoseethepunishmentthrough.Iknewitwasveryimportantnottoletmywell-meaningmotherknowaboutthisritualhumiliation.IdidntdareriskhercomingtotheschooltospeakupformeasIknewtheblinkered,hard-nosedstaffwouldsimilarlymortifyherandthatwouldmeantwoofusunhappyandindignant.And,heavenforbid,ifsheevertoldmyfatherhewouldhaveinstantlybeenonthewarpathinmydefence.7.然而，在我十二歲的記憶中，除了接受懲罰我別無選擇。不要讓我善良的母親知曉這種慣例的懲罰對我而言是很重要的，我不敢冒險讓她來學(xué)校為我說情，因為我知道心胸狹隘、不講情面的教員會同樣地使她難堪，那意味著我們倆都會不愉快、會有失顏面。千萬不要啊，如果她告訴我父親的話，他將會立即為我大動干戈。Thenonedayourfamilywonanewspapercompetitionforafreephotographicportraitsitting.Iwasbesidemyselfwithexcitement:myimaginationfuelledbyglamorousshotsofthepopularHollywoodtemptresses.Icouldntwaittotellmyfriendsthethrillingnews.8.后來有一天，我們家贏得了一個報刊比賽，可以免費照相。當(dāng)我想到著名好萊塢影星華麗的照片時，我非常興奮。我迫不及待地想要把這個令人激動的消息告訴我朋友。Thatwas,untilMamtoldmethatIwouldhavetowearmybest,lacetrimmedbrightgreendresstoschoolthatday,astheportraitsittingwasstraightafterclasses.ShehadnohintoftormentIfaced.9.直到那天，媽媽說我必須穿我最好的淺綠色的鑲有蕾絲花邊的裙子去學(xué)校時，我知道我的想法破滅了，因為拍照正好在課后，而她卻沒察覺到我所面臨的困窘。Therewasnoneofmyusualpleasureinputtingonthecherisheddressthatday.Heavy-hearted,Idraggedmyselftoschool,anemeraldgreentargetinaseaofblue.AtassemblyIdidntbothertowaitforthecommandbuttrudgeduptothestageofmyownaccordtoendurethesniggersoftheothergirlsandthebeadyeyesofthedeputyhead.10.到了這一天，我漫不經(jīng)心地穿上了那條珍愛的裙子，心情沉重地拖著腳步去了學(xué)校。在校會上，沒等到罰站的命令，我就徑直地走上了站臺，再一次忍受著同輩的嘲笑和副校長的冷眼。TearsoffrustrationthreatenedtobreakfreeasIwonderedfortheumpteenthtimewhythecallousteachercouldntlookpastmyclothesforonceandseetheobedientandeager-to-participateyounggirlbeneath.11.當(dāng)我無數(shù)次地想到那個冷酷無情的老師對我的衣服連看都不看一眼，并對坐在下面乖巧且渴望加入年輕女孩隊伍的我視而不見時，委屈的淚水忍不住的想流下來。AfterassemblyourfirstclasswasEnglishLiterature,myfavouritelessonwithmyfavouriteteacher.IconsoledmyselfthatIcouldatleastlosemyselfinCharlesDickensATaleofTwoCitiesforawhileatthebackoftheclasstorecuperateandregainmycomposure.Imaginemydismaywhen,immediatelytheclassbegan,MissMcVeeorderedmetocomeandsitinthefrontrow,directlybeforeher.Islowlyroseand,blinkingbacktears,headedtothefrontoftheclass.SurelyMissMcVeehadntcrossedintotheenemycamp,too?12.校會結(jié)束以后，第一節(jié)課是英國文學(xué)，這是我最喜歡的一門課，上課的老師是我最喜歡的老師。為了能使我的內(nèi)心平靜下來，我安慰自己至少我還能在教室的后面享受品讀查爾斯狄更斯的雙城記。當(dāng)我還在假想的時候，卻突然上課了，邁克維讓我做到教室的前面，難道邁克維已經(jīng)加入了敵方陣營？Withdowncasteyesandbowedhead,tearsonceagainthreatenedtobetraymydejection,eventhoughIhadalwaystriedmyhardestnottoshowhowmiserableIwasatbeingsingledouttimeaftertime.13.盡管在我一次又一次被挑出去站著的時候，我都盡力掩飾我有多么痛苦，但我低垂的眼，低下的頭和流出的淚又一次泄露了我的沮喪。AsItookmyseatatthefront,MissMcVeecockedherheadtoonesideandlookedmeupanddowncarefully.AndthenshecameoutwiththemostwelcomesentenceIhadeverheardatthatmean-spiritedplace.14.由于我坐在前排，邁克維小姐抬起頭從上到下仔細(xì)打量了我一番，之后她說出了在這個心胸狹窄的地方我聽到過的最動聽的一句話。Mydear,Ideclareyouarethebrightestandloveliestsightinthisentiredrearyschool.IamonlysorrythatIshallhavethepleasureoflookingatyouforjustonelessonandnottheentireday.15.親愛的，我覺得你就是這個沉悶的學(xué)校里最亮麗的最可愛的一道風(fēng)景線，看到你是一件讓人覺得愉悅的事情，而我們只有一節(jié)課的見面時間，不是一整天。Theblockoficethatwasmyyoungheartthawedinstantlyandmyshouldersrosebacktotheirfullheight.ImsurethesmileIgavethatwomanmusthavebeenthewidestshedeverseen.Ifloatedthroughtherestofthedaybuoyedbythewarmthgeneratedbyherthoughtfullychosenwords.16.我冰封的心瞬間就融化了，我開始變得很自信。我相信我給她的那個微笑是她見過的最燦爛的笑容。在剩余的時間里我都因她的那些話所帶來的暖意而飄飄然了。AlthoughEnglishLiteraturewasherforte,thatdayMissMcVeetaughtme,andperhapsthewholeclass,alessonincompassionthatIhaveneverforgotten.Shetaughtmethatonekindwordinatimeofneedcanlastalifetime.Indeed,herthoughtfulwordsstrengthenedapartofmysoulthathasneverbeenweakenedbyanyoneoranythingsince.17.雖然她擅長的是英國文學(xué)，但那天邁克維老師給我，甚至整個班級，上了一堂讓我至今難忘的教會人同情的一課。她教會我:在逆境中一句善意的話可以幫助人的一生。事實上，她意味深長的話，讓我內(nèi)心深處的某一部分的靈魂更加堅強，再也不會被任何人，任何事打敗。Unit3BardsoftheInternetOneoftheunintendedsideeffectsoftheinventionofthetelephonewasthatwritingwentoutofstyle.Oh,sure,therewerestillfull-timescribblers-journalists,academics,professionalwordsmiths.Andthegreatcentersofcommercestillfounditusefultokeeponhandpeoplewhocoulddraftamemo,abrief,apressreleaseoracontract.Butgivenachoicebetweenpickingupapenoraphone,mostfolkstooktheeasyrouteandgavetheirfingers-andsometimestheirmind-arest.1.電話發(fā)明的一個意想不到的副作用就是使寫作脫離原有的格式。確實，現(xiàn)在仍有一些全職的三流作家，比如記者，學(xué)者，作家。在商業(yè)的中心，當(dāng)人們需要草擬一份備忘錄，簡介，新聞稿或是合同時，手寫仍然有用。但就拿筆或打電話而言，大多數(shù)人希望采取簡便的方式并讓自己的手指放松，有時他們確實這樣想。Whichmakeswhatshappeningonthecomputernetworksallthemorestartling.Everynight,whentheyshouldbewatchingtelevision,millionsofcomputeruserssitdownattheirkeyboards;dialintoCompuServe,Prodigy,AmericaOnlineortheInternet;andstarttyping-E-mail,bulletin-boardpostings,chatmessages,rants,diatribes,evenshortstoriesandpoems.JustwhenthemediaofMcLuhanweresupposedtorenderobsoletethemediumofShakespeare,theonlineworldisexperiencingthegreatestboominletterwritingsincethe18thcentury.2.是什么發(fā)生在電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，讓其如此令人吃驚。每個夜晚，當(dāng)人們在看電視時，數(shù)以百萬計的電腦用戶在他們的鍵盤前，撥號給CompuServe，Prodigy，美國在線或是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，并開始打字，發(fā)郵件，發(fā)布電子公告，聊天，咆哮，謾罵，甚至寫個短故事和詩歌。當(dāng)麥克盧漢的媒介被認(rèn)為提出了廢棄莎士比亞的媒介時，網(wǎng)上世界卻在經(jīng)歷著自18世紀(jì)以來在書寫格式上最大的劇變。ItismyoverwhelmingbeliefthatE-mailandcomputerconferencingisteachinganentiregenerationabouttheflexibilityandutilityofprose,writesJonCarroll,acolumnistattheSan FranciscoChronicle.PatrickNielsenHayden,aneditoratTorBooks,compareselectronicbulletinboardswiththescribblerscompactsofthelate18thandearly19thcenturies,inwhichmemberspassedlettersfromhandtohand,addingalittlemoreateachturn.DavidSewell,anassociateeditorattheUniversityofArizona,likensnetwritingtotheliterarysceneMarkTwaindiscoveredinSanFranciscointhe1860s,whenpeoplewerereinventingjournalismbygraftingitontothetall-talefolktradition.OthersharkbacktoTomPaineandtheRevolutionaryWarpamphleteers,oreventotheElizabethanera,when,thankstoGutenberg,agenerationofEnglishwritersbecameintoxicatedwithlanguage.3.舊金山記事報的專欄作家，喬恩卡羅爾說，我堅持認(rèn)為電子郵件和電腦會議技術(shù)在散文的適用和實用上影響了整整一代人。由托爾出版公司的編輯，帕特里克尼爾森海登認(rèn)為，與18世紀(jì)末，19世紀(jì)初的“作家小彩盒”，每個成員通過手與手之間傳遞信件，電子公告欄，在每個回合增加了一點。，亞利桑那大學(xué)的副主編，大衛(wèi)休厄爾，把網(wǎng)絡(luò)作品比作馬克吐溫在18世紀(jì)60年代發(fā)現(xiàn)的文學(xué)場景，人們正在通過在充滿是非的人為傳統(tǒng)中移植網(wǎng)絡(luò)作品，從而重新定義新聞業(yè)。回望托馬斯潘恩和獨立戰(zhàn)爭的小冊子作家們，亦或是伊麗莎白時代，由于古登堡的出現(xiàn)，那個年代的英國作家們開始沉浸于語言的創(chuàng)作中。Butsuchco