動詞不定式要點總結(jié).docx

動詞不定式要點總結(jié)動詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此，在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語和狀語。一、常接不定式作賓語的動詞有want，love，learn，agree，decide，hope，refuse等。例如：Im learning to skate on real ice. 我正在真正的冰上學(xué)滑冰。特別提醒不定式短語作賓語時，如果還帶有賓語補足語，通常用it作形式賓語，而把不定式短語放在賓語補足語之后。例如：He found it very difficult to get to sleep.他發(fā)現(xiàn)入睡很困難。二、動詞不定式常用作目的狀語。例如：He came to give us a talk yesterday. 他昨天來給我們作了個報告。Mrs Brown went to see her doctor. 布朗夫人去看她的醫(yī)生了。三、tell，ask，want，order，get，wish，warn，teach，invite等動詞后常跟不定式作賓語的補足語，構(gòu)成tell/ asksb to do sth（“告訴/請某人做某事”）結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：Could you ask him to call me，please？ 請你讓他給我打個電話，好嗎？特別提醒使役動詞let，make，have等，感官動詞see，hear，feel，watch，notice，look at，listen to等，后常跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語。例如：A woman saw it happen when she was walking past. 一位婦女路過時看到（它掉下）了。We often heard her sing in the next room. 我們經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。注意：在被動語態(tài)句子中，不定式前必須加to.例如：He was made to do it. 他被迫做這件事。She was often heard to sing in the next room. 經(jīng)常聽到她在隔壁唱歌。四、不定式短語作定語要放在被修飾的詞語之后。例如：I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多事情要做。五、不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式短語放在后面。例如：It is right to give up smoking. 戒煙是有益的。六、作表語。例如：To him，the first important thing was to save lives. 對他來說，最重要的事情就是拯救生命。His wish is to become a scientist. 他的愿望是當(dāng)一名科學(xué)家。七、動詞不定式用在疑問詞how，when，where，what，which等之后，作賓語或賓語補足語。例如：He taught us how to use a computer. 他教我們?nèi)绾问褂糜嬎銠C。I dont know where to go？ 我不知道去哪里。1) 動詞+ 不定式afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2) 動詞+不定式；動詞+賓語+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。3) 動詞+疑問詞+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that.請演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥here are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：The question is how to put it into practice.問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。2. 不定式作補語1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warna.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b.We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法Find后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有g(shù)et，have。I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例題 The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A.find的賓語后面，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達主動，也表達正在進行，過去分詞表達被動。2) to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補語的動詞。acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設(shè)想), feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。典型例題Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。.此句只說明發(fā)明這一個事實，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時，發(fā)明為點動詞一般不用完成時，且此處也不強調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。3) to be +形容詞seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人們認為這本書沒什么意思。4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。注意:有些動詞需用as 短語做補語，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father .瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。3. 不定式作主語1) Its easy (for me) to do that. 我做這事太容易了。easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.聽到你的聲音真高興。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.當(dāng)你不用車的時候，鎖車是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us.他幫助我們，他真好。kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。注意 1) 其他系動詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作為句子成分時，動詞用單數(shù)形式。3)當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用It is to的句型(對)To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯)It is to believe to see.Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1) for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特點，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages.對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。2) of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。Its very nice of you to help me.你來幫助我，你真是太好了。for 與of 的辨別方法用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.(通順，所以應(yīng)用of)。He is hard.(人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用for。)4. 不定式作表語不定式可放在be動詞后面，形成表語。例如：My work is to clean the room every day.His dream is to be a doctor.5. 不定式作定語不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.6. 不定式作狀語1) 目的狀語To only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我來僅僅是向你告別。2)作結(jié)果狀語，表事先沒有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I said to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因 Im glad to see you.典型例題The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動詞與介詞連用時，常位于形容詞+動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。用作介詞的toto 有兩種用法：一為不定式+動詞原形； 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to在下面的用法中是第二種，即to+ 名詞/動名詞：admit to承認，confess to承認，be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，be used to 習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅持，turn to開始，著手于，devote oneself to 獻身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to盼望，pay attention to注意省to 的動詞不定式1) 情態(tài)動詞 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2) 使役動詞 let, have, make：3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略to。注意在被動語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4) would rather，had better：5) Why / why not：6) help 可帶to，也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth：7) but和except：but前是動詞do時，后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式，第二個to可以省去：9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后，可以省去to be：He is supposed (to be) nice.他應(yīng)該是個好人。舉例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.典型例題1) - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and goD.try going答案：D. why not 后面接不帶to的不定式，因此選D。2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning答案：B. make后接不帶to的動詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動時，to 不可省略。動詞不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the windowShe pretended not to see me when I passed by.我走過的時候，她假裝沒看見。典型例題1) Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.2)She pretended _ me when I passed by.A.not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D.having not seen答案：A。 pretend后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never drive答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A. not toB. not to doC. not do it D. do not to答案：A。not to 為not to do it的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞，而不必重復(fù)整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對，因此B，D不對。5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation.A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating答案：C。warn一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為be warned not to do。不定式的特殊句型tooto1) tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak.他太激動了，說不出話來。- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?- Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。2)如在too前有否定詞，則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定，too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義，意 為不太。Its never too late to mend.(諺語)改過不嫌晚。3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時，意思是：非常等于very。Im only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。不定式的特殊句型so as to1) 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2) so kind as to -勞駕Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點了。不定式的特殊句型Why notWhy not +動詞原形表達向某人提出建議，翻譯為：為什么不? 干嗎不?例如：Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假?不定式的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時態(tài)語態(tài) 主動 被動一般式 to do to be done進行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done完成進行式 to have been doing 1)現(xiàn)在時：一般現(xiàn)在時表示的動詞，有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，有時發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again.= I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再見到你。2)完成時：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 進行時： 表示動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成進行時：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.stop to do stop doingforget to do forget doingremember to do  remember doingcease to do cease doingtry to do try doinggo on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doinginterested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doingbegin/start to do begin/start doing 特殊詞精講stop doing/to dostop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他們停下來，抽了根煙。I must stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。典型例題She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來在一個路邊的大石頭上休息。因此，應(yīng)選擇stop to do sth.停下來去做另一件事。而不僅僅是爬山動作的終止，所以stop doing sth.不正確。stop doing/to doforget doing/to doforget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.辦公室的燈還在亮著，它忘記關(guān)了。(沒有做關(guān)燈的動作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。(已做過關(guān)燈的動作)Dont forget to come tomorrow. 別忘了明天來。(to come動作未做)典型例題- The light in the office is still on.- Oh, I forgot_.A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off答案：C。由the light is still on可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動作沒有發(fā)生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實。此處不符合題意。remember doing/to doremember to do 記得去做某事 (未做)remember doing記得做過某事 (已做)Remember to go to the post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個人嗎?regret doing/to doregret to do 對要做的事遺憾。(未做)regret doing 對做過的事遺憾、后悔。(已做)I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實在沒有辦法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。典型例題-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：D。regret having done sth.對已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。regret to do sth.對將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對已說的話感到后悔，因此選D。cease doing/to docease to do 長時間，甚至永遠停做某事。cease doing 短時停止做某事，以后還會接著做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那個部門已不復(fù)存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘們在老師走過時，停了會聊天。try doing/to dotry to do努力，企圖做某事。try doing 試驗，試著做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but didnt succeed.我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來做的事。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接著去做物理。Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完這個練習(xí)后，接著做其他的練習(xí)be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to do不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為怕；be afraid of doing擔(dān)心出現(xiàn)doing的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing是客觀上造成的，意為生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。be interested doing/to dointerested to do 對做某事感興趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 對某種想法感興趣，doing通常為想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。 (想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我對在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過這事嗎?(一種想法)mean to doing/to domean to do 打算、想mean doing意味著I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父親不肯讓我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.贈加工資意味著增加購買力。begin(start) doing/to dobegin / start to do sthbegin / start doing sth.1)談及一項長期活動或開始一種習(xí)慣時，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你幾歲時開始彈鋼琴？2) begin, start用進行時時，后面動詞用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry.我開始生起氣來。3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize這類動詞時，常用不定式to do。I begin to understand the truth.我開始明白真相。4) 物作主語時It began to melt.感官動詞 + doing/to do感官動詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示動作的完整性，真實性；+doing表示動作的連續(xù)性，進行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)我看見了這個事實)I saw him working in the garden yesterday. (強調(diào)我見他正干活這個動作)昨天我見他正在花園里干活。典型例題1) They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood.A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow答案：A.因題意為，他們看著她長大，因此強調(diào)的是成長的過程，而非正在長的動作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。2) The missing boy was last seen _ near the river.A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play答案：A. 本題強調(diào)其動作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。動詞不定式用法舉要 動詞不定式專題練習(xí)1. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced 2. The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult.A .not making B. not make C .not to make D. nor to make 3. Helen had to shout _above the sound of the music .A .making herself hear B. to make herself hearC. making herself heard D .to make herself heard 4. I dont know whether you happen_ ,but I am going to study in the U.S.A this September.A .to be heard. B. to be bearing C .to hear D .to have heard 5. The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left.A .to tell B .to be told C .telling D .told 6. You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked 7. The teacher asked us _so much noise.A .dont make B. not make C. not making D .not to make8. An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered _clear warnings before firing any shots.A .to issue B. being issued C. to have issued D. to be issued9. Id rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than_ a room with someone else.A. to share B. to have shared C. share D. sharing10. The bank is reported in the local newspaper_ in broad daylight yesterday.A. robbed B. to have been robbedC. being robbed D. having been robbed11. A number of paintings in the castle are believed _in a fire.A. being destroyed B. having been destroyed C. to be destroyed D. to have been destroyed12. The meeting _ next week is sure to be a great success.A. to take place B. to be taken placeC. to have taken place D. being taken place13. As a result of my laziness, I failed _ my work in time.A. and finishedB. to finishC. and finishingD. to finished14. I am sorry _ written you a letter at the time.A. to have notB. to not haveC. not to haveD. not having 15. Will you lend him a magazine _?A. to be readB. for readingC. to readD. he read16. He could do nothing but _for the bus _.A. wait, to come B. wait; come C. waiting; coming D. waited; came17 .It is a problem that doesnt need _ right now.A. to solveB. solvingC. being solvedD. to be solving18. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A. making B. to make C. to have made D. having made19. I remember _him _the bike needed _.A. hearing, saying, to repair B. to hear, say, to repairC. hearing, say, repairing D. to hear, saying, to be repaired20. - You should have thanked her before you left.- I meant _, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere.A. to do B. to C. doing D. doing so21. Robert is said to _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to study B. to be studying D. to have been studying22. Im gong to Xian next week. Have you anything _ to your parents?A. to take B. to be taken C. to be bought to D. to buy23. when are they _ in their plan?A. hand B. handed C. to hand D. give24. In such dry weather, the flowers will have to be watered if they _.A. have survived B. are to survive C. would survived D. will survive25. When we hurried to the station, there happened _ no bus at that time.A. to have B. to be C. having D. being 26. I lost my way in com