名詞性從句講義.doc

名詞性從句 （Norminal Clause）由一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句構(gòu)成的句子叫復(fù)合句。名詞性從句在復(fù)合句中起名詞的作用，它包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句四大類，在句中分別用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞Athat 連詞that本身沒(méi)有意義，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何句子成分，在賓語(yǔ)從句中有時(shí)可省略。 I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他已經(jīng)加入了足球俱樂(lè)部。 That light travels in straight line is known to all. 眾所周知，光是以直線傳播的。 It so happens that I know the man. 碰巧我認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)。 Is it certain that they will win 他們一定會(huì)贏嗎Bwhether和if 連詞whether和if本身有意義（解釋是否），在從句中不可省略。 1whether可以連接所有的名詞性從句，而if只能引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。 I didnt know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否參加音樂(lè)會(huì)。（賓語(yǔ)從句，可用if代替whether） The question is whether it s worth trying. 問(wèn)題是值不值得試一試。（表語(yǔ)從句，不可用if代替whether） Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她來(lái)不來(lái)都沒(méi)有關(guān)系。（主語(yǔ)從句，不可用if代替whether） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必須回答他是否同意此事這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題。（同位語(yǔ)從句，不可用if代替whether） 2whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可作介的賓語(yǔ)，而if則不能。 It all depends on whether they will support us. 這完全取決于他們是否支持我們。(不用if) Ryan was worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩擔(dān)心是否傷害了她的感情。 3if既可引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。如果用if會(huì)引起歧義，應(yīng)避免使用if，而用whether。 Please let me know if you want to join us. 請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想加入我們。（if引導(dǎo)的從句可被看成是賓語(yǔ)從句，if表示是否） Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我們的話，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲。（if引導(dǎo)的從句可被看成是條件狀語(yǔ)從句，if表示如果） Please let me know whether you want t join us. 請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想加入我們。（為避免引起歧義，可用whether表示是否）Cwho, whom, whose, what, which 連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which等在從句中既起連接作用，同時(shí)又擔(dān)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等成分。 No one knows who he was waiting for. 沒(méi)人知道他當(dāng)時(shí)在等誰(shuí)。 We are worrying about what we should do next. 我們正在為下一步該怎么辦而煩惱。 Tell me whose house it is. 告訴我這是誰(shuí)的家。 Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 告訴我你將乘哪列火車到達(dá)。 Dwhere, when, how, why 連接副詞where, when, how, why等在從句中既是連接詞，又作狀語(yǔ)。 I dont know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我們將在哪兒開(kāi)會(huì)。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。 What I am anxious to know is when we can visit the museum. 我急于知道我們什么時(shí)候能參觀博物館。 比較： when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞性從句中的不同時(shí)態(tài)。 Please lt me know when you arrive. 你到的時(shí)候，請(qǐng)告訴我一聲。（when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)。） Please let me know when you will arrive. 請(qǐng)告訴我你什么時(shí)候到。（when引導(dǎo)的是賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。）Ewhoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever 連接代詞whoever = anyone who任何人, 無(wú)論誰(shuí)；whatever =anything that凡是.，無(wú)論什么；whichever = anything that無(wú)論那一個(gè), 任何一個(gè)；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的賓格形式）。 Whoever comes to the club is welcome. 不論誰(shuí)來(lái)參加這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部都?xì)g迎。 Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的就值得做好。 They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. 他們?cè)诨膷u找到什么就吃什么。 You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 Ill take whichever book interests me.我愿買任何讓我感興趣的書。 Whosever book is overdue will be fined. 不管誰(shuí)的書過(guò)期未還都要被罰款。 比較： 連接代詞whoever在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)，whomever作賓語(yǔ)從句中賓語(yǔ)。 You may offer he book to whoever wants it. 你可把這本書給任何想要的人。（此句中不能使用whomever，因?yàn)閣hoever在賓語(yǔ)從句中作wants it的主語(yǔ)） You may offer the book to whomever you like.你可把這本書給任何你喜歡的人。（whomever在賓語(yǔ)從句中作you like的賓語(yǔ)）二、賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。A. 作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ) He told us（that）he felt ill. 他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。 Do you know whose dictionary it is 你知道這是誰(shuí)的字典？ He has informed me when they are to discuss the work plan. 他已經(jīng)通知我他們將什么時(shí)候討論工作計(jì)劃 Give a reading list to whoever comes. 給所有來(lái)的人一份閱讀書目。 注意： doubt（懷疑）的肯定句接ifwhether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，但否定句和疑問(wèn)句接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。 I doubt whether if he will succeed. 我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。 I do not doubt that he can recite the poem. 我相信他能把這首詩(shī)背下來(lái)。 Do you doubt that he will win 你不相信會(huì)獲勝嗎B作介詞的賓語(yǔ) He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。 They were praised or criticizd according to how they had done their work. 他們受表?yè)P(yáng)還是受批評(píng)是根據(jù)他們工作好壞而定。 He goes to the library every day except when it is raining. 除了天下雨外，他每天都去圖書館。 注意： that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句只用在少數(shù)介詞后，如：except, in, but等。此時(shí)，that不能省略。 I know little about him except that he lives downstais. 我對(duì)他知之甚少，只知道他住在樓下。 He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading. 他和他的同學(xué)們不同的地方在于他把業(yè)余時(shí)間用在閱讀上。C. 作形容詞的賓語(yǔ) I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能確定我該做什么。 Im afraid (that) you dont understand what I said. 恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。 Im suprised (that) I didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)那一切。 D. 用it作形式賓語(yǔ)的情況 1和it作形式主語(yǔ)一樣，我們常用it來(lái)作形式賓語(yǔ)，把真正的賓語(yǔ)從句放在句末，這種情況尤其出現(xiàn)在帶復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子中。 We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give n. 他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。 2由于that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句一般不可以直接作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，因此當(dāng)介詞后面需要用that從句作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須使用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。 You may depend on it that I shall always support you. 你可以放心我會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)支持你的。 Ill see to it that your problem will be dealt with immediately. 我保證你的問(wèn)題會(huì)立即得到處理的。 3在take, hide, see to, insist on, depend on等動(dòng)詞以及一些表示愛(ài)好的動(dòng)詞（enjoy, hate, like, love, dont mind, resent 等）之后，形式賓語(yǔ)it可直接跟賓語(yǔ)從句。 I take it that hes not interested in the book. 我猜想他對(duì)這本書不感興趣。 She hid it that she was married. 她隱瞞了她已婚的事實(shí)。 I dont like it when you look at me like that! 我不喜歡那樣看我。 4. it不能作由連接代詞 whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的形式賓語(yǔ)。 You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 Ill take whichever book interests me.我愿買任何讓我感興趣的書。 We are ready to offer help to whoever needs it. 我們樂(lè)意幫助任何需要幫助的人。E賓語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)序 和其他詞性從句一樣，賓語(yǔ)從句必須使用陳述語(yǔ)序，不能用疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序。 How can I get to the station Can you tell me Can you tell me how I can get to the station 你能告訴我怎樣去車站嗎？ What does he like I wonder I wonder what he likes. 我想知道他喜歡什么。 Where were you born He askedHe asked me where I was born. 他問(wèn)我出生的地方。 比較： He asked me what was the matter. 他問(wèn)我出了什么事。(the matter = wrong) He asked me what the matter was. 他問(wèn)我那是什么物質(zhì)。F賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài) 1在一般情況下，賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)要和主句相一致，尤其是主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)。 He said that he had lived in Beijing since liberatin. 他說(shuō)自解放以來(lái)他一直住在北京。 He made it quite clear that he preferred to learn English. 他明確地說(shuō)他更喜歡學(xué)英語(yǔ)。 2有時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)也可以和主句不一致。 You cant imagine how they were excited when they won the first place in the game.你無(wú)法想象他們獲得比賽第一名時(shí)是多么的興奮。 Can you make sure where you have pu the gold ring 你能確定你把金戒指放哪兒了嗎？ 3客觀真理和自然規(guī)律的內(nèi)容在賓語(yǔ)從句中時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。 Mike asked whether the earth moves around the sun. 邁克問(wèn)地球是否繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。 Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥倫布證明了地球是圓的。G關(guān)于that的省略 一般情況下，賓語(yǔ)從句中的that是可以省略的。但在下列幾種情況下，that一般不可省略。1介詞后面的that不能省。 Pter is a good student except that he is sometimes careless.彼得是好學(xué)生，只是有時(shí)粗心。 2并列連詞and連接兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語(yǔ)從句，and前面的that可以省略， and的后面的that不能省略。 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened. 大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。 My uncle says (that) he has servd here for twenty years and that he is going to retire next month. 我叔叔說(shuō)他在這兒工作已二十年了，下個(gè)月即將退休。 3that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句位于句首時(shí)，that不可省略。 That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe. 我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。 4主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ)，that不可省略。 He said that, if he could manag it, he would come for dinner. 他說(shuō)，如果他安排得好的話，他會(huì)來(lái)吃晚飯的。 5賓語(yǔ)從句中有其他從屬連詞時(shí)，that不能省略。 He told me that if it was necessary they would work all night. 他告訴我，如果需要的話，他們就干個(gè)通宵。 H賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移 在think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, fancy等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句，如有否定意思，一般要把否定詞前移到主句的語(yǔ)上，從句的謂語(yǔ)用肯定的形式。 I dont think he can do it better than me. 我想他不會(huì)干得比我好。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。 I dont suppose he cares, does he 我想他不會(huì)在意的，是嗎？ 提示： 在下列情況下，賓語(yǔ)從句不否定轉(zhuǎn)移： 1think等詞前有副詞和表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的do I really expect he wont fail the examination. 我真希望他不會(huì)不通過(guò)考試。 I do think that he is not fair. 我確實(shí)認(rèn)為他是不公正的。 2think等詞和其他詞構(gòu)成并列謂語(yǔ) I think and hope that he wont cheat at cards. 我想，也希望他打牌不會(huì)作弊的。 3think等詞作為插入語(yǔ) His decision is not wise, I think. 我覺(jué)得他的決定并不明智。 I使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句 1在suggest insist, order, demand, request, require, command, propose, desire等表示建議、命令、要求、欲望動(dòng)詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即should +動(dòng)詞原形，should常被省略。 He suggested that we should have a further discussion about the final decision. 他建議我們對(duì)最后的決定作進(jìn)一步討論。 She insisted that they should sow her their passports. 她堅(jiān)決要求他們向她出示護(hù)照。 2在wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中需要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反或難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。 How I wish I had learned more! 我多么希望我以前多學(xué)一些?。?He wishes he would have another chance to go abroad. 他希望能再有一次出國(guó)的機(jī)會(huì)。J含有賓語(yǔ)從句復(fù)合句的反意疑問(wèn)句 反意疑問(wèn)句一般與主句一致。 He said they were going to help me, didnt he？ 他說(shuō)過(guò)他們要幫我，不是嗎？ She told you that the mat was her own work, didnt she 她告訴過(guò)你這個(gè)墊子是她親自做的，是嗎？ 當(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)為第一人稱，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think, believe, consider, imagine, suppose, hope 等詞時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)與賓語(yǔ)從句保持一致。這時(shí)特別要注意否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問(wèn)題。 I supposeyoure serious, arent you 我想你是當(dāng)真的，不是嗎？(不可用dont I) I dont suppose hes serious, is he 我想他不是當(dāng)真的，是嗎？ (不可用do I) 提示： 如果主語(yǔ)是第二、第三人稱，則疑問(wèn)句部分與主句一致，且不存在否定轉(zhuǎn)移的問(wèn)題。 You dont think we can speak English, do you 你認(rèn)為我們不會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，對(duì)嗎？ He thinks hes got the right answer,doesnt he 他認(rèn)為自己找到了正確的答案，是嗎？三、表語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句放在連系動(dòng)詞之后，充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語(yǔ)。A可接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞 可接表語(yǔ)從句的連系動(dòng)詞有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中國(guó)不再是過(guò)去的中國(guó)了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 問(wèn)題還是他們能否幫我們。 Itappears that he has a taste for music.看來(lái)他對(duì)音樂(lè)有一定的鑒賞力. At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow. 當(dāng)時(shí)，我似乎怎么也想不出一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)淖盅蹃?lái)。Bas, as ifthough引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起來(lái)還與十年前一樣。 It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door. 聽(tīng)起來(lái)好像有人在敲門。Cbecause, why引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句 I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想這是因?yàn)槟阍捳f(shuō)得太多。 Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因?yàn)樗麤](méi)有理解我。（Thats because 強(qiáng)調(diào)原因） Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他對(duì)我生氣的原因。（Thas why 強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果） 注意 what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句表示結(jié)果或名詞reason作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面的表語(yǔ)從句表示原因時(shí)要用that引導(dǎo)，一般不宜用because。 The reason why I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我難過(guò)的原因是他沒(méi)有理解我。 What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他喪命的原因是他太粗心了。D使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表語(yǔ)從句 在表示建議、勸告、命令含義的名詞后的表語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需用should+動(dòng)詞原形表示，should可省略。常見(jiàn)的詞有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, insistence, plan, idea等。 My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。 His proposal was that they (should ) challeng