專四便條寫作技巧.doc

l 英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文寫作之便條寫法 便條是一種簡(jiǎn)單的書信。雖然內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單，但卻有其獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格。主要目的是為了盡快地把最新的信息、通知、要求或者活動(dòng)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)告給對(duì)方。常見的便條有欠條、留言和請(qǐng)假條等。 特點(diǎn)：文內(nèi)語(yǔ)言盡量通俗口語(yǔ)化，簡(jiǎn)單扼要，直截了當(dāng)，無(wú)需使用客套語(yǔ)言。便條雖簡(jiǎn)單，但中心務(wù)必突出，更要注明活動(dòng)的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)。便條不需郵寄，不用信封。通常請(qǐng)人代為轉(zhuǎn)交。有時(shí)可寫在留言板和留言簿上?；緦懽鞲袷奖銞l內(nèi)容和類型不盡相同，可以靈活變通。但各類便條必須包括以下幾個(gè)基本要素；1）Date：便條日期2）Salutation：稱呼3）Body：正文4）Signature：署名(一) 格式(format)正確 TEM4便條的格式與普通英文書信格式基本相同。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，它應(yīng)有日期(date)、稱呼(saluwfion)、正文(body)及結(jié)尾(ending)，結(jié)尾包括結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)(complimentary close)和簽名(signature)。1日期指寫便條的日期。英文便條與漢語(yǔ)便條的日期寫的地方有別，前者的日期一般寫在便條的右上角，偶爾也見寫在便條的左上角，而后者的日期則寫在便條的右下角，即寫在簽名的下面。英文日期與漢語(yǔ)日期的寫法也有不同，漢語(yǔ)一般先寫年，然后再寫月、日，而英文則一般把年份寫在月、日的后面。另外，英文日期的月、日與年之間通常用逗號(hào)隔開。例如，2008年4月21日通常寫成April 21，2008或April 21st，2008；當(dāng)然，由于是非正式書信，也可以去掉年份，寫成Apl. 2l或April 21st(不過(guò)，這種寫法，只是最近兩年才被TEM4接受)，或者寫成2142008或4212008。日期能說(shuō)明便條的有效度，沒有日期，則會(huì)使人感到茫然。2稱呼稱呼是指寫便條人對(duì)收便條人的稱謂，一般都以Dear開頭，寫在日期下一兩行、留出左頁(yè)邊空白，頂格寫。TEM4試卷中一般對(duì)寫便條人與收便條人之間的關(guān)系作了提示。提示中的“you”指的是寫便條人，提到的另一方便是收便條人。稱呼時(shí)，一般只需在其名字前加Dear即可，如Dear Susan，Dear Tom。若此人有頭銜(social title)，稱呼時(shí)，便要保留其頭銜，例如DrHerce，要稱Dear DrPierce，不稱Dear Pierce。如果提示中的另一方是以Mrs.Wang或Mr.Wang出現(xiàn)，稱呼時(shí)也只需在其前加Dear便可，即稱Dear Mrs. Wang或Dear Mr. Wang，若只稱Dear Wang則視為不妥。當(dāng)對(duì)方為親屬時(shí)，在Dear 后面加上表示親屬關(guān)系大寫的字眼即可，如Dear Grandpa，Dear Aunt。值得一提的是，近年來(lái)TEM4也接受不帶Dear的稱呼。稱呼后面可用逗號(hào)，也可用冒號(hào)。3正文正文是寫便條人要敘述或談?wù)摰氖虑?，是便條的主要組成部分。一般書信是在稱呼下方隔兩行處開始寫正文。但就TEM4便條而言，一般在稱呼的下一行開始寫正文便可。正文的首行左邊一般留約5個(gè)字母寬的空白，但也可頂格寫。便條的內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單、字?jǐn)?shù)少，因此，正文一般只需寫一段或兩段。若有兩段，第二段的首行應(yīng)與第一段的首行對(duì)齊寫。4結(jié)尾如前所述，結(jié)尾包括結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)和簽名。(1)結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)的位置一般是在正文最后一行的下面，從便條的中央部分開始，稍向右縮進(jìn)。當(dāng)然，若正文的開頭是往左頂格寫，此時(shí)的結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)也應(yīng)往左頂格寫。開頭字母要大寫，末尾要用逗號(hào)。結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)為寫便條人對(duì)收便條人的謙稱或客套以示禮貌，措辭的變化按照不同的關(guān)系而定?，F(xiàn)分述如下： 致不熟悉的人，宜用較莊重的套語(yǔ)，如Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours，或Sincerely等。 對(duì)上級(jí)、長(zhǎng)者，除了可用上述較莊重的套語(yǔ)，也可用Yours respectfully或Respectfully yours。 對(duì)一般朋友或熟人可用中提到的較莊重的套語(yǔ)，也可用Yours等較為隨便的套語(yǔ)。 對(duì)密友則采用較隨便的套語(yǔ)為宜。例如，Yours，Love，With love，Best wishes，Best regards等等。 對(duì)親屬可用下列任何一種：Love，With love，All my love，Yours afectionately，Affectionately yours，Lovingly yours，Yours lovingly，Your loving son(Dad)；但對(duì)親人，不宜用Sincerely yours由于TEM4便條寫作一般是針對(duì)考生日常生活或?qū)W習(xí)相關(guān)的事情，寫作的對(duì)象一般是其朋友、老師、熟人，因此，TEM4通常只接受Yours sincerely，Sincerely yours，Sincerely，或Yours這幾種結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)。(2)簽名即寫便條人署名，位于結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)下，偏右。若結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)是往左頂格寫，這時(shí)的署名也應(yīng)往左頂格寫。簽名也由寫便條人和收便條人的關(guān)系和親疏程度而定。有時(shí)TEM4指定了寫便條人的名字，簽名時(shí)應(yīng)采用那個(gè)名字。若無(wú)指定名字，考生也不宜用自己的真名。一般只需寫名不寫姓，但若用了較莊重的結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)，此時(shí)可簽全名。(二)內(nèi)容完整一般而言，一封理想的TEM4便條應(yīng)包括以下三點(diǎn)：(1)寫便條的原因；(2)要告訴的事情；(3)有關(guān)的希望、建議或要求等。便條寫作提示的情況都是與人們?nèi)粘Ｉ罨驅(qū)W習(xí)相關(guān)的事情。例如，對(duì)別人提供的幫助表示感謝，邀請(qǐng)朋友參觀書展，因不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)赴約而表示道歉，把信息轉(zhuǎn)告給朋友等。所提示的內(nèi)容就是考生要表達(dá)的思想內(nèi)容。思想內(nèi)容有先后之分，要講究其邏輯性，還得注意其完整性。生活中有些約定俗成的東西，寫作時(shí)，應(yīng)考慮這方面的因素。例如，寫道歉信時(shí)，一般都先向?qū)Ψ奖硎厩敢饣騼?nèi)疚，同時(shí)說(shuō)明發(fā)生疏忽、過(guò)失、或錯(cuò)誤的原因，提出彌補(bǔ)的辦法，這樣有利于取得對(duì)方的諒解?，F(xiàn)以近年一次英語(yǔ)專業(yè)四級(jí)考試便條寫作為例加以說(shuō)明：該提示是：Yesterday you failed to turn up for the appointment with your teacher，Professor WangWrite him a note of apology and make a request for another meetingYou should also suggest the time for the requested meeting仔細(xì)閱讀這一提示，你就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，第一句為第二旬所要求的道歉確定了內(nèi)容；為了求得對(duì)方的諒解，獲得另一次會(huì)面的機(jī)會(huì)，你就必須說(shuō)明前次未能赴約見面的原因。因此，本便條的內(nèi)容必須包括以下四項(xiàng)：(1)apologizing for failure to turn up for the appointment，(2)the reason for failure to turn up，(3)making a request for another meeting，(4)suggesting the time for the requested meeting。其中(3)、(4)為提示中明確要求表達(dá)的內(nèi)容，(1)、(2)則是根據(jù)道歉類書信特點(diǎn)而必須表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。內(nèi)容為便條寫作的重頭戲。寫作時(shí)，切莫忽視提示中的任何信息，同時(shí)要關(guān)注交際中所需的相關(guān)信息。當(dāng)然，在注意提示中的信息時(shí)，特別是首句，要注意用自己正確的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)，不能完全抄提示，否則會(huì)扣分。(三)語(yǔ)言得體內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。內(nèi)容抓住后，應(yīng)以恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，便條的語(yǔ)言要簡(jiǎn)單明了，用詞平易。當(dāng)然，語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格還應(yīng)與情景一致，不同的對(duì)象，所使用的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)有所不同。相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)上級(jí)、長(zhǎng)者、不熟悉的人的語(yǔ)言較為正式，對(duì)親朋好友的語(yǔ)言則較為隨便。不過(guò)，不管對(duì)方是誰(shuí)，行文中都應(yīng)體現(xiàn)態(tài)度誠(chéng)懇禮貌。(四)字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求TEM4便條總字?jǐn)?shù)(包括日期、稱呼、結(jié)尾在內(nèi))的要求是約5060個(gè)字。盡管在這數(shù)字之間還可以少l0字，或多20字，即40-80字，不過(guò)，還是篇幅適中為好，以免因顯得太短或太長(zhǎng)而扣分。二TEM4便條寫作中常見的問(wèn)題便條寫作中常見的問(wèn)題主要表現(xiàn)在格式、內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)言等方面。一)格式方面1日期部分往往被漏掉，或漏掉日期中年與月、日之間的逗號(hào)，或在日期后面加點(diǎn)，或按漢語(yǔ)的順序?qū)懗?如2006年4月22日，寫成April 22 2006；April 22，2006；200659；其正確形式請(qǐng)參照前文的相應(yīng)部分)，或按漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣把它寫在簽名的下面。2稱呼未往左頂格寫，或與日期同寫一行；稱呼后面打句號(hào)，或未打逗號(hào)或冒號(hào)。把結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)和簽名同寫一行，或漏寫結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)，或漏掉結(jié)尾套語(yǔ)后面的逗號(hào)。二)內(nèi)容方面便條的內(nèi)容雖簡(jiǎn)單，但漏掉必須表達(dá)的內(nèi)容的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。例如，在前文提到的那次TEM4便條寫作，考生對(duì)未赴約的原因應(yīng)加以說(shuō)明，可不少考生只寫了如下相似內(nèi)容的便條：I am very sorry for missing yesterdays appointment，so I do hope we can make another oneSunday evening is convenient for meWhat about you?內(nèi)容方面還因理解不透，或自立標(biāo)準(zhǔn)而導(dǎo)致交際不成功的情況也不鮮見。還是以前文提到的那次TEM4便條寫作為例。其中一份這樣寫道，“Im very glad to receive your noteAbout Our appointment I think we can change another timeMaybe tomorrow，1 will be free and stay at home all dayIf you are also free tomorrow， you can call me at anytimeThen I will visit you.”該提示要寫一封簡(jiǎn)短的道歉信，而這位考生的答案卻與此大相徑庭，信中絲毫沒有流露出道歉的意念。三)語(yǔ)言方面便條中的語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤可分為理解和表達(dá)兩大類，主要體現(xiàn)在措辭、語(yǔ)法、拼寫等方面。1措辭不當(dāng)。措辭不當(dāng)在這里既指一般遣詞造句中出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用錯(cuò)誤(performance errors)，又指因未按TEM4便條測(cè)試中提供的語(yǔ)境遣詞造句而產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)用失誤(pragmatic failures)，還指因忽視對(duì)方的社會(huì)或文化背景差異而造成的語(yǔ)用失誤。此類問(wèn)題在TEM4便條寫作中相當(dāng)嚴(yán)重。我們還是以前文提到的那次TEM4便條寫作為例；鑒于篇幅，且舉三例：(1) 在I would appreciate you if you could have another meeting with me這句話中，appreciate后面的賓語(yǔ)不妥。只要細(xì)心的讀者翻閱一下詞典，就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)appreciate(感謝)的英文釋義是be grateful for(something)，若把句中的you改為it(代表后面那件事)，或把a(bǔ)ppreciate改為be grateful to，或把a(bǔ)ppreciate you改為be grateful，這句話就對(duì)了。(2)考生在便條的開頭就對(duì)因病未能與王教授約會(huì)表示道歉后，接著寫道：Im anxious to make an appointment with you而根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)該是，Im anxious to make another appointment with you(與你另訂一次約會(huì))。(3)你(寫便條人)自己因某種原因而沒去赴約，況且約會(huì)的對(duì)象是你的老師，事后還要命令對(duì)方到你家來(lái)見你，或以命令的口吻表示要給你打電話。象You must come to my home，或Give me a call to discuss it further這類話有失禮貌，使人讀后感到不舒服。2語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。便條中的語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤有多種，常見的有冠詞、詞性、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)與體、句子結(jié)構(gòu)等錯(cuò)誤。(1)冠詞錯(cuò)誤，如Im anxious to make a(應(yīng)為an)appointment with you(2)詞性錯(cuò)誤，如I must make an apologize(正確為apology)for failing to turn up for the appo intment(3)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)與體等方面的錯(cuò)誤，例如：aIf you will be(應(yīng)把will be改為are)free tomorrow, we shall meet againbI am sorry to fail(正確為to havefailed而不是to fail，因事情已發(fā)生)to tum up for the appointment yesterday(4)句子結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，例如：Im very sorryI didnt turn up for the appointment with youBecause my mother was seriously ill yesterday and I had to take her to see the doctor(應(yīng)改為Im very sorry I didnt turn up for the appointment with you yesterday because my mother was seriously ill and I had to take her to see the doctor)。3拼寫錯(cuò)誤與別的主觀題一樣，便條寫作中拼寫錯(cuò)誤數(shù)見不鮮。例如：professor-profesorprofesor；convenient- conveintconvinent-convinient； appointment -apointment樣例欠條: 留下字據(jù)，表示欠某人某物。條據(jù)上需寫明錢物名稱和數(shù)量、立據(jù)人及日期。不得涂改。Sept. 16th, 2002 Borrowed from the Foreign Language Department Reference Library three books as follows: A copy of English History and Anthology of English Literature by Wu Weiren, A copy of A Survey of American Literature by Chang Yaoxin, and A copy of World Literature by Jiang Chengen. Wu Zhuo For the Office of Social Science Department留言: 用書面留下要說(shuō)的話。留言涉及的方面很多，包括約會(huì)，通知，請(qǐng)求等任何可用便條留下的口信。TuesdayDear Li,As the Spring Festival is drawing near, Im very glad to invite you to come to a dinner party with several other friends of ours. Im sure we will have a very happy time and enjoy ourselves thoroughly. Would you like to come on time at 5:00 p.m. today, to Room 6 of Lijing Hotel?Yours always, Jiayang請(qǐng)假條：往往指由于生病或特殊情況不能親自當(dāng)面請(qǐng)假，用假條的形式告假。所以，請(qǐng)假條大多是病假條?？梢宰詫?，也可請(qǐng)他人代寫。寫假條最重要的是說(shuō)明原因和請(qǐng)假的期限。Jan. 10thDear Ms. Jiang,I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning two periods of English Class due to a bad cold and high fever. Enclosed is a certificate from the doctor who said I must stay in bed for a few days. I will go back to school as soon as I recover.Yours respectfully,Tian Ye英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文的常用句型: 一、邀請(qǐng)信 1、Id like .to come to dinner非常希望.共進(jìn)晚餐2、request the pleasure of恭請(qǐng).3、The favor of a reply is requested敬賜復(fù)函4、May I have the honor of your company at dinner?敬備菲酌，恭請(qǐng)光臨5、Thank you for inviting us to dinner謝謝您邀請(qǐng)我們共進(jìn)晚餐6、I hope youre not too busy to come.我期望您會(huì)在百忙中光臨7、The reception will be held in .,on .招待會(huì)定于.在.舉行8、We sincerely/faithfully hope you can attend.我們期待您的光臨9、We are looking forward to .我們期待著.10、We have decided to have a party in honor of the occasion為此我們決定舉辦一次晚會(huì)11、Please confirm your participation at your earliest convenience是否參加，請(qǐng)?jiān)缛崭嬷⒏兄x信1、Thank you very much for .十分感謝.2、Many thanks for your .非常感謝您.3、Please accept my sincere appreciation for .請(qǐng)接受我對(duì).真摯的感謝4、I am truly grateful to you for .為了.，我真心感激您5、It was good (thoughtful) of you .承蒙好意（關(guān)心）.6、You were so kind to send .承蒙好意送來(lái).7、Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon.再次感謝您的盛情款待，并期待不久見到您8、I find an ordinary thank-you entirely inadequate to tell you how much.我覺得一般的感謝的字眼完全不足以表達(dá)我對(duì)您多么地.9、I sincerely appreciate .我衷心地感謝.10、I wish to express my profound appreciation for .我對(duì).深表謝意11、Many thanks for you generous cooperation謝謝貴方的真誠(chéng)合作常用句子： I shall feel obliged if you will favor me with a call at your earliest convenience.如您方便，請(qǐng)?jiān)缛諄?lái)電，我將不勝感激。Delighted! Will call at 2 p.m. tomorrow.來(lái)?xiàng)l收悉，定于明天下午兩點(diǎn)拜訪。Encl.: Doctors Certificate of Advice. 附；醫(yī)生證明 I shall be very happy to call at your house at 6:30 this evening. Until then,.我定于今晚6：30去你家，望等候。EnclosureUpon receiving this note, please come to my office.見條后，請(qǐng)立即來(lái)我辦公室。Mr. Li stands in urgent need of your service.李先生急需你的幫助。I happen to be in urgent need of 200 yuan.我因有急事，需要200元。Your note with an admission ticket enclosed is much appreciated.留言和一張入場(chǎng)券均已收到，不勝感激。Im very grateful to you for your kind invitation, and Im sure to come to see your concert.承蒙邀請(qǐng)觀看你們的音樂(lè)會(huì)，我一定按時(shí)到場(chǎng)。Please accept this little gift as a small token of my esteem for you.奉上這小小的禮物，以表達(dá)我對(duì)您的崇高敬意。Token=symbol 結(jié)束語(yǔ)I trust my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience.望我的缺席不會(huì)給你帶來(lái)太大的不便。Please favor me with an early reply.敬請(qǐng)?jiān)鐝?fù)。Hoping that the matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.希望能及早處理此事。Please give an extension of leave for three days.請(qǐng)準(zhǔn)予續(xù)假三天為盼。 More example of notes:1）請(qǐng)假（Asking for Leave）例1Directions: You are about to write a Business Leave Note of about 60 words. Please describe this information clearly.1) the reason you ask for the leave2) the time and how long you will leave Aug. 22ndSecretary Li,Im sorry to apply for ten daysleave from the Aug. 23rd to sep.3rd instantly, as the time is urgent. My father now in the hospital is badly ill and I have to take care of him for a few days, for Im the only child in my family. I will show you the telegram about my fathers illness to support my application. I promise I will do my best to catch the missed lessons on after I come back. Wish for your allowance. Yours respectfully 2)約請(qǐng)(Invitation)例 1Directions: You have a ticket to the Russian National Ballet Troupe, which is visiting and you want to give it to your friend Alice. Write a note to her and say:1) the time of the show,2) the place where you will wait for herYou should write about 60 words. SundayDear Alice,Here is a piece of good news for you. The Russian National Ballet Troupe will give a performance in the Beijing Grand Theater tomorrow evening. I am sure that you will be happy to watch it and I leave you an admission card. The performance will begin at seven oclock sharp. I will wait for you at the theater entrance. Please let me know whether you are prevented from coming or not. 3)道歉（Apology）在社會(huì)交往中，人們常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些疏忽、過(guò)失等。為了避免誤解，不影響感情，在這種情況下，應(yīng)寫信給對(duì)方予以解釋，以請(qǐng)求諒解。例1Directions: You have missed a date of your friend, now you have to write a letter for apology in about 60 words. May 20thDear Lily,I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday. I know that you must have been disappointed. I also feel worried and anxious in my heart. The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare an urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p. m. I am terribly sorry. However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday. Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply. 例2Directions: You have received an invitation from your friend, but you have already had some guests in your house. Please express the reason you cant go clearly. Please write in about 60 words. 6.AprilDear Lucy,I do apologize for having to send this letter about Saturday night. When I accepted your invitation, I simply forgot that Saturday was a holiday and that my own guests were not leaving until Sunday morning. It is difficult for me to make a choice. Though I also wonder to meet you very much. I could not very well go out by myself and leave the guests at my home. I hope you know how sorry I am not to be with you this Saturday. Should I make a visit to you in my other spare time?Thank you very much.例3Directions: You are already have a date with your friend but suddenly have another thing to do and you have to tell your friend that you cant go. Express your reason clearly in about 60 words. Monday 9:00 a.mDear Jane,I am sorry to tell you that I wont be able to come this afternoon because I have to go to the airport at 2:00 p. m. to meet an overseas visitor from Australia. I really have kept our datd in my mind all these days, however, I received my boss e-mail this morning, he asked me to go to the airport to meet one of his friends from abroad, its suddenly and urgent and I must go. Please forgive me. Would you please ring me up to make another time? Many thanks.4）借物(Borrowing)例 1Directions: You are going to write a note for borrowing sth. please describe these information clearly.1) the thing you ask 2) detailed what you are going to do with it.3) how long will you take it. TuesdayDear Xiao Wang:I wonder if I could borrow your electronic dictionary for a few days. Now I am translating some important articles. There are many new words which I have to look up the dictionary usually. I just have a paper dictionary but of course its not as convenient as the electronic one, which has a bad effect upon my velocity of my translating. So I think your electonic dictionary is more suitable for me to complete my work. I promise that I must be very careful of your dictionary and make no damage done on it. Thank you very much!Yours ever 5）回復(fù)友人問(wèn)侯(Reply for Regards)例 1Directions: You have just had a operation, and received a note of regards from your friend Jenny. Now please write a reply to her to tell her your current situation. You should write about 60 words. Jan.8th.Dear Jenny,Thanks for your letter of sympathy I received the day before yesterday. The operation on my leg was a wonderful success. You know I had been suffering a lot from my leg since my childhood. The operation removed the cause of trouble. It is quite worth having the operation. I am daily recovering from my illness. Im confident I will soon be in the office again after proper treatment. Thank you for kind wishes.My best wishes to all your family例2Directions: Your father is seriously ill, and you want to go back home. Write a note to the secretary and it should include.1) the cause for leaving;2) the days: from 16th to 21 st;3) Catch on the lesson after returning school. July 5thDear Miss Huang,My sister called me last night