高中英語從句總結.doc

1）主語從句1.定義：用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。2.構成：關聯(lián)詞+簡單句3.引導主語從句的關聯(lián)詞有三類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.很明顯，她們確是親姐妹，她們的臉型很相似。（2）從屬連詞whether.如：Whether hell come here isnt clear.他是否會來這里還不清楚。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone.這事怎樣發(fā)生的，誰也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome.不論誰來都歡迎。Wherever you are is my home my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家我唯一的家。解釋：1.主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有：A.It+be+形容詞（obvious，true，natural，surprising，good，wonderful，funny，possible，likely，certain，probable，etc.）+that從句。如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫無疑問她考試成績會很好。It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。B.It+be+名詞詞組（no wonder，an honor，a good thing，a pity，no surprise，etc.）+that從句。如：Its a pity that we cant go.很遺憾我們不能去。Its no surprise that our team should have won the game.我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。C.It+be+過去分詞（said，reported，thought，expected，decided，announced，arranged，etc.）+that從句。如：It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.據(jù)說格林先生已經到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.據(jù)報道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。D.It+seem，happen等不及物動詞及短語+that從句。如：It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不來參加晚會。It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。E.It+doesnt matter（makes no difference，etc.）+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如：It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否來這無關緊要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我們在哪里開會毫無區(qū)別。F.當that引導的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week？ 下周那位科學家將給我們作報告是真的嗎？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow？ 他們明天不來很要緊嗎？G.當主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時，要以it作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet！ 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪！2.注意連接代詞whoever，whatever，whichever等引導主語從句的含義。Whoever comes will be welcome.（whoever=the person who）來的人將受到歡迎。Whatever he did was right.（whatever=the thing that）他所做的事情是正確的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.（whichever=anyone of you who）你們當中不論哪個進來將會得到獎2）表語從句1.定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。2.構成：關聯(lián)詞+簡單句3.引導表語從句的關聯(lián)詞的種類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。（2）從屬連詞whether，as，as if.如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來還與十年前一樣。The question is whether they will be able to help us.問題是他們是否能幫我們。注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導表語從句，但as if卻可引導表語從句，如：All this was over twenty years ago，but its as if it was only yesterday.這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be，seem，look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。The question is how he did it.問題是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。解釋：1.連詞because可引導表語從句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much.我想這是因為你做得太多。2.在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。3）賓語從句1.定義：用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。2.構成：關聯(lián)詞+簡單句。3.引導賓語從句的關聯(lián)詞有三類：（1）從屬連詞that.如：He told us that he felt ill.他對我們說他感到不舒服。I know he has returned.我知道他已經回來了。注： that在引導賓語從句時也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下，that不能省略。1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and連接兩個賓語從句，that賓語從句放在and的后面時，that不能省略。）大家都會看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引導的賓語從句作介詞賓語時，that不能省略。）對他我一無所知，只知道他是南方人。3.That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（that從句位于句首時，that不可省略。）我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。4.We decided，in view of his special circumstances，that we would admit him for a probationary period.（主句謂語動詞與that從句之間有插入語，that不可省略。）鑒于他的特殊情況，我們決定應允他一段試用期。（2）從屬連詞if/whether.如：I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會成功。I dont know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。（3）連接代詞who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever連接副詞 where，when，how，why.如：Who or what he was，Martin never learned.他是什么人？他是干什么的？馬丁根本不知道。I wonder what hes writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。Ill tell you why I asked you to come.我會告訴你我為什么要你來。You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。（1）介詞賓語從句賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。有時介詞可以省略。如：I dont care （for）who marries him.我不管誰跟他結婚。Be careful （as to）how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。解釋：1.如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.我們認為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in.他已表明他不會屈服。2.作介詞的賓語：連詞that引導的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語，只用在except，but，in后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導，則需用it先行一步，作形式賓語。如：He is a good student except that he is careless.他是一個好學生，只是有點粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會幫助你的。介詞賓語不可以用which來引導，而要用what來引導。如：Are you sorry for what youve done？你為你所做的一切感到內疚嗎？3.某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure，glad，certain，pleased，happy，afraid，surprised，satisfied等，連詞that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do.我不能確定我該做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said.恐怕你沒領會我說的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before.我好奇怪，我以前沒看到過。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。4.連詞whether （or not）或if引導的賓語從句if和whether引導的賓語從句可以互換使用，但whether常和or not連用，if一般不與or not連用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。用if引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應避免使用if而用wheter.試比較：Please let me know if you want to go.Please let me know whether you want to go.if從句可理解為賓語從句，意為“請告訴我你是否想去”；此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話，請告訴我一聲”。5.賓語從句的否定轉移。在think，believe，suppose，expect等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂語盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將think等動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。如：I dont think you are right.我認為你錯了。I dont believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。I dont suppose he cares，does he？ 我想他不在意，是嗎？6.賓語從句的時態(tài)變化規(guī)律：（1）當主句是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)時，從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時態(tài)。（2）當主句是一般過去時態(tài)時，從句只能使用過去范圍內的任何時態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽運行。4）同位語從句1.定義：用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。2.用法：同位語從句的先行詞多為fact，news，idea，thought，question，reply，report，remark等，關聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.對你生病這件事，他們都很焦慮。Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你在哪兒聽說我不能來？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.德國已對俄國宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。注：同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導。如：I have no idea whether hell come or not.我不知道他是否來。連接代詞who，which，what和連接副詞where，when，why，how亦可引導同位語從句。The question who should do the work requires consideration.誰該干這項工作，這個問題需要考慮。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.到哪兒去度暑假，這個問題我們還沒有決定。It is a question how he did it.那是一個他如何做了此事的問題。解釋：1.that引導的同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別that引導的同位語從句that引導的定語從句句法功能上that只起連接從句的作用，無意義。在從句中不充當句子成分。不可省。that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用，還充當一個句子成分。如在從句中作動詞的賓語時可省略。意義上從句是被修飾名詞的內容。從句起限定作用，是定語如：The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.（同位語從句，that不可省。）李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個消息是真的。The news （that）he told me yesterday is true.（定語從句，that在從句中作told的賓語，可省。）他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣should+動詞原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this （should）be settled as soon as possible.這就是我們唯一的請求：盡快解決這個問題。（6）不定式的構成1.不定式的構成不定式是由不定式符號to+動詞原形構成，在某些情況下to也可省略。不定式一般有時式和語態(tài)的變化，通常有下表中的幾種形式（以do為例）：主動式 to do被動式 to be done完成式to have done /to have been done進行式 to be doing完成進行式 to have been doing1）不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā)生。如：They invited us to go there this summer.他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一邊讓我通過。2）不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之后發(fā)生，它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語，有時也可作主語、定語等。如：She seemed to have heard about this matter.她似乎已聽說過這件事。I meant to have told you about it，but I happened to have an important thing to do.我本來想告訴你這件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。3）不定式的進行式不定式的進行式表示正在進行的與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如：Its nice of you to be helping