高考英語閱讀理解中的長難句修改版.doc

如何克服高考英語閱讀理解中的長難句障礙-A 一、抓住結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)詞分析其長難句結(jié)構(gòu)和功能 任何一個復(fù)雜長句都不外乎由一個或多個并列結(jié)構(gòu)和復(fù)合句構(gòu)成。并列結(jié)構(gòu)一般有連詞and，but，or等連接；復(fù)合句按其在句中的作用可分為名詞性從句、形容詞性從句(定語從句)和副詞性從句(狀語從句)三大類。任何一個復(fù)合句都有一個至幾個反應(yīng)邏輯、意義及結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系的引導(dǎo)詞，找出這些引導(dǎo)詞就能分析出復(fù)合句的完整句子結(jié)構(gòu)，清理出完整意義。平時要注意積累表示各種邏輯關(guān)系的連詞和短語。 【例l】Another good thing about the use of noise-killing systems is that it saves the need for a silencer, which not only reduces the weight of a car, but also makes the motor burn less oil and work better(NMETl995 C篇) 析：這是一個含有that引導(dǎo)的表語從句的復(fù)合句。并且表語從句后接了which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。非限制性定語從句內(nèi)有not onlybut also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：噪音消除系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的另一好處就是沒有必要使用消聲器這不僅減輕了轎車的重量。而且使發(fā)動機耗油更少，運轉(zhuǎn)更好。 【例2】We even have different words for some tools, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming，while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating (NMET2001D篇)析：whetheror表示判斷選擇的搭配結(jié)構(gòu)，which 引出定語從句，指代前文中的事實，that引出同位語從句，while引出狀語從旬，表示對比。句意：我們甚至用不同的詞語來表示食物，特別是肉類，取決于它們是否還在田問里，還是即將就廚。這表明撒可遜農(nóng)民干的是農(nóng)活而上層的諾曼人干的是吃喝。 【例3】A Swedish Kennel Club official explains what this means: if your dog runs out on the road and gets hit by a passing car，as the owner，you have to pay for any damage done to the car，even if your dog has been killed in the accident (NMETl997 C篇) 析：該句前半部分explain接what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：后半部分對此進行具體解釋，其中，在主句前后各有一個if導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句和even if引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。as the owner是插入語。句意：一個瑞典Kennel俱樂部的官員解釋了這項(法律)的含義，如果你的狗跑到公路上被汽車撞了。作為主人。即使你的狗被撞死了，你也要為被撞壞的汽車做出賠償。 【例4】First, I have to find the red ones among the leaves, which means I almost have to stand on my head，and once found I have to reach down and under, pick the tomatoes and withdraw (縮回) my full fist without dropping the prize SO dearly won(2005全國I卷E篇) 析：全句是由and連接的兩個并列分句，在前半句中含有which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾整個主句在定語從句中，means后接賓語從句，意為“首先，我必在葉叢中找到紅的西紅柿，這意味著我差不多要倒立了”。在后半句中once found為一省略they are的時狀語從句。主句中reach，pick，withdraw為并列謂語動詞，意為“一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)，我必須伸手到底下摘西紅柿，然后縮回來，而不把用這么昂貴的方式得來的獎品弄丟”。 【例5】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers，although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when an e-mail is introduced，the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet 析：此句夾雜較復(fù)雜的句型結(jié)構(gòu)。although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中，主干部分為just about anyone can tell you that在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中又含有when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。句意：由于因特網(wǎng)的使用。計算機所使用的紙張的數(shù)量是很難衡量的，然而幾乎任何在辦公室工作的人都能告訴你。當(dāng)引進電子郵件后，打印機就開始超時工作。也就是說近年來人們對于紙張的日益需求主要是由于越來越多的使用因特網(wǎng)。 【例6】Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundlesor struggling with their ballalators through the circle, These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for tings and ideas that we simply cant think of 析：后句包含兩個定語從句，一個是由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾words；一個是由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾things and ideas。該句意為：這些字是我編造的，必定代表我們沒有想到的事物和主意。 二、抓主干、剔從句 一個句子的支架就是句中的謂語動詞。根據(jù)英語中五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)，把句子中的主語、謂語、賓語、表語等主要成分找出來，其他成分如定語、狀語、補語等則一目了然易于理解。一些長句其實就是一個由主句和若干個狀語從句組成的一個多層次主從復(fù)合句，一定要搞清主句和狀語從句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，只要把邏輯關(guān)系搞清楚了，則長難句就好對付了。如果把各個從句、分句、非謂語成分剔出來單獨理解，再把大意拼湊起來，構(gòu)成整個長句的意思，就可降低長句的理解難度。如： 【例1】 One tiny 9 inch plant， bought for $ 1.25 in the spring, has already taken over much of my rose bed, covering much of other plants, and is well on its way to the front door. (2005全國I卷E篇) 析：句子主干部分為one tiny 9-inch plant has already taken over much of my rose bed and。bought短語、covering短語分別作定語和狀語。句意：一個在春天時花$125買的九英寸植物已經(jīng)接管了我的玫瑰苗圃，覆蓋了我的其他植物。正在向前門發(fā)展。 【例2】 Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention(2005全國I卷D篇1 【例3】 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer. (NMET2002春招D篇) 句意：Pasteur發(fā)現(xiàn) (賓語從句) 在酒發(fā)酵之后，再加溫幾分鐘，能殺死殘留在酒中的酵母(定語從句)，其結(jié)果能使酒的保鮮時間更長(同位語從句)。 【例4】 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old boy who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (NMET2002春招E篇) 句意：關(guān)于那個救了他的命的19歲的人 (定語從句) winter知道的僅僅是，(主語從句) 他死于一場車禍(表語從句1)，他的家人尊重他的意愿把他的器官捐獻出來，用于移植(表語從句2)。 【例5】 First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the seventeenth century, the theory had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientists who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnic. (NMET2003C篇)句意：這個定理先是由十七世紀(jì)法國數(shù)學(xué)家皮爾法特提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學(xué)大師為難。包括一位法國女科學(xué)家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進展，她為了能夠在伊科爾理工學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)曾女扮男裝。Each misstep threatens to reduce a celebritys shelf life, and the same newspaper or magazine that once brought him fame has no problem picking him to pieces when the opportunity appears. (湖南2008) 譯文 每一次失誤都可能降低名人的知名度，并且一有這樣的機會，同樣是曾給他帶來名聲的報紙或雜志會毫不猶豫地把他批得體無完膚。 三、抓關(guān)鍵詞 關(guān)鍵詞即為含有句子主要意思的關(guān)鍵信息，抓住關(guān)鍵詞讀者可以快速抓住該句大意和理解線索。 【例1】Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the program and anyone who has a lively interest in their pet，whether it be cat, dog or snake! (NMET2003C篇) 析：關(guān)鍵詞：fans愛好者whetheror無論是還是句意：來自動物醫(yī)院(這個電視節(jié)目)的故事(這本書)，將使這個電視節(jié)目的愛好者以及對無論是貓、狗還是蛇這類寵物有濃厚興趣的任何人感到高興。 【例2】After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success, that is, when guests leave the igloo hotel they will receive a paper stating that they have had a taste of adventure 析：句中含兩個分詞短語，關(guān)鍵詞state“表明”。句意：在他們逗留之后。所有的游客都會收到一份生存證明記錄他們的成功也就是說當(dāng)游客離開小冰屋旅館時，他們會得到一份證明表明他們曾嘗試過冒險。 【例3】The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees (白領(lǐng)雇員), whocan afford the new service, in other words, Shanghais car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of whitecollar employees 析：關(guān)鍵詞：rest in依賴，in other words換句話說。句意：主要的市場因素取決于白領(lǐng)工人的人數(shù)增加，這些人付得起這種新型服務(wù)。換句話說，上海的汽車出租行業(yè)發(fā)展如此快，主要是因為白領(lǐng)工人人數(shù)的增加。 四、恢復(fù)原來面貌，理解創(chuàng)新句型 難句的另一種形式是各種創(chuàng)新句型，主要形式有省略、插入語、前置、倒裝、強調(diào)、被動、雙重否定等結(jié)構(gòu)。我們可以利用還原法和消原法，還復(fù)雜句型以本來面目，以求順利理解。 【例1】Excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute (垃圾道)？ （ MET2000E篇) 析：省略句，可補充還原為：Are you excused from recycling because you live in a high rise with a rubbish chute?你住在帶垃圾通道的高層樓房上就可獲準(zhǔn)不參與回收利用垃圾嗎? 【例2】Betty, shrugs. Talk? Were friends(NMET2001 E篇) 析：該句為省略句，根據(jù)上下文作者因妻子長時間跟女友談話而感到納悶的情節(jié)，該句可補充還原為：Betty shrugs. Why are we talking so long? Were friends貝蒂聳了聳肩，為什么我們談這么久?我們是朋友。 【例3】 “Most women, ”says Rubin, “identified (認(rèn)定) at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives”(NMET2001 E篇)析： says Rubin分開， turn to中介詞to前置。Rubin說多數(shù)女子會認(rèn)定至少一個通常多個，可信賴的朋友，以便在處境困難時去求助。 【例4】 No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy itthrow it away，and forget it”(NMET2001 C篇) 析：本句為倒裝句，可還原成：The public will no longer accept the old attitude of “Buy it，throw it away，and forget it”公眾們不再接受“購產(chǎn)品、丟產(chǎn)品、忘產(chǎn)品”的舊觀點。 【例5】How is it that they can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitting on the sofa, talking, go out to a ballgame，come back three and a half hours later, and find theyre still sitting on the sofa ,talking? (NMET2001 E篇) 析：這是一個it強調(diào)句型的疑問句，that后有兩個由and連接的并列分句，前一并列分句為leave，go out, come back為并列的謂語動詞。句中的兩個talking作狀語表示伴隨動作。練一練Part A1. Jenner discovered that people who worked with cattle often suffered from a harmless disease which they caught from the cattle, but these people never seemed to get smallpox. (上海1997 B篇)2. My parents wanted to know if I was sure, if I knew what it meant and whether I realized that if I gave up my job training，it would be very difficult to get a good job (上海1997 A篇)3. Victor Prozorovs disappointment was shared by several grand masters who were present，some of whom were so upset that they shouted at the computer-a better chess player ( NMETl991 C篇)4. Decision is not unlike poker it often matter not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. (NMET2000C篇) 5. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. (NMET2003B篇)6Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used.7In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.8. Discrimination(歧視) isnt their only concern；almost everyone testing positive for the Huntingtons gene(基因) develops symptoms(癥狀) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help.9. I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.10. However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(預(yù)期的) workplace may not have a place for them.11. His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（無知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.12. I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.13. They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破壞行為），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares，vandalism did not often occur.14. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.15. Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(貸款) after four yearsloans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation.16. What emerges(浮現(xiàn)) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.17. Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned.Part B1.Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes.(NMET2008全國 ll D篇)譯文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳藥物，可是他們的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在可可粉中包含的可可堿，其療效又比可卡因幾乎高三分之一。在因特網(wǎng)上公布了他們的研究成果的倫敦皇家大學(xué)的研究員們說道：這種發(fā)現(xiàn)可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得巴恩斯教授說道：“這種發(fā)現(xiàn)可能在治咳史上向前邁了一大步”。實例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine_.A. cannot be as effective as codeineB. can be harmful to peoples healthC. cannot be separated from chocolateD. can be a more effective cure for coughs2.Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江蘇卷B篇)譯文：來自太陽的大部分能量都不會到達地球的表面，這種能量或者被上層大氣中的氣體反射或吸收。在到達低層大氣的能量中，有30%的能量被云層或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面溫暖。實例： 60.Only a small part of the Suns energy reaches the Earths surface because most of it is_.A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphereC. lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes3.The response to her request for help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the worlds largest youth environmental organization. (NMET 2008 山東卷D篇) 譯文：人們對她請求幫助的反應(yīng)如此強烈以至于波建立了一個為了更潔凈環(huán)境的孩子的組織。現(xiàn)在這個組織在全世界有300，000名成員，并且它是世界上最大的青少年環(huán)保組織。實例：72.Kids F.A.C.E is_.A. a program to help students with writingB. a project of litter recyclingC. a campaign launched by President BushD. a club of environmental protection73.What can we learn about Poe?A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.B. She donated billboard across the country.C. She got positive responses for her effortsD. She joined the National Park Service.4.One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同齡人) group.(NMET 2008 遼寧卷C篇)譯文：對他來說，不關(guān)心自己的學(xué)習(xí)是一種酷的標(biāo)志的原因之一是受到他的同齡人的影響。實例： 64.Why did Tom give up studying?A. He disliked his teachers.B. His parents no longer supported him. C. Its cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.5.The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重慶卷E篇)譯文：無窮盡的選擇給人們的生活帶來了無盡的煩惱。買像咖啡壺這樣最基本的東西也不是那么簡單了。對許多人而言，面對觸手可及的一系列的日常用品卻感到眼花瞭亂、不知所措，結(jié)果是購物者只好放棄選擇、匆匆而去，或者僅僅買了一件并非真正需要的不合適的商品。實例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.D. Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice.6.As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her.Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books.Despite her love of reading，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.(NMET 2008天津卷A篇)譯文：作為家庭七個孩子中唯一的女孩，她常常有一種感覺，就是她擁有“七個父親”，原因是她的六個兄弟和她的父親都想控制她。由于羞怯和覺得無地位的緣故，她總是埋頭苦讀。盡管她酷愛讀書，可是在小學(xué)她的成績不佳，因為她太害羞而不能積極地參與。實例：36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?A. She had seven brothers. B. She felt herself a nobody.C. She was too shy to go to school. D. She did not have any good teachers.7.They may think that eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness.Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat.However，the real reason lies inside their bodies.At that time about eight hours after you wake upyour body temperature goes down.This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. (NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)譯文：他們可能認(rèn)為吃午飯是他們困乏的原因?；蛘咴谙奶?，他們可能認(rèn)為是炎熱的緣故。然而，真正的原因在于他們身體的內(nèi)部。在那時，也就是說，在你醒來大約八個小時之后，你的體溫開始呈下降的趨勢。這就是使你行動遲緩并且感到困乏的原因。實例：44.Why do people feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?A. They eat too much for lunch.B. They sleep too little at night.C. Their body temperature becomes lower.D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.8.These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陜西卷E篇)譯文：大腦這些差異也解釋了這樣的事實：更多的男性從事空間技能的工作，而更多的女性則從事需要語言技能的工作。這種現(xiàn)象也可以追溯到我們的祖先時代，據(jù)一項研究表明，在他們當(dāng)中，女性做的是照看孩子這樣的需要語言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩獵這樣的需要空間技能的工作。 實例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?A. Young boys may be stronger than young girls.B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skillsC. Women may have stronger feelings than men.D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.9.In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without paying for it.However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet.(NMET2008江西卷D篇)譯文：在那個時代，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)很容易受到保護，因為不付費想得到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是很困難的。然而，現(xiàn)在許多知識產(chǎn)權(quán)包括歌曲、電影、書籍和藝術(shù)品通過使用因特網(wǎng)都可以免費下載。實例： 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.B. It sells songs and films.C. It does not affect the way we understand IP rights.D. It prevents the production of artwork.70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”?A. Intellectual property rights. B. The Internet.C. Free downloading.D. The large