《寫(xiě)作知識(shí)與技巧》PPT課件.ppt

1 啟 按順序 First Firstly Firstofall Atfirst Inthefirstplace Inthebeginning Tobeginwith Tostartwith Foronething Ontheonehand當(dāng)前 Now Atpresent recently lately 一般而言 Ingeneral generallyspeaking asamatteroffact2 承 按順序 second secondly besidethis inaddition furthermore moreover whatismore 舉例子 forexample instance asanexample asanotherexample namely 換言之 inotherwords inparticular 擴(kuò)展 afterthat afterwards fromnowon similarly meanwhile atthesametime 3 轉(zhuǎn) 轉(zhuǎn)折 but yet however nevertheless though although despite inspiteof onthecontrary unlike ontheotherhand 4 合 結(jié)尾 Inconclusion Inshort Insummary Therefore Thus Tosumup Toconclude consequently Tosummarize Briefly Aboveall Asaresult atlast eventually accordingly 結(jié)構(gòu) 常用的 啟 承 轉(zhuǎn) 合 表達(dá)方法 認(rèn)為 assume argue hold claim suggest declare say believe insist maintain supposethatinmyopinion inmyview inmypointofview asfarasIknow asfarasI mconcerned asforme重要的 important significant beofgreatvalue beofgreatsignificance beofgreatuse很多 many amultitudeof anarmyof anoceanof Agreat large huge considerable significant noticeablenumber amount quantity portionof越來(lái)越多moreandmore agrowingnumberof anincreasingnumberof ontherise大多的 the vast overwhelming majorityof人 people folks individuals characters支持 反對(duì)者 followers objectors beinfavoroftheideathat 語(yǔ)言 1 詞匯替換 Apparently evidently however surely indeed briefly fortunately amazingly undoubtedlymostimportantofall evenworse strangeenough afterall toone ssurprise tobeexact roughlyspeaking inotherwords asamatteroffact 2 插入語(yǔ) generous humorous interesting smart gentle warmhearted hospitablegood favorable pleasurable excellent outstanding perfect etc bad unfavorable harmful adverse poisonous etc 3 具體化 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試寫(xiě)作知識(shí)與技巧 一 四級(jí)作文的考試要求 1 考生應(yīng)在30分鐘內(nèi) 根據(jù)題目要求及寫(xiě)作提綱或規(guī)定情節(jié) 圖表等寫(xiě)出120字以上 語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范的短文 Nomorethan180words 2 要求 內(nèi)容切題 包括提綱的全部要點(diǎn) 表達(dá)清楚 文字連貫 句式有變化 句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞正確 二 四級(jí)作文通病分析 通過(guò)對(duì)歷年英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作考生答卷的分析 考生寫(xiě)作時(shí)已具有較大的主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性 絕大多數(shù)考生都有一定的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ) 也已經(jīng)基本上掌握了表達(dá)自己觀點(diǎn)和想法的詞匯和語(yǔ)法知識(shí) 但從整體得分來(lái)看 多數(shù)考生短文寫(xiě)作成績(jī)卻不盡人意 分?jǐn)?shù)主要集中在5 9分 考生普遍存在的問(wèn)題是思維單調(diào) 例證堆切 簡(jiǎn)單羅例數(shù)據(jù) 片面描繪畫(huà)面 缺乏主題提升等方面的通病 究其原因 一方面存在著教學(xué)過(guò)程中忽略了對(duì)學(xué)生書(shū)面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng) 學(xué)生缺乏適量的作文訓(xùn)練 另一方面 還有些考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)短文寫(xiě)作的考試要求不十分明確 靠背幾篇范文 壓幾道題 抱著碰運(yùn)氣的態(tài)度 就倉(cāng)促上陣 三 四級(jí)作文常見(jiàn)的11大癥結(jié) 1 大小寫(xiě) 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào) 拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤 2 卷面不潔 字跡潦草 用鉛筆寫(xiě)作 3 語(yǔ)法和結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤 造成文章結(jié)構(gòu)松散 脫節(jié) 4 代詞 連接詞或邏輯順序詞錯(cuò)用 而造成文章的邏輯混亂 5 用中文思維加英文翻譯所造成的語(yǔ)句生硬 錯(cuò)誤 6 文不對(duì)題 部分跑題或主題不突出所造成的文章不切題現(xiàn)象 7 詞匯量匱乏 文章中難見(jiàn)高分詞匯 8 語(yǔ)法不通 復(fù)合句使用錯(cuò)誤多且表達(dá)不清 9 句型單一 句子無(wú)變化 表達(dá)方式單調(diào) 10 不會(huì)正確使用常用套語(yǔ) 文章缺少層次感 11 作文普遍缺乏文采 打動(dòng)人的杰作奇缺 1 對(duì)立觀點(diǎn)型 要不要取消春晚 2006 12 大學(xué)校園是否要開(kāi)放 2005 12 口語(yǔ)考試要不要考 2000 6 娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)的益處和壞處 2008 6 2 解釋說(shuō)明型 選擇選修課的因素 2007 12 選擇大學(xué)任課教師 2006 6new 做人要誠(chéng)實(shí) 2003 1 我最喜愛(ài)的電視節(jié)目及原因 1993 6 3 解決問(wèn)題型 怎樣取得面試成功 2001 1 怎樣支付大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi) 2000 1 4 圖表 大學(xué)生使用計(jì)算機(jī) 2002 6 5 信件 歡迎加入社團(tuán) 2007 6 招募志愿者活動(dòng)辭 2006 6 給老師的感謝信 2005 6 競(jìng)選學(xué)生會(huì)的演講稿 2005 1 導(dǎo)游介紹 2004 1 建議朋友報(bào)考專業(yè)信 2003 12 幫助同學(xué)的感想 2004 1 食堂投訴信 2002 1 2011年11月CET 4PartIforthispart youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledNothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillbycommentingonthehumourssaying Quittingsmokingistheeasiestthingintheworld I vedoneithundredsoftimes Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words PartIWriting 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版 NothingSucceedsWithoutaStrongWillNothingrunssmoothlyinourlife Toachievethingssuccessfully astrongwillisessential LifeislikeaMarathon Manypeoplecan tgettotheterminal Thisisnotbecausetheyarelackofvitalitybutbecausetheirwillofsuccessisnotstrongenough Totakequittingsmokingasanexample someregarditasapieceofcake Theymakeuptheirmindstoquititinthemorning butintheeveningtheyfeelthatthesmellofcigarettesistempting Theirthroatsaresore theirmouthsarethirsty andtheirhandsareshaking Afterthepainfulmentalstruggle theytellthemselvesthat Onecigaretteisenough Justtakeone andthenextdayIwillquitit Bydoingthis theysurrendertotheirweakwill Intheend theyhavequittedsmoking ahundredtimes butinnotimetheysucceed Justlikequittingsmoking nothingsucceedswithoutastrongwill Tobesuccessfulinone slife astrongwillmeansthatyouknowwhereyougoandyouwillpersistontheroadyouchoose Undoubtedlysuccessbelongstothosewhoovercometheirweakwillandwhohanginthereuntilthelastminute 文章點(diǎn)評(píng) 本文屬于話題類作文 只看題目 NothingSucceedswithoutastrongwill 考生會(huì)覺(jué)得比較抽象 難以下手 細(xì)看題目說(shuō)明中給出了提示 要求考生結(jié)合戒煙屢次不成功的幽默引語(yǔ)對(duì)該話題進(jìn)行分析闡述 總體來(lái)說(shuō) 這是一篇 中等偏上 的考生作文 本文先點(diǎn)題指出 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)意志 的重要性 第二段從反面舉例闡述 具體描寫(xiě)了意志不堅(jiān)定者的心理活動(dòng) 闡述為什么會(huì)戒煙失敗 最后從戒煙延伸到生活中的其他事情 并復(fù)述堅(jiān)強(qiáng)意志的內(nèi)涵 點(diǎn)題收尾 總體上來(lái)看 文章思路清晰 采用了生動(dòng)的比喻和形象的心理描寫(xiě) 語(yǔ)言流暢 用語(yǔ)地道 但一些重復(fù)表達(dá) 如第二段和第三段中的weakwill 顯得單調(diào) 可用shakyones weak willedpersons thestrong willed等靈活表達(dá) 在備考中 多積累不同表達(dá) 相信會(huì)寫(xiě)出更生動(dòng)的文章 在論述上 敘述略顯羅嗦 第二段心理描寫(xiě)過(guò)多 雖然流暢生動(dòng) 但卻使這篇考場(chǎng)作文超過(guò)了規(guī)定字?jǐn)?shù) 反而成為失分點(diǎn) 這一點(diǎn)要引以為戒 五 考試作文類型及命題 1 短文寫(xiě)作大致分為五種類型 A 記敘文 Narration B 描寫(xiě)文 Description C 說(shuō)明文 Exposition D 論說(shuō)文 Argumentation E 應(yīng)用文 PracticalWriting 外語(yǔ)習(xí)得者要消滅寫(xiě)句子時(shí)的錯(cuò)誤通常是不可能的 但是朝少犯錯(cuò)誤 不犯嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤的方向而努力奮斗 這應(yīng)該是受到鼓勵(lì)和勞有所報(bào)的過(guò)程 正確無(wú)誤的句子標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1 保持句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整 2 首字母要大寫(xiě) 3 結(jié)尾要有句號(hào)或問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)或省略號(hào) 4 句子應(yīng)表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思 5 句子前后要符合邏輯推理 6 主語(yǔ)為代詞時(shí)要指代明晰 7 句子時(shí)態(tài)要正確 主要指前后一致或符合上下文場(chǎng)景 eg Mr Bushsaidtohisbrotherthathehaddoneagoodjob Note Thereaderisnotsurewhom he shouldbereferredto Sothissentencelackscoherence 1 XiaoLiwasborninasmallvillage Thevillagewasnotprintedonanymap Hisfatherwasateacherinthevillageschool Heneverleftthevillage Laterhegraduatedfromthatschoolandenteredajuniormiddleschoolinatown Onweekdayshehadtoliveatschool Withoutparentsthere helearnedtolookafterhimself buyingfoodandwashingclothes Note Thisisachildishcomposition justasadiaryfromapupil Asanadult weareadviseduponmoresophisticatedwritingatleastnotthatmonotonic Sotobevariousinstyleistobeencouragedifagoodessaytendstoturnup 讓我們一起看一下四級(jí)寫(xiě)作的一些固定句式吧 Fighting 表示原因的常用句型 1 Therearethreereasonsforthis 2 Thereasonsforthisareasfollows 3 Thereasonforthisisobvious 4 Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek 5 Thereasonforthisisthat 6 Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat 例如 Therearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife Firstly people slivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved Secondly mostpeoplearewellpaid andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlike Lastbutnotleast moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife 表示好處的常用句型 1 Ithasthefollowingadvantages 2 Itdoesusalotofgood 3 Itbenefitsusquitealot 4 Itisbeneficialtous 5 Itisofgreatbenefittous 例如 Booksarelikefriends Theycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizons Therefore readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous 表示壞處的常用句型 1 Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages 2 Itdoesusmuchharm 3 Itisharmfultous Withtherapidimprovementoflivingstandards taxihasbecomeanimportantmeansoftransportationinChinabecauseofitsreasonableprice itsavailabilityandthecomfortitoffers Infact manypeopledependontaxitogotoworkandalmosteveryonehastheexperienceoftakingataxionspecialoccasions Iamhappyfornothavingbusesastheonlychoiceanymore 表示事實(shí) 現(xiàn)狀的常用句型 1 Wecannotignorethefactthat 2 Noonecandenythefactthat 3 Thereisnodenyingthefactthat 4 Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin 5 However that snotthecase 例如 Wecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollution Tosolvetheseproblems wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollution Thegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment 表示比較的常用句型 1 ComparedwithA B 2 AandBhasseveralpointsincommon 3 ItistruethatA butthechieffaultB obviousdefects are 4 AandBdifferinseveralways 5 TheadvantagesofAaremuchgreaterthanthoseofB 6 IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV 7 Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem 例如 Comparedwithcars bicycleshaveseveraladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordable Firstly theydonotconsumenaturalresourcesofpetroleum Secondly theydonotcausethepollutionproblem Lastbutnotleast theycontributetopeople shealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise 表示例舉的常用句型 1 Agoodcaseinpointis 2 Asanillustration wemaytake 3 Suchexamplesmightbegiveneasily 4 isoftencitedasanexample 表示數(shù)量的常用句型 1 Ithasincreased decreased from to 2 Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased decreased to800 000 3 TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15 comparedwiththatofJanuary 表示看法的常用句型 1 Peoplehave take adopt assume differentattitudestowardssth 2 Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem 3 Peopletakedifferentviewsof on thequestion 4 Somepe