經(jīng)濟(jì)專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)完全競爭市場形成條件極其缺陷--文獻(xiàn)翻譯

完全競爭市場形成條件極其缺陷 完全競爭市場是指競爭充分而不受任何阻礙和干擾的一種市場結(jié)構(gòu)。在這種市場類型中，買賣人數(shù)眾多，買者和賣者是價(jià)格的接受者，資源可自由流動(dòng)，信息具有完全性。 條件 大量買者和賣者 市場上有眾多的生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者，任何一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者或消費(fèi)者都不能影響市場價(jià)格。由于存在著大量的生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者，與整個(gè)市場的生產(chǎn)量 (即銷售量 )和購買量相比較，任何一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者的生產(chǎn)量 (即銷售量）和任何一個(gè)消費(fèi)者的購買量所占的比例都很小，因而，他們都無能力影響市場的產(chǎn)量 (即銷售量 )和價(jià)格，所以，任何生產(chǎn)者和消費(fèi)者的單獨(dú) 市場行為都不會(huì)引起市場產(chǎn)量 (即銷售量 )和價(jià)格的變化。正如美國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家喬治 斯蒂格勒所說的那樣： “任何單獨(dú)的購買者和銷售者都不能依憑其購買和銷售來影響價(jià)格。用另一種方式來表達(dá)，就是：任何購買者面對(duì)的供給彈性是無窮大，而銷售者面臨的需求彈性也是無窮大的。 這也就是說，他們都只能是市場既定價(jià)格的接受者，而不是市場價(jià)格的決定者。 產(chǎn)品同質(zhì)性 市場上有許多企業(yè)，每個(gè)企業(yè)在生產(chǎn)某種產(chǎn)品時(shí)不僅是同質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品，而且在產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量、性能、外形、包裝等等方面也是無差別的，以致于任何一個(gè)企業(yè)都無法通過自己的產(chǎn)品具有與他人產(chǎn)品的特異之 處來影響價(jià)格而形成壟斷，從而享受壟斷利益。對(duì)于消費(fèi)者來說，無論購買哪一個(gè)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品都是同質(zhì)無差別產(chǎn)品，以致于眾多消費(fèi)者無法根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的差別而形成偏好，從而使生產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)者形成一定的壟斷性而影響市場價(jià)格 也就是說，只要生產(chǎn)同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，各種商品互相之間就具有完全的替代性，這很容易接近完全競爭市場。 資源流動(dòng)性 這意味著廠商進(jìn)入或退出一個(gè)行業(yè)是完全自由和毫無困難的。任何一個(gè)生產(chǎn)者，既可以自由進(jìn)入某個(gè)市場，也可以自由退出某個(gè)市場，即進(jìn)入市場或退出市場完全由生產(chǎn)者自己自由決定，不受任何社會(huì)法令和其他社會(huì)力量的限制 由于無任何進(jìn)出市場的社會(huì)障礙，生產(chǎn)者能自由進(jìn)入或退出市場，因此，當(dāng)某個(gè)行業(yè)市場上有凈利潤時(shí)，就會(huì)吸引許多新的生產(chǎn)者進(jìn)入這個(gè)行業(yè)市場，從而引起利潤的下降，以致于利潤逐漸消失。而當(dāng)行業(yè)市場出現(xiàn)虧損時(shí)，許多生產(chǎn)者又會(huì)退出這個(gè)市場，從而又會(huì)引起行業(yè)市場利潤的出現(xiàn)和增長。這樣，在一個(gè)較長的時(shí)期內(nèi)，生產(chǎn)者只能獲得正常的利潤，而不能獲得壟斷利益。 信息完全性 即市場上的每一個(gè)買者和賣者都掌握著與自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策有關(guān)的一切信息。這樣每一個(gè)消費(fèi)者和每一個(gè)廠商都可以根據(jù)自己掌握的完全的信息，做出自己的最優(yōu)的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策，從而獲得最大 的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。而且，由于每一個(gè)買者和賣者都知道既定的市場價(jià)格，都按照這一既定的市場價(jià)格進(jìn)行交易，這也就排除了由于信息不通暢而可能導(dǎo)致的一個(gè)市場同時(shí)按照不同的價(jià)格進(jìn)行交易的情況。所以，任何市場主體都不能通過權(quán)力、關(guān)稅、補(bǔ)貼、配給或其他任何人為的手段來控制市場供需和市場價(jià)格。 促使微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行保持高效率 完全競爭市場全面排除了任何壟斷性質(zhì)和任何限制，完全依據(jù)市場的調(diào)節(jié)進(jìn)行運(yùn)行，因而可以促使微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行保持高效率。因?yàn)樵谕耆偁幨袌鰲l件下，生產(chǎn)效率低和無效率的生產(chǎn)者會(huì)在眾多生產(chǎn)者的相互競爭中被迫退出市場，生產(chǎn)效率高 的生產(chǎn)者則得以繼續(xù)存在，同時(shí)，又有生產(chǎn)效率更高的生產(chǎn)者隨時(shí)進(jìn)入市場參與市場競爭，生產(chǎn)效率更高的生產(chǎn)者則在新一輪的市場競爭中取勝，因而，完全競爭市場可促使生產(chǎn)者充分發(fā)揮自己的積極性和主動(dòng)性，進(jìn)行高效率的生產(chǎn)。 促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)效率的提高 完全競爭市場可以促使生產(chǎn)者以最低成本進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)，從而提高生產(chǎn)效率。 因?yàn)樵谕耆偁幨袌鲱愋蜅l件下，每個(gè)生產(chǎn)者都只能是市場價(jià)格的接受者，因而他們要想使自己的利潤最大化，就必須以最低的成本進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。也即必須按照其產(chǎn)品平均成本處于最低點(diǎn)時(shí)的產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)。生產(chǎn)者以最低的生產(chǎn)成本生產(chǎn)出最高產(chǎn)量的 產(chǎn)品，這是一種最佳規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)，這樣的生產(chǎn)也就投有浪費(fèi)任何資源和生產(chǎn)能力，因而，這樣的生產(chǎn)過程也就是一種促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)效率和效益不斷提高的過程。 增進(jìn)社會(huì)利益 完全競爭市場中的競爭，在引導(dǎo)生產(chǎn)者追求自己利益的過程中，也有效地促進(jìn)了社會(huì)的利益。這是亞當(dāng) 斯密的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)及著名論斷。他認(rèn)為，市場競爭引導(dǎo)每個(gè)生產(chǎn)者都不斷地努力追求自己的利益，他們所考慮的并不是社會(huì)利益，但是，由于受著 “一只看不見的手的指導(dǎo)，去盡力達(dá)到一個(gè)并非他本意想要達(dá)到的目的。他追求自己的利益，往往使他能比在真正出于本意的情況下更能有效地促進(jìn)社會(huì)的利益。 例如，假若每個(gè)生產(chǎn)者都努力使其生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品價(jià)值達(dá)到最高程度，其結(jié)果必然使社會(huì)的年收額有很大的增長，從而也就促進(jìn)了社會(huì)公共利益的增加。 提高資源的配置效率 在完全競爭市場條件下，資源能不斷地自由流向最能滿足消費(fèi)者需要的商品生產(chǎn)部門，在資源的不斷流動(dòng)過程中實(shí)現(xiàn)了資源在不同用途間、不同效益間和在生產(chǎn)過程中的不同組合間的有效選擇，使資源發(fā)揮出更大的效用，從而也就會(huì)太大提高資源的配置效率與配置效益。 消費(fèi)者及消費(fèi)需求滿足的最大化 在完全競爭市場條件下，價(jià)格趨向等于生產(chǎn)成本。因而， “在許多情況下，它可以形成對(duì)消費(fèi)者來說 最低的價(jià)格 ”， 而且完全競爭市場條件下的利潤比其他非完全競爭市場條件下的利潤要小，所以 “在純粹競爭的情況下，獲利最大的是消費(fèi)者 ”。同時(shí)，完全競爭市場還 “可以使消費(fèi)需求的滿足趨向最大化 ”。 盡管完全競爭市場在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中幾乎是不存在的，但是，研究完全競爭市場類型仍有其積極的意義。分析研究完全競爭市場形式，有利于建立完全競爭市場類型的一般理論，當(dāng)人們熟悉掌握了完全競爭市場類型的理論及其特征以后，就可以用其指導(dǎo)自己的市場決策。例如，生產(chǎn)者就可以在出現(xiàn)類似情況時(shí) (如作為價(jià)格的接受者時(shí)等 )作出正確的產(chǎn)量和價(jià)格決策。 更重要的是分析研究完全競爭市場類型理論，可以為分析研究其他市場類型提供借鑒。例如，在對(duì)有關(guān)壟斷市場、壟斷競爭市場和寡頭壟斷市場中競爭與效率問題進(jìn)行比較研究的過程中完全競爭市場類型理論可以作為一個(gè)衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起到借鑒作用。 缺陷 （一）完全競爭市場在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活前提條件的情況下，很難成立，因而，完全競爭市場的效率也必須在具備了嚴(yán)格前提條件的情況下才會(huì)出現(xiàn)。而在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中，難以全面具備完全競爭市場的所有前提條件，因此，實(shí)際上完全競爭市場在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中很難出現(xiàn)。完全競爭市場只是西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在研究市場經(jīng)濟(jì)理論過程中的 一種理論假設(shè)，是他們進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)分折的一種手段和方法。這樣，沒有實(shí)踐意義就成了完全競爭市場形式的最根本的缺陷。在這種根本缺陷的條件下，完全競爭市場還具有其他許多與前提條件相對(duì)應(yīng)的具體缺陷。 （二）完全競爭市場所必須的有大量小企業(yè)存在這個(gè)條件既不可能也不適用。在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)踐中，即使進(jìn)入市場非常自由，由于其他各個(gè)方面條件的限制和影響，進(jìn)入市場中的企業(yè)也不可能無限多。即使市場中已存在有大量的企業(yè)，這些企業(yè)也只能是小企業(yè)。在有著大量小企業(yè)的情況下，市場中的商品價(jià)格就可能相對(duì)較高。因?yàn)椋湟?，小企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模較小，不能進(jìn) 行規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，存在著規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)，生產(chǎn)成本高。因而小企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品價(jià)格高。其二，小企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本下降潛力小，這是因?yàn)樾∑髽I(yè)無力引進(jìn)先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和設(shè)備，生產(chǎn)的效率難以有較大的提高，這樣其產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)成本也就難降低。即使能夠引進(jìn)先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)和設(shè)備，也無法達(dá)到規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，這時(shí)其生產(chǎn)成本不僅不能下降反而還會(huì)上升。 （三）完全競爭市場也會(huì)造成資源的浪費(fèi)。在完全競爭市場條件下，自由進(jìn)入使效率更高、產(chǎn)品更能適合消費(fèi)者需要的企業(yè)不斷涌進(jìn)市場，而那些效率低、產(chǎn)品已不能適應(yīng)消費(fèi)者需要的企業(yè)則不斷地被淘汰退出市場。小企業(yè)在進(jìn)步和外來 干擾的沖擊下很容易在競爭中失敗，成為完全競爭市場條件下正常的和經(jīng)常的現(xiàn)象。那些因在競爭中失敗而退出市場的企業(yè)，其整個(gè)企業(yè)的設(shè)備與勞動(dòng)力在仍然可以發(fā)揮作用的情況下被迫停止使用，這樣，不能不造成寶貴的物質(zhì)資源和勞動(dòng)力資源的浪費(fèi)。 （四）完全競爭市場中完整知識(shí)的假設(shè)是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的。一般情況下，無論是生產(chǎn)者還是消費(fèi)者，都只能具有不完整的知識(shí)。生產(chǎn)者對(duì)其在現(xiàn)實(shí)市場中的地位、將來發(fā)展的動(dòng)向及影響市場的各種因素的信息等等知識(shí)，都不可能完整地掌握。只能經(jīng)常在不確定的世界中進(jìn)行活動(dòng)。消費(fèi)者，不可能全面掌握特定市場上全部產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格 、品質(zhì)等方面的情況。同時(shí)，市場信息也不可能暢通無阻而且非常準(zhǔn)確。所以，市場參與者都不可能具有完整、全面、準(zhǔn)確的市場信息和市場知識(shí)，完整的市場知識(shí)只能是不現(xiàn)實(shí)的理論假設(shè)。 一般來說，在現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中，只有農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)等極少數(shù)行業(yè)比較接近完全競爭市場。因?yàn)樵谵r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中農(nóng)戶的數(shù)量多而且每個(gè)農(nóng)戶的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模一般都不大，同時(shí)，每個(gè)農(nóng)戶生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量及其在整個(gè)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品總產(chǎn)量中所占的比例都極小，因而，每個(gè)農(nóng)戶的生產(chǎn)和銷售行為都無法影響農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的市場價(jià)格，只能接受農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的市場價(jià)格。如果有的農(nóng)戶要提高其農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的出售價(jià)格，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的市場 價(jià)格不會(huì)因此而提高，其最 結(jié)果只能是自己的產(chǎn)品賣不出去。如果農(nóng)戶要降低自己農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的出售價(jià)格，農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的市場價(jià)格也不會(huì)因此而下降，雖然該農(nóng)戶的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品能以比市場價(jià)格更低的價(jià)格較快的銷售出去。但是，不可避免地要遭受很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。這樣，農(nóng)戶降低其農(nóng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的行為就顯得毫無實(shí)際意義了。 Defect forming condition is extremely perfect competition market Refers to the completely competitive market competition fully and not subject to any obstacles and interference of a kind of market structure. Numbers in this kind of market type, buying and selling, buyers and sellers is the price of the recipient, resources can be free flow of information is complete. conditions A large number of buyers and sellers There are many on the market of producers and consumers, any producer or consumer can affect the market price. Because there are a large number of producers and consumers, and the whole market of production (i.e., sales) compared with buying, any one of producers of production (i.e., sales) and any consumer purchases of the proportion is very small, thus, they have no ability to affect the market of production (i.e., sales) and prices, so that all producers and consumers of market behavior alone wont cause market yields (i.e., sales) and changes in prices. As the American economist George stigler, puts it: any individual buyers and sellers are not relying on the buying and selling to influence prices. In another way to express, is that any buyers in the face of the elasticity of supply is infinite, and the seller are faced with the elasticity of demand is infinite. This means that they are only given market price of the recipient, rather than the market price of the decision. Product homogeneity There are many companies on the market, every enterprise in the production of some products is not only a homogeneous product, and in the product quality, performance, appearance, packaging, etc is also there, so that any a enterprise can through their own product is product specific place to influence prices with others to form a monopoly, so as to enjoy monopoly profits. For consumers, no matter where they buy the product of an enterprise are homogenous undifferentiated products, so that many consumers cannot according to the product difference and form preferences, so that the production of these products manufacturers to form a certain monopoly and affect the market price that is to say, as long as the production of homogeneous products, all kinds of goods will have a complete alternative between each other, this is easy to close to perfect competition market. Resources of liquidity This means that manufacturers to enter or exit a industry is completely free and without any difficulty. Any producer, can free access to a market, are also free to exit certain market, namely the entry or exit the market completely decided by the producers themselves free, not subject to any restriction of social law and other social forces due to the social barriers no in and out of the market, producers are free to enter or exit the market, therefore, when an industry there are net profit on the market, will attract many new producers to enter the industry market, leading to a fall in profits, so that profits gradually disappear. When industry market losses, many producers will exit the market, which will cause the emergence of industry market profits and growth. Thus, in a longer period of time, producers can only normal profits, and cannot obtain monopoly profits. Information is complete Namely the every buyers and sellers on the market holds all the information associated with their economic decisions. So that each consumer and each vendor can according to their mastery of the information completely, make their own optimal economic decisions, so as to achieve maximum economic benefits. Also, because each buyers and sellers know the established market prices, all in accordance with the established market prices, it also ruled out because of the information not unobstructed and could lead to a market at the same time according to the different price to trade. So, any market main body cannot through power, tariffs, subsidies, distribution, or any other artificial means to control the market supply and demand and market price. Prompted the micro economic operation to keep high efficiency Fully ruled out any perfectly competitive markets monopoly nature and any restrictions, completely according to the operation of market regulation, thus it can be contributed to microeconomic maintain efficient operation. Because in perfect competition conditions, the production efficiency is low and inefficient producers will be forced to exit the market in many producers compete, high production efficiency of the producers will continue to exist, and at the same time, and the production efficiency higher producers enter the market at any time to participate in market competition, production more efficient producers in a new round of market competition, as a result, perfect competition market can induce producers to give full play to their enthusiasm and initiative, with efficient production. Promote the improvement of production efficiency Perfect competition can encourage producers with the lowest cost of production, improve production efficiency. Because in perfect competition market type condition, every producer can only is the market price of the recipient, so they want to maximize their profits, it must be at the lowest cost for production. That must be in accordance with its product at a low average cost of production. Producers with the lowest cost of production to produce the maximum yield of product, it is a kind of optimal scale of production, the production there is cast to waste any resources and production capacity, as a result, the production process is also a kind of promote production efficiency and improve the process of performance. Increase the interest of the society Perfect competition in the market competition, in the process of lead producers to ones own interests, also effectively promote the interests of society. This is a major discovery and Adam Smiths famous claim that. Competition in the market guide every producer, he argues, constantly striving for their own interests, it is not what they consider social interests, however, due to the the guidance of an invisible hand, try to achieve a not his intent to achieve purpose. He pursue their own interests, often enable him to better than under the condition of the real part of can effectively promote the interests of the society. For example, if each producers are trying to make their products value reached the highest level, the result will make social income has a great growth, thus promoted the increase of social public interests. Improve the efficiency of resource configuration Under the condition of perfect competition market, resources can constantly free flow to the most to meet the need of the consumer goods production department, in the process of resources flow to achieve the resources between the different USES, different combinations of different benefits between and in the production process between the effective choice, make the resources to play a greater effectiveness, thus it will be too big improve the efficiency of the resource configuration efficiency and the configuration. The maximization of consumers and satisfy consumer demand Under the condition of perfect competition, price trend is equal to the cost of production. Thus, in many cases, it can form the lowest price for customers, and under the conditions of perfect competition market profits than other non profit under the condition of completely competitive market, so in the case of pure competition, the profit of the biggest is consumer. At the same time, perfect competition also can maximize the satisfaction of consumer demand trend . Although perfect competition in real economic life is almost non-existent, but the type of perfect competition market still has its positive significance. Analysis form completely competitive market, set up perfect competition market type of general theory, when people familiar with the mastery of the type of perfect competition market theory and its characteristics, can use the guide to their market decisions. Producers, for example, can be in similar situations (e.g., is regarded as the recipient of the price, etc.) to make the right production and price decisions. More important is to study type completely competitive market theory, can provide reference for analysis and study other market types. , for example, in the monopoly market, monopoly and oligopoly competition market, market competition and efficiency issues in a comparative study in the process of completely competitive market type theory can be used for reference in as a standard measure. defects (a) perfect competition in real life conditions, it is difficult to set up, therefore, the efficiency of the perfect competition market is also must have the strict premise condition will appear. Practice in the real economy, fully has all the prerequisites of a perfectly competitive market, so, in fact in real economic practice, it is difficult to completely competitive market. Perfect competition market is just western economists in the research theory is a theory assumes that in the process of market economy, is one of the types of their economic cent fold means and methods. So, no practical significance, has become the most fundamental flaws in the form of completely competitive market. Under the condition of the fundamental flaws, perfect competition also has many other concrete defects and corresponding prerequisites. (2) perfect competition must be the presence of a large number of small businesses is neither possible nor the conditions applicable. In the practice of the real economy, even to enter the market is very free, because other aspects conditions restriction and influence of enterprise could not have an infinite number of entering the market. Even if existing a large number of enterprises in the market, these companies also can be to small businesses. With a large number of small businesses, products in the market price may be relatively high. Because, first, the small production scale is small, cant make mass production, there is a scale economy, production costs are high. Thus the products of the small business price is high. Second, the small enterprises production cost reduction potential is small, this is because small businesses unable to introduce advanced production technology and equipment, production efficiency is difficult to have larger, so its products are difficult to reduce the production cost. Even to the introduction of advanced production technology and equipment, also cannot achieve scale production, then its not only cant drop in production costs will rise instead. (3) perfect competition also causes waste of resources. Under the condition of perfect competition market, free access to make the efficiency higher, more suitable for consumer products need to be constantly poured into the market of enterprise, and the efficiency is low, the product has not been able to satisfy the needs of the consumer companies are constantly eliminated out of business. Under the impact of the progress and the interference from outside the small business is easy to fail in the competition, become a perfect competition market under the condition of normal and frequent phenomenon. Who defeated in the competition out of the market the enterprise, the equipment in the whole enterprise and labor in the case of could still work was forced to stop using, so, not a waste of valuable material resources and labor resources. (4) perfect competition in the market of complete knowledge assumption is not realistic. In general, both producers and consumers, can only have in