高三英語總復習語法系列訓練課件-被 動 語 態(tài).ppt

高三英語總復習語法系列訓練,被 動 語 態(tài) 詳 解,(一) 語 態(tài) 分 類,英語動詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動) 漢語中常用“被”、“給”、“由”、“受”等詞用來表示被動，而英語用：助動詞be + 及物動詞的過去分詞構成。,(二) 被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)、人稱和數的變化 主要體現在be的變化上，其形式與系動詞be的變化形式完全一樣。以give 為例，列表如下： 一般現在時： am / is / are + given 一般過去時： was / were +given 一般將來時： shall / will + given 一般過去將來時： should / would + given 現在進行時： am / is / are + being + given 過去進行時： was / were + being + given 現在完成時： have / has + been + given 過去完成時： had + been + given 將來完成時： shall / will + have been + given 過去將來完成時： should / would + have been + given 注被動語態(tài)沒有將來進行時和過去將來進行時。,(三)被動語態(tài)常用的八種時態(tài) 1. 一般現在時： People grow rice in the south of the country. Rice is grown in the south of the country. The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過去時： They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month. The students didnt forget his lessons easily. His lessons were not easily forgotten.,3. 一般將來時： They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea. They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時： The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. The workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.,5. 現在進行時： The radio is broadcasting English lessons. English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio. We are painting the rooms. The rooms are being painted. 6. 過去進行時： Why didnt they drive there on time? Because the workers were mending the road. Because the road was being mended. This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year. 7. 現在完成時： Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off. I have been told the sports meet might be put off. We have brought down the price. The price has been brought down.,8. 過去完成時： When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. When I got to the theatre, I found the tickets had already been sold out. The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; People had considered him to be a great leader. He had been considered to be a great leader. 9. 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動詞+ be+ 及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。 You must hand in your compositions after class. Your compositions must be handed in after class. He can write a great many letters with the computer. A great many letters can be written with the computer by him.,(四) 被 動 語 態(tài) 的 使 用 1.當不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by 短語。 “Mr. White, the cup with mixture was broken after class. ” (只是告訴老師杯子壞了，不知是誰弄壞的，或不想說出誰弄壞的)。 2.突出或強調動作的承受者，如果需要說出動作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。 These records were made by John Denver. The cup was broken by Paul. 3.當漢語句子的主語既不是動作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動作的承受者時，這時常用in + 名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。 These cars were made in China. 15, 000 cars will be produced each year in the new factory.,(五)主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法,（1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語 謂語 賓語 I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party. 主語 謂語 賓語 （2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school.,1.把主動語態(tài)的賓語變成被動語態(tài)的主語。 2.把主動語態(tài)的謂語變成被動語態(tài)的be + 過去分詞，時態(tài)要與原句保持一致。 3.把主動語態(tài)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by 的賓語，放在被動語態(tài)里謂語動詞之后，by 短語可以省略。如果原句主語是地點名詞，在被動語態(tài)中用in + 地點名詞作狀語。,(六)語態(tài)轉換時所注意的問題 1. 把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，其謂語動詞的時態(tài)要與原句時態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動詞的數要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new computer. A new computer has been bought. (正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯誤) 2. 含有雙賓語的主動句變被動句時，可分別將其中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個不動，一般變間接賓語為主語時比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語(指物)改為主語，則在間接賓語(指人)前加適當的介詞，如上句還可以說： A present was given to me yesterday.,保留賓語,注意：一般在下列動詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞 to，如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 The cup with mixture was showed to the class. My bike was lent to her. 一般在下列動詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 for, 如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。 Mother made me a new skirt. (A new skirt was made for me. ) The meat was cooked for us. Some country music was played for us. 有些既不用to 也不用for, 根據動詞與介詞的搭配關系。 He ask me a question. (A question was asked of me. ) People all over the world know the Great Wall. The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短語),3. 由動詞+ 介詞或副詞構成的短語動詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個及物動詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動詞有： 不及物動詞+ 介詞，如: agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。 The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It neednt be talked about. 及物動詞+ 副詞：如：bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等。 His request was turned down. The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.,4. 帶復合賓語(賓語+ 賓補)的動詞改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動結構中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補足語保留在謂語動詞后面。如： We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her instructions. 注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動詞后作賓語補足語的動詞不定式都不帶 to，但改成被動語態(tài)后都帶to，這時不定式為主語補足語，也就是說不定式作主語補足語不存在省略to 的問題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 注意：帶有復合賓語的句子，如果賓語補足語是名詞，變被動句時，應將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，不要誤把賓語補足語的名詞作主語。如： Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 誤：Love apples were called them. 正：They were called love apples.,5. 還有一種短語動詞由動詞+ 名詞+ 介詞構成，變被動語態(tài)有兩種形式，如下： 1) We take good care of the books. The books are taken good care of. Good care is taken of the book. 2) You must pay attention to your pronunciation. Attention must be paid to your pronunciation. Your pronunciation must be paid attention to. 用于這類結構的短語動詞常見的有：catch sight of, make use of, pay attention to, set fire to, take care of, take hold of, take notice of, keep an eye on 等。 6. 當主動句的主語是nobody, no one等含有否定意義的不定代詞時，被動句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作by的賓語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody.,7. 當否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定代詞時，在被動句中應將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no one作主語，并將謂語動詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍诱Z態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.,8. 以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動時，用by whom放在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written?,9. 有些動詞既是及物又是不及物，當它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時，表示主語內在品質或性能，是不及物動詞，用主動表示被動，這時不用被動語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。 The new product sells well. 這新產品很暢銷。 The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆寫字很流暢。 對比： The books sell well. (主動句) The books were sold out. (被動句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動句) The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被動句),10. 下列情況主動句不能改為被動句： 第一，感官系動詞一般用主動形式表示被動意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：It is felt very soft. The food tastes delicious. 誤：The food is tasted delicious. The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her hand burned. 誤：Her hand was had burned.,第三，一些不及物動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤：The fire was broke out in the capit