高中英語(yǔ)八大時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)及習(xí)題.doc

_ 高中英語(yǔ)八大時(shí)態(tài)全套精講英語(yǔ)共有十六種時(shí)態(tài)，其表現(xiàn)形式如下(以study為例)：時(shí)態(tài) 一般時(shí)進(jìn)行時(shí)完成時(shí)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在studybe studyinghave studiedhave been studying過(guò)去studiedbe studyinghad studiedhad been studying將來(lái)will studywill be studyingwill have studiedwill have been studying過(guò)去將來(lái)would studywould be studyingwould have studiedwould have been studying.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法1) 經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客觀(guān)真理，客觀(guān)存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀(guān)狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二. 構(gòu)成及變化1、be動(dòng)詞的變化肯定句：主語(yǔ)+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。否定句：主語(yǔ)+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑問(wèn)句：Be +主語(yǔ)+其它。 如：-Are you a student?-Yes. I am. / No, Im not.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句。如：Where is my bike?2、行為動(dòng)詞的變化當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第一，二人稱(chēng)及復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，助動(dòng)詞為do肯定句：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：We often play basketball after school.否定句：主語(yǔ)+ dont+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：we dont play basketball after school.一般疑問(wèn)句：Do +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它?如： Do you often play basketball after school l? Yes, we do. / No, we dont.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+以do開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句?如： What do you often do after school ?當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí) ,助動(dòng)詞為does肯定句：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞三單式(+其它)。如： He swims well.否定句：主語(yǔ)+ doesnt+動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：He doesnt swim well.一般疑問(wèn)句：Does +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如：Does he swim well ?Yes, he does. / No, he doesnt.特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+以does開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句?如： How does your father go to work?三、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)的動(dòng)詞變化規(guī)則(只有在第三人稱(chēng)為主語(yǔ)的肯定句中，動(dòng)詞才用三單式)(1)多數(shù)動(dòng)詞直接加s:runs gets likes collets takes plays climbs.(2)結(jié)尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前為輔音字母,結(jié)尾加es :watches teaches goes does washes crosses mixes brushes(3)動(dòng)詞末尾y前為輔音:將y改為i加es:studystudies flyflies carrycarries crycries但在y前如果為元音則直接加s:buys says2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法 1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 yesterday morning (afternoon, evening)last night (week, month, year),a moment ago , a week ago, three years agojust now,等。 Where did you go just now?2) 表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型，本身表示的就是過(guò)去時(shí)。例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人過(guò)去常常坐在寧?kù)o的公園里的一條長(zhǎng)椅上，看著其他的人，一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí)，什么也不干，也不和任何人交談。）He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。）3) 有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語(yǔ)氣。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借車(chē)用一用，可以嗎？）Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在這里嗎？）典型例題- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看 出，在聽(tīng)的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽(tīng)懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。二、構(gòu)成及變化1. Be動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化：am 和is在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣as。(was not=wasnt)are在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中變?yōu)閣ere。(were not=werent)帶有was或were的句子，其否定、疑問(wèn)的變化和is, am, are一樣，即否定句在was或were后加not，一般疑問(wèn)句把was或were調(diào)到句首。2.行為動(dòng)詞在一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的變化：肯定句 ： 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式 .I watched a film last Sunday .否定句 ： 主語(yǔ)+ didnt + 動(dòng)詞原形.I didnt watch a film last Sunday .一般疑問(wèn)句：Did + 主語(yǔ) + 動(dòng)詞原形 ?Did you watch a film last Sunday ? Yes, I did . No , I didnt .特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+ 以did 開(kāi)頭的一般疑問(wèn)句 ?What did you do last Sunday ?3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)( be doing)一、意義當(dāng)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或正在發(fā)生的事。時(shí)間標(biāo)志now，句前的look ,listen二、構(gòu)成:be (am, is ,are )+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞-ing形式肯定句： 主語(yǔ) + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing (+ 其他)Im doing my homework now .否定句：主語(yǔ)+be+not+動(dòng)詞-ing +其他.Im not doing my homework now.一般疑問(wèn)句：Be+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing +其他?Are you doing your home work now?Yes, I am . No , Im not .特殊疑問(wèn)句：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing+其他?What are you doing now ?三、現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成：(1)一般在動(dòng)詞末尾直接加ing,(2)以不發(fā)音字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去掉e,再加ing，如 skate skating make making dance dancing write writing have havingride riding come coming(3)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，中間只有一個(gè)元音字母，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，應(yīng)雙寫(xiě)末尾的輔音字母，再加ing, 如： putting running beginning stopping swimming shopping joggingsitting getting forgetting letting四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。)C. 表示計(jì)劃或安排好了的將來(lái)動(dòng)作，常與一個(gè)表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用 Mike is coming home on Thursday. 邁克星期四回來(lái)d. 與always, constantly, forever,often 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀(guān)色彩。 You are always changing your mind.典型例題 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 4 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were doing) 1）概念：過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示過(guò)去某一階段一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作2）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。3) 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.典型例題1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. read； was fallingB. was reading； fellC. was reading； was fallingD. read；fell一、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞否定句則在was/were后加一個(gè)not,疑問(wèn)句將was/were提前則可。如：He was reading a book at 5:00pm yesterday. He was not reading a book at 5:00 yesterday.Was he reading a book at 5:00 yesterday? (Yes, he was./ No, he wasnt.)What was he doing at 5:00 yesterday?二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用法：1. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常和表示過(guò)去的狀語(yǔ)連用。如： （just）then 那時(shí)，當(dāng)時(shí) at this/that time 在這/那時(shí) yesterday afternoon昨天下午 at nine 在九點(diǎn) last night 昨晚 （at）this time yesterday在昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候 但在不少情況下，沒(méi)有表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)，這時(shí)需要通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。 What were you doing at nine last night? 昨晚九點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，你在做什么？ I was watching TV at home yesterday afternoon. 我昨天下午正在家里看電視。 They were playing football at this time yesterday.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候他們?cè)谔咦闱颉?.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與those days, the whole morning, from 8:00 to 12:00 last night等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。（1）From 1983 to 1998 , he was teaching at Yale . 從1983到1998年，他正在耶魯大學(xué)教書(shū)。（2）They were building a bridge last winter . 去年冬天他們正在造一座橋。 (3) He was writing a book those days. 那幾天他正在寫(xiě)一本書(shū)3.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與頻度副詞always forever， continually， constantly等連用時(shí)表示過(guò)去經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常常帶有埋怨、討厭、贊揚(yáng)或喜愛(ài)等情緒。 My sister was always forgetting things.(表示埋怨) He was always helping others. (表示贊揚(yáng))4. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作，同樣，過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用在間接引語(yǔ)中。 She asked him if he was coming back for lunch. 她問(wèn)他午飯是否準(zhǔn)備回來(lái)吃。5、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別。（1）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則表示一個(gè)完成的動(dòng)作。也就是說(shuō)用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，只表示有過(guò)這件事；用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，則強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性。 I wrote a letter this morning. 今天上午我寫(xiě)了一封信。（信寫(xiě)完了）I was writing a letter this morning. 今天上午我在寫(xiě)一封信。（信不一定寫(xiě)完）(2) 表示過(guò)去的狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)及心理活動(dòng)的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞(如be， like， love， hate， fear， own， hear， see， know， want， notice)可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，但通常不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。如：I hated it when a man spoke with his mouth full of food. 我討厭人們說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)口里含著食物。(3) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)與always， constantly， forever， continually等連用，表示“過(guò)去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作”;而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)與always， constantly， forever， continually等連用，表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，常帶有感情色彩。如：He always got up at six. 他過(guò)去總是六點(diǎn)起床。He was always thinking of his work. 他總是一心想到工作。7下面幾種情況不用一般過(guò)去時(shí)而要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：(1). 表示過(guò)去某一階段暫時(shí)性的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作時(shí)。如：Tom was getting up at six oclock every day that week. 湯姆那一周里每天都是六點(diǎn)鐘起床。(2). 與always連用表示贊美，厭煩等感情色彩時(shí)。如：John was always coming to school late. 約翰上學(xué)總是遲到。Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people. 雷鋒總是為人民做好事。(4) when作并列連詞，表示“(這時(shí))突然”之意時(shí)，第一個(gè)并列分句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，when引導(dǎo)的并列分句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，突然遇見(jiàn)了他。We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我們正在外邊玩，這時(shí)下起雨來(lái)了。(5) go, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義。如：I was leaving for Wuhan that day. 那天我正要去武漢。She was coming later. 她隨后就來(lái)。三、when, while 的用法 when和while與過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)有著密切的關(guān)系，他們作從屬連詞時(shí)都有“當(dāng).時(shí)候”之意，用法稍有不同： when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是短暫性動(dòng)詞，也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，而while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。 when引導(dǎo)的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是短暫性動(dòng)詞則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，主句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作的時(shí)間段之內(nèi)（長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，短動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)）；如果主句和從句兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞則全部用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),這時(shí)when和while都可以用。 when從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前、之后或同時(shí)發(fā)生；while和as從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作必須是和主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。when +短/延while +延 when和while兩個(gè)詞還可以用作并列連詞，但意思不同，when相當(dāng)于“在那時(shí)”，等于at that time或just then;而while則相當(dāng)于“而；卻；但是”；相當(dāng)于but,表示對(duì)比關(guān)系。（這一點(diǎn)暫時(shí)可以不掌握）eg. I was playing computer games when my father got home. = When my father got home,I was playing computer games. (2) Mother was cooking when/while I was doing my homework. = When/While I was doing my homework, mother was cooking.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)：（聰明的你一定能全部做對(duì)）1 Simon _ (make) a model plane at 8:00 a.m.2 Peter _(do) his homework at seven last night.3 They _ (watch) a football match from 7:00 to 9:00 last night.4 He _(try) to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.5 What book _ you _(read) when I _ (see)you at four yesterday afternoon?6 While she _ (watch) TV, her son _ (play) outside the room.7 It _ (begin) to rain while we _(work) in the field.8 I _ (do) my homework last night when the light _ (go) out. go out 意為熄滅9 I saw you in the reading room yesterday , Tom. What were you doing?-Oh, I _ (read) some books on science.10. Girls _(dance) while boys _(sing) at the party. 11.- Did you see Tim just now? - Yes. He _ (fish) by the river.12.When the teacher _ (come) into the classroom, the students _（laugh）loudly.5一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一、意義：表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來(lái)經(jīng)常或重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。時(shí)間標(biāo)志：tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening 二. 構(gòu)成及變化：一般將來(lái)時(shí)常用的兩種結(jié)構(gòu)be going to+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事或即將發(fā)生或肯定要發(fā)生的事。shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形 : 表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，沒(méi)有太多的計(jì)劃性, 還用來(lái)表示意愿 be going to +動(dòng)詞原形肯定句 主語(yǔ)+be(am /,is,/ are) going to +動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份My sister is going to learn English next year.我姐姐準(zhǔn)備明年學(xué)英語(yǔ)。否定句 主語(yǔ)+be(am / is / are)not going to +動(dòng)詞原形 +其它成份I am not going to(go to)the cinema tonight.我今天晚上不打算去看電影。一般疑問(wèn)句 Be (am / is / are)+主語(yǔ)+going to+動(dòng)詞原型+其它成份?Is your father going to play basketball with you ?你父親打算和你去打籃球嗎?No , he isnt.不。.特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)詞(Wh-)+一般疑問(wèn)句 ?Where are you going to spend Spring Fesital.?春節(jié)你打算在哪過(guò)?.注意: be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)后面習(xí)慣上不跟 go ， come 等表位移的動(dòng)詞，一般用該動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)形式表示。如: Hes going to New York next week.下周他要去紐約.will /shall +動(dòng)詞原形(在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中，主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，常用shall ,在口語(yǔ)中，所有人稱(chēng)都可以用will)1.肯定句 主語(yǔ)+will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份(shall) write to him next week.下周我將給他寫(xiě)信。2.否定句 主語(yǔ) + will /shall+ not + 動(dòng)詞原形 +其它成份They wont watch TV this evening.今天晚上他們不看電視。3.一般疑問(wèn)句will/shall+主語(yǔ) +動(dòng)詞原形+其它成份Will you stay at home with us tomorrow ?明天你和我們呆在家里好嗎?4.特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)詞(Wh-) +一般疑問(wèn)句When will your father be back? 你爸爸什么時(shí)侯回來(lái)?三、附 :Shall I /we 常用來(lái)征求對(duì)方意見(jiàn)，而問(wèn)對(duì)方是否愿意，或者表示客氣的邀請(qǐng)，常用Will you?他們的回答比較靈活。1.Shall we go to the park ?肯定Sure , lets go .否定 No , lets go to the cinema.2.Will you please come to my birthday party next week ?肯定Yes, I will. / Sure .否定 Im sorry. Im afraid I cant.四、時(shí)間標(biāo)志：tomorrow , soon ,next Monday , next year , next weekend , this afternoon , this evening 1)shall用于第一人稱(chēng)，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱(chēng)，在爭(zhēng)求意見(jiàn)時(shí)常用于第二人稱(chēng)。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。 a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)， be going to表將來(lái) will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror6 be to和be going to be to 表示客觀(guān)安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主觀(guān)的打算或計(jì)劃。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀(guān)安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀(guān)安排).7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái) 1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái) 意為：意圖、打算、安排、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 Im leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week?6.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would do) 1.概念：立足于過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻，從過(guò)去看將來(lái)，常用于賓語(yǔ)從句中。 2.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑問(wèn)句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the(1)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。would常縮略為d。(2)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的用法過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示過(guò)去的某一時(shí)間看來(lái)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)常用在賓語(yǔ)從句中。如：I didnt know if she would come。 Wang Lei said that she would visit her uncle next Saturday。過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)也可以用“was(were) going to +動(dòng)詞原形”來(lái)表示。如：I didnt know if she was going to come。 Wang Lei said that she was going to visit 7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (have/has done)用法1：表示：過(guò)去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。標(biāo)志詞：already, yet, just, ever, never, before用法2：表示：過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。標(biāo)志詞：for, since, sinceago基本結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞have/has + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)時(shí)用has,其余人稱(chēng)用have)1)肯定式：主語(yǔ) + have / has + 過(guò)去分詞2)否定式：主語(yǔ) + have / has + not + 過(guò)去分詞3)一般疑問(wèn)句： Have / Has + 主語(yǔ) + 過(guò)去分詞Yes, 主語(yǔ) + have/has.(肯定)No, 主語(yǔ) + havent/hasnt.(否定)4)特殊疑問(wèn)句： 特殊疑問(wèn)詞+have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞例句1. 過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作到目前為止這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。如：1)I have finished my homework. 我做完家庭作業(yè)了。(過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始做，到現(xiàn)在已完成)2)He has already come 他已經(jīng)來(lái)了。(過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始離開(kāi)某地到這來(lái)，現(xiàn)在已在這。)2. 表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去并延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：1)I have studied English for six years. 我已經(jīng)學(xué)了六年英語(yǔ)了。(六年前開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)，一直學(xué)到現(xiàn)在, 也可能繼續(xù)學(xué)也可能就此不學(xué)了。)2)I have lived in Shenyang since 1990. 我從1990年就在沈陽(yáng)住。(從1990年開(kāi)始住在沈陽(yáng)一直住到現(xiàn)在，也可能繼續(xù)住也可能就此為止。)注意1) 當(dāng)表示一段時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用for 或since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)。例如：Ive known Li Li for 4 years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)麗麗已經(jīng)4年了。I have worked here since 8 years ago. 自從8年前我就在這工作。注意2) 當(dāng)在肯定陳述句中含有already或just 時(shí)，在轉(zhuǎn)換成否定句時(shí)，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet.。例如：I have already seen the film. - I havent seen the film yet.He has just come. He hasnt come yet?使用時(shí)注意事項(xiàng)1.“have/ has got ” 形式上是一種完成時(shí)，但和have/ has 為同一意思“有”。如：Have you got pen-friends? Yes, I have.你有筆友嗎?是的，我有。Has he got a lot of work to do? No, he hasnt.他有許多工作要做嗎?不，他沒(méi)有。2. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的區(qū)別have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人還未回來(lái)have/ has been to 曾經(jīng)去過(guò)，人已經(jīng)回來(lái)了have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在，常與一段時(shí)間連用如：He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去過(guò)沈陽(yáng)。He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈陽(yáng)10年了。Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈陽(yáng)了嗎?3. have/ has been to常和once, twice, never, ever連用;have/ has gone to則不可。例如: Has Tom ever been to Paris? 湯姆去過(guò)巴黎嗎? Yes, hes been there several times. 是的，他去過(guò)好幾次了。 Where have they gone? 他們?nèi)ツ睦锪? Theyve gone to Shenyang. 他們?nèi)ド蜿?yáng)了。4.非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能用“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) + 表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)”的句型中。這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它們能夠用表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞替換句中的非延續(xù)性性動(dòng)詞。例如： arrive, come be here, be in buy have begin, start be on ;die be dead finish, end be over go out be outjoin be in borrowkeep finish/end be overclose be closed leave, move be away; fall asleep be asleep10 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always,不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來(lái)了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for.句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is the that結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí). This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing.這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。典型例題(1) -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming (2) -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first