新概念英語第2冊語法精粹.doc

新概念語法精粹Guide to New Concept English Grammar（二冊初級班）第一章 英語動詞時態(tài)(Tenses)英語時態(tài)是英語語法中的第一道難關(guān)，攻下此難關(guān)是作文、閱讀、口語之關(guān)鍵。漢語用不同詞表達相應時態(tài)，而英語用同一詞的不同變化形式表達時態(tài)。英語各種時態(tài)構(gòu)成表：以play為例：一般時態(tài) 進行時態(tài) 完成時態(tài) 完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在play playsisam playing arehashave playedhashave been playing過去playedwas were playinghad playedhad been playing將來shall will playshallwill be playingshallwill have playedshallwill have been playing過去將來shouldwould playshouldwould be playingshouldwould have playedshouldwould have been playing一、一般現(xiàn)在時：1構(gòu)成：使用動詞原形，第三人稱單數(shù)須有變化。（1）直接加“s”，works，takes （2）以輔音加“y”結(jié)尾，變“y”為“i”，再加“es”carry carries （3）以“o, s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的動詞加“es” goes dresses watches brushes 2功能：（1）表現(xiàn)在的事實、狀態(tài)或動作：eg: . Birds fly. . She loves music. . Marys parents get up very early. （2）表習慣性動作或職業(yè)，常與often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，seldom，occasionally，frequently等時間副詞連用。eg: . I always take a walk after supper. . She writes to me very often. . Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally. （3）表客觀真理，格言警句或事實：. The earth moves round the sun. . The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. . Two and two makes four. . No man but errs. 人非圣賢，熟能無過。（4）表將來：A在由when，after, before，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even if，in case，till，until，unless，so long as，where，whatever，wherever 等引導的狀語從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來發(fā)生的動作。（黃金重點，所有考試都不放過它！）例如： . Ill tell her when shecomes tomorrow. . Even ifit rains this afternoon, Ill meet you. Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed. （不錯的句型，背下?。? Ill be right here waiting for you wherever you go.（很感人的句型！）B按時間表示將要發(fā)生的動作或事件，用一般現(xiàn)在時表達將來時概念。. The play begins at 6:30 this evening. . When does the plane take off? . He leaves for that city next week. . According to the timetable, the express train to Shanghai starts at nine in the morning. （按照時刻表，開往上海的特快列車早上 7 點出發(fā)。）測試精編1. The Browns _ a nice car and Browns brother _ a nice jeep. A. have / have B. has / has C. have / has D. has / have 2. If their house _ not like ours, what _?_ it look like? A. is / is B. is / does C. does / does D. does / is 3. - _ you think he will come? - If it _ tomorrow, he will not come. A. Do / rains B. Are / rains C. Do / will rain D. Are / will rain 4. The little child _ not even know that the moon _ around the earth. A. do / move B. do / moves C. does / moves D. did / moved 5. Many a student _ fond of films, but a good student seldom _ to the cinema A. are / goes B. is / goes C. are / go D. is / go 二現(xiàn)在進行時：is / am / are + 現(xiàn)在分詞1表示現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。如. The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea? . Dont you think you eat too much? Youre putting on weight（體重增加）。 . The workers are building a new bridge across the river. 2表現(xiàn)階段正進行的動作。. He is taking physics this semester（本學期）。. Weare preparing for our final examination this week. 3go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return, join, etc. 用于進行時態(tài)時表示即將開始的動作。 . Look! The bus is coming.看！車來了！. The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying. . Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.4與 always, forever, continually, constantly 等副詞連用，表示說話人帶有感情色彩：贊賞或厭惡。. He is always thinking of others.（他總是想著別人。）. The boy is continually making noises.（這男孩不斷地發(fā)出吵鬧聲。）. The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being late.（老師一直在批評她遲到。）5下面表示狀態(tài)、感覺、情緒、精神活動的動詞不可用于進行時。（此條戒律請背 10遍！）believe（相信），doubt（懷疑），see（看見），hear（聽見） ，know（知道），understand （理解），belong（屬于），think（認為），consider（認為），feel（覺得），look（看起來）， seem（看上去），show（顯示），mind（介意），have（有），sound（聽起來），taste（嘗起來）， require（要求），possess（擁有），care（關(guān)心），like（喜歡），hate（討厭），love（喜愛）， detest（憎恨），desire（意欲）【簡單記憶】： 永遠不要說Im believing.或He is seeing a house. 再簡單一點說，這些動詞后面不要隨意加-ing. 可怕的是：我們在寫作及口語中常犯此類大錯！ 注意：have a party / think about可以用進行時，因為這里have意為“舉行”；think意為“考慮”。 測試精編：1. How can you _ If you are not _ ? A. listening / hearing B. hear / listening C. be listening / heard D. be hearing / listening to 2.The girl even wont have her lunch before she _ her homework. A. will finish B. is finishing C. had finished D. finishes 3. Those who have applied for the post（職位）_ in the office.（此題超前）A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing C. interviewing D. to be interviewing 4. The old scientist _ to do more for the country. A. is wishing B. has been wishing C. wishes D. has been wished 5. If he _, dont wake him up. A. still sleeps B. is still sleeping C. still has been sleeping D. will be sleeping still 三一般過去時。定義動詞的過去式：1表示過去某個特定時間或某一段時間發(fā)生的動作或情況。. We visited the school last spring. I went to school by bike when I was in middle school. . China was founded in 1949. 2在表示時間或條件等的狀語從句中代替過去將來時。（參）. She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the next day. They would not leave until she came back. My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision.3一般過去時，現(xiàn)在時和過去時的幾組差異：（別以為這很簡單，下面的差異你不一定明白。） Her brother was a chemist.（已去世） Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在） Thats all I had to say.（話已說完） Thats all I have to say.（言之未盡） It was so nice to see you.（離別時用） It is so nice to see you.（見面時用） Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是當天下午或晚上） Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）本句現(xiàn)在完成時，此乃后話！測試精編 I：（用所給動詞的正確進態(tài)填空）。1. Yesterday I _ (think) that you were not in Beijing. 2. Alice usually _ (sit) in the front of the classroom, but she _ (sit) at the back this morning. 3. He _ (tell) the news to us three days ago. 4. He_ (begin) to teach Chinese in 1990. 5. she would not telephone me if she _ (have) no time. 測試精編 II：1. They _ the trip until the rain stopped. A. continued B. didnt continue C. hadnt continued D. would continue 2. The local peasants gave the soldiers clothes and food without which they _ of hunger and cold.（without 在這里表條件，你知道嗎？） A. would die B. will die C. would be dead D. would have died 3. It was not until then that I came to know that the earth _ around the sun. A. moved B. has moved C. will move D. moves 4. When all those present（到場者）_D_ he began his lecture.（重點題） A. sit B. set C. seated D. were seated 5. If I had had time, I would have written to you. But in fact I _ not. A. have B. would have C. had D. had had 四過去進行時：were / was + 現(xiàn)在分詞。1表示過去某一時刻或階段正在發(fā)生的動作。. I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening. . When I arrived, they were watching TV. . They were doing housework this time last week. 2用于條件狀語從句中表示過去將來進行的動作。. She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping. . I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving too fast. 3過去某時將發(fā)生的事?？蓞⒖?（4）. They told me that they were leaving for New York. . He was going out when I arrived. 測試精編：1. My brother _ while he _ his bicycle and hurt himself.A. fell / was riding B. feel / were riding C. had fallen / rode D. had fallen / was riding 2. He _ his leg as he _ in a football match. A. broke / played B. was breaking / was playing C. broke / was playing D. was breaking / played 3. -Myfather will be here tomorrow. -I thought that he _ today. A. was corning B. is coming C. will come D. comes 4. Jack was going out of the shop when he collided with an old woman who _ in. A. come B. was coming C. had been coming D. had come 5. Michike couldnt come to the telephone when Mr. Smith called her because she _ in the lab. A. had been working B. has been working C. was working D. worked 五現(xiàn)在完成時：have / has + 過去分詞1表示過去所發(fā)生的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。常與yet，just，before，recently，lately（最近），ever，never等表時間的副詞搭配使用。 He hasnt seen her lately. I havent finished the book yet. 2表示一個從過去某個時間開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能持續(xù)下去的動作，常與表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。如：so far（迄今為止），up till now（直到現(xiàn)在），since, for a long time（很長時間），up to present（直到現(xiàn)在），in the past / in the last few years（在過去的幾年里），these days（目前） . He has worked here for 15 years. . I have studied English since I came here. The foreigner has been away from China for a long time. . So far, I havent received a single letter from my brother. 3某些非延續(xù)性動詞（即：動作開始便終止的動詞），在現(xiàn)在完成時中不能與表示一段時間狀語搭配。黃金要點：I常見的非延續(xù)動詞：die, arrive（到達），join（加入），leave（離開），go, refuse（拒 絕），fail（失?。?，finish，buy，marry，divorce（離婚），awake（醒） ，buy，borrow，lend .（背三遍?。㊣I這類動詞并非不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，而是不能接常由for引導的時間狀語。III但若是用在否定句中，非延續(xù)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。 She has gone away for a month.（誤 She has been away for a month （正） The man has died for two years.（誤） The man has been dead for two years.（正） How long have youbought the book?（誤） How long have you got the book.（正）4注意 since的用法：. They havent had any troublesince they came here. It has been ten years since we met last time. . He has been heresince 1980. . He has been heresince ten years ago.5幾組對比：He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 He has been to Shanghai. 他去過上海。She has gone. 她已走了。 She is gone. 她缺席了。（or她死了。）The door has been closed. 門關(guān)上了。（動作）The door is closed. 門是關(guān)著的。（狀態(tài)）測試精編：1. The prices _ going up all the time in the past few years. A. keep B. kept C. have kept D. are keeping 2. For the whole period of two months, there _ no rain in this area. A. is B. will be C. has been D. have been 3. Today is Janes wedding day. She _ John. A. have just married with B. was just married to C. has just been married to D. just has been married to 4. No wonder the flower have withered, they _ any water for ages.A. hadnt B. havent C. havent had D. hadnt had 5. Nowadays computer _ a wide application with the development of production and science. A. found B. has found C. finds D. had found 六現(xiàn)在完成進行時：have / has + been + 現(xiàn)在分詞 1表示從過去某時開始發(fā)生，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在且可能延續(xù)下去的動作。（最好將此定義讀 5遍）. Ive been waiting for an hour but she hasnt come. . He has been running after her for 8 years.（run after: 追求）2表某種感情色彩。. Ive been wanting to see you for so many years. . Whos been telling you such nonsense. 釋惑要點：現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的對比：現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)“結(jié)果”，而完成進行時強調(diào)“動作的延續(xù)”。. I have thought of it.（我已想到了這一點。）. I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想這一點。）. Jim has painted the door.（杰姆已將門油漆過了。）. Jim has been painting the door.（杰姆一直在油漆門。）測試精編：1. They _ us since five oclock this morning. A. are helping B. have been helping C. have been helped D. have helped 2. I _ the book the whole day, yet I havent finished it. A. have been reading B. have read C. am reading D. had been reading 3. Please come in. We _ about your paper. A. talk B. had been talking C. have been talking D. would have talked 4. Such natural resources as coal and petroleum _. A. gradually are exhausted B. are being gradually exhausted C. have gradually exhausting D. have been exhausting gradually 5. It _ almost every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining 用所給動詞正確時態(tài)填空。1. You should go to bed. You _ (watch) TV for 5 hours. 2. I _ (write) letters since breakfast. 3. I _ (write) 3 letters since breakfast. 4. Sorry, but Mr. Smith _ (leave) for Beijing.5. I _ (look) for him everywhere, where can he be? 七過去完成時：had + 過去分詞1表示過去某個動作或某個具體時間之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生、完成的動作?！斑^去的過去”。 They had got everything ready before I came. The play had begunbefore I got to the theater with my boyfriend. 2過去完成時常用于 hardly / scarcely . when, no sooner . than等固定句型結(jié)構(gòu)中。（此乃超級重點句型，意為：“一就”） She had hardly / scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang. No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met her parents.（注意 no sooner 在句首時句型倒裝。） 3intend（打算），mean（意味），hope（希望），want（想要），plan（計劃）等動詞的過去完成時用來表示本打算做而沒有做的事。 I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came to see me just when I was about to leave.（原想昨天去看你） They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they had to cancel it because the bad weather.（原計劃上周舉行一場足球賽）測試精編：1. -Lets hurry! The president is coming. -Oh, I was afraid that we _. A. already miss him B. had already missed him C. will miss him already D. have already missed him 2. Your letter came just as I _ my office. A. was leaving B. would leave C. had left D. left 3. I _ my keys, I cant remember where I last sawthem. A. was losing B. lost C. had lost D. have lost 4. Nobody knew where the teacher _. A. has gone B. would have gone C. had gone D. would be gone 5. The sportsmen _ training for 3 hours when the coach told them to break off for rest. A. have been B. are C. had been D. were 八一般將來時：shall / will + 動詞原形 1表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。 He will graduate from the college next year. We shall finish our work as quickly as possible. 2將來時的其它結(jié)構(gòu)：（務必背下！）I. be going to do something. 打算做某事。（美國口語中常讀作be gonna） Im going to buy a new coat this fall. be going to與will的對比：下列情況須用will Ill be sixteen years old next year. It will be the 20 th of August tomorrow. When he comes, I will give him your message. I. be + to do sth.表示計劃安排做某事或用來征求意見。 Am I to take over his work? We are to meet at the gate. III. be about to do sth. 即將做某事。 The talk is about to begin. 3重點補充：be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事 set out to do sth. 著手做某事 set about doing sth. 開始做某事測試精編：1. - The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 oclock. - But _ a delay. A. it will be B. thered be C. there will be D. there is 2. Hell leave for Paris before you _ next week. A. will come back B. will be back C. come back D. came back 3. Our next meeting _ on 1st December. A. has been held B. will holdC. is to be held D. is holding 4. Where _ a will, there is a way. A. there will have B. has been there C. there is D. there has been 5. It _ be Wednesday tomorrow. A. is going to B. will C. is about to D. is to 九過去將來時：should / would + 動詞原形1表示從過去某個時刻看將要發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。 He said that they would meet me at the station. 2此用法常用于間接引語中。測試精編：1. On television last night the newscaster announced that the leader _ on Saturday. A. is arriving B. will arrive C. would be arrived D. would arrive 2. He told us that he would begin the dictation when we_ ready. A. will be B. would be C. were D. are 3. My aunt _ to see us, she would be here soon.A. is corning B. was coming C. came D. had came 4. They would be given a new house if more _ the next year. A. will be built B. would be built C. are built D. were built 十過去完成進行時：had been + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示過去某個時間之前一直在進行的動作。 She said that she had been typing a paper before I came in. 比較：. The girl had cleaned up the room, so it was tidy. . The girl had been clearing up the room, so we had to wait outside. 測試精編：1. It _ for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy. A. was raining B. would be raining C. had been raining D. has rained 2. He told us that he _ there since 1982. A. has been living B. had been living C. would have lived D. was living 3. He had been learning English for 3 years before he came here and _ now.A. is still learning B. had been learningC. was still learning D. has been learning 4. By the end of last week, he _ in the company for 10 years. A. had worked B. had been working C. will have worked D. would have worked 5. Not until then did people know that he _ important military information to the enemy for a long time. A. sold B. would sell C. had sold D. had been selling 十一將來進行時：shall / will be + 現(xiàn)在分詞1表示將來某個時刻正在進行的動作：. What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 比較：. Tom wont cut the grass because he is afraid of being tired.（說明意圖）. Tom wont be cutting the grass.（無意圖、僅陳述事實） 2用將來進行時詢問別人的計劃、打算比用一般將來時更顯禮貌 。. Will you be having supper with us this evening? 3將來進行時表示對即將發(fā)生的動作的推測。. She will be arriving at Shanghai tomorrow morning. . The car will be going at the speed of 100 miles an hour.十二過去將來進行時：should / would be + 現(xiàn)在分詞表示從過去某時看將來某時正在進行的動作。 . He asked me what I should be doing