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考研英語(閱讀)模擬試卷617
一、閱讀(補(bǔ)全短文)(本題共20題,每題7.0分,共
20分。)
[A]Oneofthereasonsmakingaircleanercanhavesoimmediateaneffectisthatevena
littledirtcandoalotofdamage.Areductionofjust10micrograinsofpollutionpercubic
meterofair—adegreeofimprovementmanyofthesurveyedcitieswereabletoattain
duringthetwo-decade-plusperiod-couldextendhumanlife-spansafullninemonths.
Howsmallis10microgramspercubicmeter?Considerthatsimplybylivingwitha
cigarettesmoker,you'reexposedtoadailydoseof20to30.[B]Aswithsomanyother
things,PresidentBarackObama'scomingintopowerhaspeoplehopingthatthesekinds
ofquestionswillbemoreaggressivelyaddressedthantheywereoverthepasteightyears.
Evenduringthemostheateddaysofthefallcampaign,neithercandidatewentsofarasto
promiselongerlifeinexchangeforavote.Butasmartenvironmentalpolicycould
deliverjustthat.|C]Thebenefitsofcleanerairmayevenbefeltintownswhoseskies
weren'tthatdirtytobeginwith.Thosethatbeganwiththeverylowestlevelsstillsaw
healthbenefitsfromsmallimprovements.Theevidenceisn'tyettheretodetermine
whetherthosebenefitswouldcontinuegrowinguntilthefine-particlepollutiongotdown
tozero;oneofthecitiesclosesttothat,Albuquerque,NewMexico,stillhoversaround5
microgramspercubicmeter.Butatthispoint,itdocsiftseemthatthebenefitsdecrease.
"Ifitcontinuestofollowwhatwe'veobserved,itappearsthattherearehealthbenefits
downtoverylowlevelsofexposure,"saysDr.Pope,thestudy'sleadauthor.|D|Nobody
pretendsthatpollutedairisn'tterribleforyourhealth.Cleanuptheskiesoveranydirty
city,andthepeoplewholivetherewillallbutcertainlybecomehealthier.That,atleast,
hasbeenpopularwisdom,butuntilnow,noonehadeverputittoastatisticaltest.Now
someonehas,andtheresultsarestriking:accordingtoastudyjustpublished,whenlocal
governmentsdecidetoremovethesmog,localresidentsactuallyliveanaverageoffive
monthslonger.[E]Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,forexample,isonecityinthesurveythat
wasatthe30-microgramlevelbeforethedeclineofthesteelindustryinthe1980sdrove
thedirtoutoftheskies-evenasitdrovejobsoutoftown.Pittsburghwasoneofthe
biggestwinnersinthenewstudy,withresidentsgainingroughly10monthsinlife
expectancyoverwhattheyhadwhenthemillswerestillchurning.[F]Thenextstepfor
bothresearchersandpolicymakersisdeterminingwhichsourcesofdirt-powerplants,
motorvehicles,otherindustrialpolluters—makethebiggestcontributionstoparticle
levelsandthusshouldbemostaggressivelytargeted."Inadifficulteconomicsituation,"
asksDr.DouglasDockery,"wherecanwespendthedollarsthatwouldhavethemost
benefit?1*|G)Inordertoreachsopreciseafinding,thestudy'sauthorshadtodosome
exhaustivenumber-crunching,surveyingpollutionralesandlongevityin51citiesacross
theU.S.overa21-yearperiodfrom1979to2000.Overall,theyfoundthatlifespaninall
oftheareasincreasedbyanaverageofnearlythreeyears—from74to77-asaresultof
ahostoffactors,mostnotablyreducedsmokingandimprovedincome.But15%ofthe
changewasattributabletocleanerair.
D—*1.2.一?3.—?4.t5?—*B
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:G
知識點(diǎn)解析:D為首段,其末句引用了一個study得出的結(jié)果,可推測后一段應(yīng)該
會詳細(xì)介紹該研究,比如方法、過程和結(jié)果等。G恰恰給出了該項(xiàng)研究的相關(guān)信息
和數(shù)據(jù),并且G首句中的sopreciseafinding和前文中具體的數(shù)字(anaverageoffive
months)對應(yīng),因此G應(yīng)緊跟在D之后。
2、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:A
知識點(diǎn)解析:根據(jù)英語文章慣用的“話題——分析問題一解決問題”結(jié)構(gòu),在前兩
段提出問題或現(xiàn)象之后,接下來的段落應(yīng)該要開始分析該問題了。A首句提到了
“改善空氣質(zhì)量之所以能產(chǎn)生如此立竿見影的效果(soimmediateaneffect),其原因
之一……”,可見該段開始分析問題的原因了。A很好地銜接了前段的邏輯關(guān)系,
故本題答案選A。
3、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:E
知識點(diǎn)腦析:E和C都以城市的情況舉例,說明凈化空氣對人體健康產(chǎn)生的有益影
響。而E的首句恰好談到“參與調(diào)查的匹茲堡曾經(jīng)空氣中的污染物含量為30微克/
立方米(atthe30-microgramlevel)”,這正好銜接了A最后一句提到的you're
exposedtoadailydoseof20to30,即:上段提到減少10毫克/立方米如此小的
量,就有延長9個月壽命之效,末句講到可以想象一下減少20-30毫克/立方米的
量會有多好的延壽效果;E緊接著結(jié)合與上述污染程度相當(dāng)?shù)钠テ澅じ纳瓶諝夂蟮?/p>
效果,對上段觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明。可見E應(yīng)緊接在A之后。
4、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:C
知識點(diǎn)解析:從C的首句Thebenefitsofcleanerairmayevenbefeltintownswhose
skiesweren'tthatdirtytobeginwith.可以發(fā)現(xiàn),該段是對上文例證的進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充,
結(jié)合另一類城市的情況,說明就算城鎮(zhèn)空氣中的污染物含量非常低,空氣質(zhì)量的小
小改善同樣會給人們帶來健康紅利。而且,與匹茲堡相比,C所講的阿爾伯克基市
本來的空氣就比較干凈,故C首句說的ihaldirty即回指上段中講述的像匹茲堡那
樣的城市,因此C緊跟E之后,銜接緊密,邏輯合理。
5、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:F
知識點(diǎn)解析:文章末段B中提到人們希望新政策能解決thesekindsofquestions,可
見前一段應(yīng)提出了具體待解決的問題。F首句指出研究人員和決策者下一步要做的
就是共同決定哪種污染源是最大的元兇(wherecanwespendthedollarsthatwould
havethemostbenefit?),這就是具體要做的事情,要解決的問題。故F應(yīng)為B的前
一段。
[A]TheresearchwasbasedonresponsestotheEnglishLongitudinalStudyofAging
(Elsa)一whichgathersdatafromarepresentativesampleofmenandwomenaged50and
over—in2008/9and2010/11.[B]Thereportsaysthatalcoholconsumptionisgrowing
amongolderpeopleinEngland.Bycontrast,theproportionofBritishadultssayingthey
donotdrinkandtheproportionwhosaytheybinge-drankhavebothfallen.[C]Alcohol
Concern'schiefexecutiveJackieBallardsaid:"Harmfuldrinkingisarealissuefbr
middle-agedandolderpeople,manyofwhomareregularlydrinkingaboverecommended
limits,oftenintheirownhomes.Thesearethepeoplewho,iftheydevelopalcohol
relatedillnesses,tendtorequirethemostcomplexandexpensivehealthcareduetothe
mentalandphysicalproblemscausedbydrinkingtoomuch.Unlesssocietystartstotake
thisseriouslyandacknowledgesthehealthproblemsandthecosttosocietywhichtoo
muchalcoholcancause,thesituationwillonlygetworse."[D|AgeUK'schief
economist,ProfessorJoseIparraguiiTe,authoroftheresearch,publishedinonlinejournal
BMJOpen,writes:"Ourfindingssuggestthatharmfuldrinkinginlaterlifeismore
prevalentamongpeoplewhoexhibitalifestyleassociatedwithaffluenceandwitha
'successful'ageingprocess.Harmfuldrinkingmaythenbeahiddenhealthandsocial
probleminotherwisesuccessfulolderpeople.Consequently,andbasedonourresults,we
recommendtheexplicitincorporationofalcoholdrinkinglevelsandpatternsintothe
successfulageingparadigm."|E|Incomewasalsoassociatedwithhigherrisk,butonly
forwomen.Neitherbeingdepressedorlonelywerelinkedtoincreasedriskofharmful
drinking,althoughbeingsingle,separatedordivorcedwas,althoughonlyformen.
Analysisoftheresponsesshowedthattheriskofharmfuldrinkingpeakedformenin
theirearly60sandthengraduallytailedoff,whereasforwomenriskydrinkingfellas
theyaged.Iparraguirresuggestedthatthecurrentgroupofover50smaybecarryingon
levelsofhigherconsumption,developedintheiryoungeryears,intolaterlife.[F]People
over50whoarchealthy,active,sociableandhighlyeducatedarcatmoreriskofharmful
drinkingthantheirlesswell-offpeers,accordingtoresearch.Astudyofmorethan9,000
peoplehasconcludedthatdrinkingamongtheover-50sisahidden"middleclass1'
phenomenon,whichshouldbetargetedwithexplicitage-specificguidelineson
consumption.[G]Iparraguirrefoundthatreportingbetterhealthandhighereducational
attainmentwerepositivelyassociatedwithanincreasedriskofharmfuldrinking.
"Becausethisgroupistypicallyhealthierthanotherpartsoftheolderpopulation,they
mightnotrealisethatwhattheyarcdoingisputtingtheirhealthindanger,"hesaid.[H]
Thestudyusednationalguidanceondrinking,whichsaysthatconsumptionof22unitsor
overformen,or15unitsoroverfbrwomen,carries"increasingrisk"or,ifover50or35
unitsrespectively,"higherrisk".TheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatristshaspreviouslysaid
thatthereshouldbeaseparaterecommendedsafedrinkinglimitforover-65sof1.5units
ofalcoholaday.
FIT|1.II匚HZT「IT「]fLA]-「|
6、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:D
知識點(diǎn)解析:本題是文章最后一段。C提出飲酒過量對老年人群的危害,并呼吁社
會對這個問題給予足夠重視。在分析問題后提出呼吁,是比較常見的文章結(jié)尾的寫
法。C在前文分析的基礎(chǔ)上,進(jìn)一步指出了前文所述問題的危害性,并以此呼吁社
會重視這個問題,作為結(jié)尾很恰當(dāng)。再者,C提到的recommendedlimits剛好可以
對應(yīng)H的recommendedsafedrinkinglimit。故確定本題選Co
[A]Peoplewhodeceivethemselvesalsotendtobehappierthanpeoplewhodonot.
Therearesocialprofits,too:Studieshaveshownthatpeoplewholiefrequentlyare
viewedasfriendlierandmoreamiablethantheirmoretruthfulcounterparts.Still,lyingis
generallyregardedasimmoralandunpleasant."Noonelikesbeingliedto,"saysformer
FBIagentandlyingexpertJoeNavarro."Wefeelbetrayed.Whenisitthattheyare
tellingthetruth?"Andpeopledoreallywanttoknowthetruth.AnewFoxdrama,Lieto
Me,whichfeaturesasteelyBritishdeceptionexpert,hasbecomeoneofthemostpopular
showsontelevision.[B]Ithasneverbeeneasyforpeopletosortoutfactfromfiction.
Studieshaveshownthatpeoplecanidentifyliesonlyabout50percentofthetime,or
aboutthesameaschance.Tobesure,researchershavebeenabletofigureoutsomeclues
touncoverdeception.Whenpeopletellasignificantlie,forinstance,theytypically
gesturelessandtheirarmsmayappearstiff.Peopletellingliesalsomighthavedilated
pupilsbecausetheyfeelnervousaboutspinninganuntruth.|C]Researchershavebeen
studyingdeceptionfordecades,figuringoutwetellliesforallsortsofreasons.Wemight
wanttogainaraiseorareward,forexample,ortoprotectfriendsoralover.Such
constantliesmightbeanecessarysocialevil,andresearchershaverecentlydiscovered
thatsomesmallunimportantliesmightactuallybegoodforyou."Weuseliestogrease
thewheelsofsocialdiscourse,"sayspsychologistRobertFeldman."It'ssociallyusefulto
telllies."[D]Don'tfeelbad.You'reingood,dishonestcompany.Aresearchshowsthat
peoplelieconstantly,thatdeceptionisexistingeverywhereineverydaylife.Onestudy
foundthatpeopletelltwotothreeliesevery10minutes,andevenconservativeestimates
indicatethatwelieatleastonceaday.Ourcapacityfordeceitappearsnearlyendless,
fromaddinguntruedetailstostoriestowearingfakeeyelashestoasking"Howareyou?"
whenwedon'tactuallycare.Weevenlietoourselvesabouthowmuchfoodweeatand
howoftenwcvisitthegym,butwhydowcspinfactsandmakeupfictions?[E]Small
decorationscanhavepositivepsychologicaleffects,expertssay.Researchersfoundthat
collegestudentswhoexaggeratedtheirGPAininterviewslatershowedimprovementin
theirgrades.Theirfiction,inotherwords,becameself-fulfilling.MExaggeratorstendto
bemoreconfidentandhavehighergoalsforachievement,"explainsRichardGramzow,a
psychologistattheUniversityofSouthampton."Positivebiasesabouttheselfcanbe
beneficial."[F]Admitit:You'velied.Youtoldafriendthathisshirtlookedstylishwhen
youactuallythoughtitwasshabby.Ormaybeyousaidtoyourbossthatherpresentations
werefascinatingwheninfacttheyweremindless.Orperhapsyoutoldyourlandlordthat
therentcheckwasinthemail.|G]Evenwiththesefindings,there'snosurefirewayto
catchaliar.Butsomeonewithaknowntrackrecordoflyingislikelytopayaprice.
"Liesaddup,"saysFeldman."Themoreyouknowthatsomeoneisnottellingyouthe
truth,thelesstrustworthytheyare.They'rejusttellingyoustuffyouwanttohear,and
youwon'tlistentothemanymore."
1.—?^2.-3.—E—4.—?15.一]一|GI
11、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:F
知識之解析:本題為文章首段,通常起到引題的作用。A首句的also說明會有上文
與之銜接,故排除。B講到研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的一些能夠幫助識別謊言的線索。注意,G開
頭的Evenwiththesefindings...catchaliar暗示上文提到了有關(guān)判斷一個人是否
說謊的方法,而各段中只有B涉及到這樣的方法,B應(yīng)該很靠近G,故排除B。D
開頭便說“不要感到難過,你身邊有很多不誠實(shí)的人“,暗示上文會提到一個負(fù)面的
現(xiàn)象(會讓你感到難過),故不能為文章首段。D木尾提出疑問(whydowe
spin...fictions?),[ftC是對這個問題的解答(…wetellliesforallsortsof
reasons),可見C應(yīng)在D的后面,C也不能為首段。由此,初步圈定F為答案。F
通過舉例說明一個現(xiàn)象:說謊充斥著我們的口常生活,并由此現(xiàn)象引題,符合文章
首段的行文特征。故確定答案為F。
12、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:D
知識點(diǎn)解析:本題在F之后。F開篇引題,指出說謊是一種普遍存在的現(xiàn)象。A開
頭談到了謊言的積極影響,且首句的also提示上文亦同樣會提到這一點(diǎn),但F沒
有提到相關(guān)信息,故排除A。B談?wù)撊绾伪鎰e謊言(somecluestouncover
deception),同樣提到這個話題的是G(nosurefirewaytocatchaliar),囚此B應(yīng)該靠
近G,位于文章靠后的位置,故排除B。C談到了人們?nèi)鲋e的各種原因,而D在段
末提出疑問:人們?yōu)槭裁匆分e?可以看出,D應(yīng)該會在C之前,故排除C。D承
接F舉出的例子,引用研究來證實(shí)人們經(jīng)常撒謊這個現(xiàn)象,其開頭的Don'tfecl
bad即承接上文“你”說謊的例子,開始進(jìn)一步的討論。D跟F聯(lián)系緊密,語義連
貫。故本題選D。
13、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:C
知識點(diǎn)解析:本題在D之后.C開頭提到人們說謊的各種原因.能回答D末尾處
的疑問,兩段構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,過渡連貫自然,故選C。
14、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:A
知識點(diǎn)解析:本題在E之后。E提到了小謊可以帶來積極的心理效果:自我實(shí)現(xiàn)、
更自信、設(shè)立更高目標(biāo)。而A開頭便提到自我欺騙的人會更幸福、更友好和善,
這同樣是謊言的積極效用,兩段邏輯聯(lián)系緊密。而且,A首句的also說明A應(yīng)在
E之后。故本題選A。
15、
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案:B
知識點(diǎn)解析:本題在A之后、G之前。A談到盡管撒謊有著積極效用,但人們還
是不喜歡被騙,并借一位測謊專家的話提出疑問:人們什么時候才會說真話呢?而
B講到一些辨別謊言的線索(人的姿勢與瞳孔),可視為對這個問題的反向回答。
A、B兩段語義銜接。此外,本段在G之前,可通過G的內(nèi)容反向推斷。G的首句
Evenwiththesefindings...catchaliar說明G的前一段應(yīng)該會提到一些辨別謊言
的方法,B滿足這個要求。綜上所述,確定B為答案。
[A]Excesssupplyhasforcedthepricesofsolarpanelsdownbymorethan40%thisyear.
InAsiafactoriesthatrecentlycroppeduparerunningat40%ofcapacity,withahuge
shakeoutexpected.ButJapanesemakersareprotectedbecausetheycanmanufacture
cellslessexpensivelythanEuropeanfirmsandhavebettertechnologythanChineseones.
Theyarealsoshelterediniheirhomemarket,wherecustomerspreferdomesticproducts.
[B]Factorieshavemushroomedallovertheworldinrecentyears,ontheassumptionthat
subsidiesandloansforsolarpowerwouldcontinuetogrow,alongwiththeworld
economy.Chinesemanufacturers*sharegrewsixfoldinthepastfouryears,capturing
morethanone-thirdoftheglobalmarket.ThispromptedfearsthatJapan'sstrengthin
solarwouldgothewayofcomputerchipsandtelevisionscreens,inwhichJapanesefirms
havelosttheirdominanceoverrivalsfromelsewhereinAsia.[C]Additionally,Japanese
companiesarefollowingsomeAmericanandEuropeanrivalsintoelectricitygeneration.
Sharp,forexample,isnegotiatingadealwithEnel,Italy'sbiggestpowercompany,under
whichitwillbuildsolarpanelsforuseinEnel'ssolar-powerplants.Enelwillhelpto
financethepanelfactoryandSharpwilltakeastakeintheplants.InMarchMitsubishi,a
largetradingcompany,acquired34%ofAmperCentralSolar,apowerplantinPortugal.
|D]loavoidthisfate,Japanesefirmshaveconcentratedonimprovingtheirtechnology
andadjustingtheirbusinessmodels.Theyhavethemostsophisticatedkit,respected
brandsandhealthybalancesheets.Allthisshouldsparethemtheworstamidthepresent
solaroversupply.Theentireindustry'ssalesareexpectedtobebelow7,000megawatts
thisyear.Thatisroughlyhalfofitscapacity.Theeconomiccrisishasledtothe
cancellationofmanybigprojects,andsubsidiesforsolarpowerinGermanyandSpain
arebeingreduced.[E]ManyJapanesesolarfirmsareinfactexpanding.Thecountry's
fourbiggestpowercompaniesarcinvestingbillionsofdollarstodoubletheirproduction,
atleast,overthenextthreeyears.Theyexpectanincreaseindemandowingtogrowing
subsidieslorrenewableenergyinAmericaandJapan.TheJapanesegovernment
reintroducedgeneroushandoutsforsolarpowerthisyear.Thesehadstoppedthreeyears
ago,whenithadseemedthatthemarketcouldsupportitself.BetweenAprilandJune
domesticsalesincreasedby80%involume,whilesaleselsewhereskimped.[F]Until
fiveyearsagoJapanmadearoundhalfoftheworld'ssolarcells,thankstoitsthirstfor
nativeenergyanditsexpertiseintherelatedfieldsofcomputerchipsandflatscreensfor
televisions.Sharp,whichalonehasmadeaquarterofallthesolarcellseverproduced,
dominatedtheindustry.Butassolartechnologymaturedanddemandgrew,new
companiesemerged,notablyinChina,erodingJapanesefirms'shareofthemarketto
around20%.Sharpslippedtofourthplaceamongmanufacturersinthepreviousyear.[G]
AttheMotosumiyoshicommuter-trainstationinKawasaki,asuburbofTokyo,sleek
solarpanelsserveasanawningovertheplatform.Onarecentsunnyday,they
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