2023職稱英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題技巧

職稱英語閱讀理解常見題型及解題

技巧

全國職稱英語等級考試大綱就閱讀理解能力的考核目標作了如下規(guī)定:

讀者應能綜合運用英語語言知識和閱讀技能來理解本專業(yè)的或一般內

容的英語書面材料。閱讀能力主要包括下列幾個方面：

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意；

2.了解闡述主旨的事實和細節(jié)；

3.利用上下文猜測某些詞匯和短語的意義；

4.既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關系；

5.根據(jù)所讀材料進行判斷和推論；

6.領會作者的觀點、意圖和態(tài)度。

根據(jù)考試大綱規(guī)定的考核目標，我們歸納出相應的六種閱讀理解題的類

型,并具體地探討如何答好這些閱讀理解題。

1.掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意

掌握所讀材料的主旨和大意是正確理解全文的關鍵。對主題思想的提問

是閱讀理解測試的必考題。但提問方式及用詞都有差異，這類題常見提

問方式可歸納如下：

1.Themainideaofthispassageis

2.Thispassagetellsus

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemain

ideaofthepassage?

4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesbestsummarizesthe

author'smainpoint?

5.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthethemeofthepassage?

6.Thesubjectmatterofthisselectionis

7.Thepassagemainlydiscusses

8.Thispassageillustrates

9.Thisparagraphcenters/focuseson

10.Thispassagemainlydealswith

11.Thispassageischieflyconcernedwith

12.Theauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassageis

13.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

14.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

15.Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis

解答這一類題目的基本方法如下：

A.找出主題句。首先要讀標題，因為標題往往是主題句中的核心詞或

概括性的詞。抓住全文中心思想的最快捷的途徑就是找出主題句。主題

句一般位于文章或段落的開始，然后圍繞主題展開論述。因為許多作者

喜歡采用從一般到個別的論證或敘述方式，即演繹法(deduction)。這

是一種很常見的文章或段落的寫作形式。若作者采用歸納法(induction),

即從個別到一般來論證或敘述，主題旬就會位于段末。除此之外,主題

句還有可能位于段落的中間。找到主題句后，就應以它為標準，在解題

時，凡是與主題句意思最接近的選項必然是正確的答案。

例1

Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelming

beat.Nosinglebeatischaracteristicofthemusictoday.Buteach

songhasaneasilyrecognizablerhythmAsyoulistentoason9,

yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeat.BeforeIon9,your

entirebodyseemstobemovingwithit.Yourheadpoundswith

thebeat,andthereisnoroomforthought.Onlythesurgeofthe

musicisimportant.Initsownway,rockmusicisasdominantas

therockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanevergrowingemotionalone.

在這一段文章中"Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmost

overwhelmingbeat."為主題句。beat則是句子的信息核心。該詞在

第2、4、6句里重復出現(xiàn)，而第3句中的“rhythm”（節(jié)奏）跟“beat”（強

烈的節(jié)奏）意思基本一致，這就保證了主題平穩(wěn)而持續(xù)的發(fā)展。請注意：

第8、9句作者重申并總結了主題句,而不是說段末是主題句。

例2

Thevegetableandfruitandflowermerchantsaresurroundedby

basketsofpurpleeggplants,greenpeppers,stringsoftiny

silveryonions,headsofbitterIndianspinach.andadozenIndian

vegetablesforwhichIdon'tevenknowtheEnglishnames.Ihad

forgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndia—itisonlyduring

thebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitin

Moscow.InRussia,aswinterapproachesallvegetablesexcept

forpotatoesandthepervasivecabbageinsoupseemto

disappearfromthemenus.

主題句在中間的第二句"Ihadforgottenabouttheprofusionof

fruitinIndia—itisonlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyou

seemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow."

例3

Peopleliveincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthat

comeswrappedincellophane.fromthesupermarketzpotatoes

comebythepoundinplasticorpaperbags,andfeathergrows

inhats.Thecitydwellers'viewsarequitedifferentfromtheviews

oftheirancestors,whoknewthat?meatishunteddowninthe

forest,potatoesareplantedandweeded,andonlybirdscan

produceleathers.Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot,

theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheir

existenceastheirancestorswere.

主題句為最后一句

'Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornotz

theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheir

existenceastheirancestorswere."

以上為敘述的方便并考慮到篇幅的限制，只選單段短文為例。實際上閱

讀理解題中大部分是多段短文。但主題句一般出現(xiàn)在起始段。

B.概括和歸納出主題思想。實際上，在閱讀理解測試部分有的文章是

沒有主題句的。這是由于文章的體裁不同或是由于閱讀的短文是從篇幅

較長的文章中節(jié)選的。這時就要靠讀者自己進行概括或歸納隱含的主題

思想了。概括主題可以從歸納每段的要點開始（大部分閱讀理解短文都

是由數(shù)段組成），最后將各段要點集中概括并歸納出全文的主題思想。

下面不妨考察幾個例子：

例4

Abusdrivermustanswerquestionswhileguidingabusthrough

heavytraffic.Alldaylong,thedriveranswersthesamequestions

withoutbecomingangry.Everyfewminutesabusdriverhasto

askpassengerstosteptotherearofthebus.Inspiteoftraffic

snarlsandthoughtlesspassengerswhocausedelays,abus

driverisexpectedtocoverhisorherrouteonschedule.

這一段的隱含主題句可概括為"Drivingabusishardwork."

例5

Agreen1-538formisusedbyinternationalstudentsinorderto

obtainpermissionfromtheImmigrationandNaturalization

ServicetotransferfromoneuniversitytoanotherintheUnited

States.Ifyouareplanningtotransfer,rememberthatyoumust

obtainthepermissionbeforeleavingtheuniversitywhereyou

arecurrentlystudying.Youmustcompletetheform1-538,have

itsignedbytheforeignstudentadvisor,andsubmitittothe

DistrictOfficeoftheImmigrationandNaturalizationService

togetherwiththeform1-20fromthenewschoolandthesmall,

whiteform1-94thatwasaffixedtoyourpassportwhenyou

enteredthecountry.

Submittingthesigned1-538andotherdocumentsdoesnot

insurepermissiontotransfer.OnlyanofficialofImmigrationcan

decideeachcase.Studentswhohavenotcompletedonetermof

studyattheschoolthatissuedthemtheirfirst1-20arenot

advisedtofileforpermissiontotransferuntiltheyhave

completedoneterm.

這篇短文的隱含主題旬可歸納為"Whatshouldaninternational

studentdO.ifheorshewantstotransferfromoneuniversityto

anotherintheUnitedStates."

2.了解闡述主旨的事實和細節(jié)

為了準確理解每篇文章或每段文章的中心思想,我們必須要找到與中心

思想有關的事實和細節(jié)。一個好的作者必然會引用事實、或分析原因、

或對比事物間的關系等以論證自己的論點。常用以提問這類事實和細節(jié)

的問題有兩種。一種是要求找出文章中的重要事實或細節(jié)，這些常與

whO,when,where,which或why有關。另一種問題是辨認哪些細

節(jié)在文章中沒被提及。這些問題常有except,not(mentioned/true),

least等。例如：

1.Whatcauses?2.Somepeopledosth.because3.Sb.

is...because.4.Whydoestheauthormention...?5.

Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthemainfeatureof...?6.

Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribe...??.Whichofthe

followingdoestheauthorwanttoillustrateindiscussing...?8.

Whattimedoesthewriterthinkis?9.Whatdoestheauthorpay

leastattentionto?10.Whichofthefollowingisnotaresultof

?11.Allofthefollowingmaybe...except.12.

Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?13.Whichofthe

followingstatementsistrue?14.Theauthorstatesallofthe

itemslistedexcept.

為了正確回答這一類題目，讀者往往要采用各種閱讀方法和解題技巧，

也就是綜合解題法。在通讀全文、掌握文章的中心大意的基礎上，首先

要仔細看懂問題，明確問的是什么，然后按照題意進行尋讀，找到正確

答案的根據(jù)。

例1

Ourshasbecomeasocietyofemployees.Ahundredyearsorso

agoonlyoneoutofeveryfiveAmericansatworkwasemployed,

i.e.,workedforsomebodyelse.Todayonlyoneoutoffiveisnot

employedbutworkingforhimself.Andwhenfiftyyearsago

"beingemployed"meantworkingasafactorylaborerorasa

farmhand,theemployeeoftodayisincreasinglyamiddle-class

personwithasubstantialformaleducation,holdinga

professionalormanagementjobrequiringintellectualand

technicalskills.Indeed,twothingshavecharacterizedAmerican

societyduringtheselastfiftyyears:middle-classandupper-class

employeeshavebeenthefastest-growinggroupsinourworking

population-growingsofastthattheindustrialworker,that

oldestchildoftheIndustrialRevolution,hasbeenlosingin

numericalimportancedespitetheexpansionofindustrial

production.

Yetyouwillfindlittleifanythingwrittenonwhatitistobean

employee.Youcanfindagreatdealofverydubiousadviceon

howtogetajoborhowtogetapromotion.Youcanalsofinda

gooddealofworkinachosenfield,whetheritwillbethe

mechanist'stradeorbookkeeping.Everyoneofthesetrades

requiresdifferentskills,setsdifferentstandards,andrequiresa

differentpreparation.Yettheyallhaveemployeeshipincommon.

Andincreasingly,especiallyinthelargebusinessorin

governmentemployeeshipismoreimportanttosuccessthan

thespecialprofessionalknowledgeorskill.Certainlymore

peoplefailbecausetheydonotknowtherequirementsofbeing

anemployeethanbecausetheydonotadequatelypossessthe

skillsoftheirtrade;thehigheryouclimbtheladder,themore

yougetintoadministrativeorexecutivework,thegreaterthe

emphasisonabilitytoworkwithintheorganizationratherthan

ontechnicalabilitiesorprofessionalknowledge.

1.Accordingtothepassage,withthedevelopmentofmodem

industry,.A.factorylaborerswillovertakeintellectualemployees

innumberB.thereareasmanymiddle-classemployeesas

factorylaborersC.employershaveattachedgreatimportanceto

factorylaborersD.theproportionoffactorylaborersinthetotal

employeepopulationhasdecreased

本題具體涉及對第一段的中心意思的理解,尤其是對這段最后一句中

losinginnumericalimportance的確切理解。這一段的大致意思是,

當今的社會已經(jīng)成為一個雇員的社會。大約在100年前，5個美國人中

只有1個人是被雇傭為別人干活的。今天，5個人中只有I個人是為自

己干而不被雇傭的。50年前，被雇傭就意味著當工廠或農場的勞動力。

而今天，越來越多的雇員是接受過正規(guī)教育的中產階層。他們承擔了需

要智力和技術的職業(yè)或管理工作。50年以來，美國社會的確有兩個特

點：中層和上層雇員成了工薪隊伍中人數(shù)快速增長的一部分一一其速度

之快使得作為工業(yè)革命最早的產物的產業(yè)工人在人數(shù)上相形見細，盡管

工業(yè)生產還在擴大規(guī)模。所以選項D是正確答案。選項A意思與選項

D正好相反。同樣，選項B和選項C都不對。

2.Accordingtothewriter,professionalknowledgeorskill

is.A.lessimportantthanawarenessofbeingagood

employeeB.asimportantastheabilitytodealwithpublic

relationsC.moreimportantthanemployer-employeerelationsD.

asimportantastheabilitytoco-operatewithothersinthe

organization

本題考查讀者對文章第二段中關于專門知識和技能的重要性的論點的

理解。學生可以從最后一句找出正確答案。這一句指出，”人們失敗的

原因更多的是不具備當雇員的要素，而不是缺乏本行業(yè)的專業(yè)技能”。

因此選項A是正確答案。選項B說的是公共關系的能力，是誤解，因

為文章說的是單位內部開展工作的能力，如內部合作的好(theability

toworkwithintheorganization),,選項C把意思顛倒了。選項D說

兩者同等重要，當然也不對。

例2Toprepareforcareerinengineeringastudentmustbegin

planninginhighschool.Mathematicsandscienceshouldform

thecorecurriculum.Forexample,inaschoolwheresixteen

credithoursarerequiredforhighschoolgraduationJourshould

beinmathematics,oneeachinchemistry,biology,and

physics.TheremainingcreditsshouldincludefourinEnglishand

atleastthreeinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences.Theaverage

enteringfreshmaninengineeringshouldhaveachievedatleast

a2.5gradepointaverageona4.0scaleinhisorherhigh

schOOl.Althoughdeficienciescanbecorrectedduringthefirst

year,thestudentwhoneedsadditionalworkshouldexpecttO

spendfiveinsteadoffouryearscompletingadegree.

1.Whatistheaveragegradepointthatanenteringfreshmanin

engineeringshouldhaveachievedinhisorherhighschool?答案:

2.5.（看文章的第五句）

2.Whenshouldastudentbeginplanningforacareerin

engineering?答案:InhighschOOl.（看文章的第一句）

3.Innormalsituationszhowmanyyearsareneededforastudent

tocompleteadegree?答案：Four.（看文章最后一句）

4.Howmanycreditsarerequiredforahighschooldiploma?答

案：Sixteen.（看文章第三句）

5.HowmanycreditsneedastudenthaveinEnglish?答案:

Four.（看文章第四句）

3.根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的意義在閱讀理解測試中必然要考

查對詞或詞組的意思的理解。這也是測試考生閱讀能力的一種方法。在

完整的語篇中，單詞和詞組的意義總是受特定的情景、上下文所限制的,

因此可以根據(jù)上下文，并利用所掌握的句法、構詞法和詞匯等知識確定

它們的意義。掌握這一基本技能不僅能幫助讀者從詞或詞組的多種義項

中選擇符合上下文的解釋，而且往往還能推測某些生詞的大致意思。常

見的這類題型有:1.Thewordn..."inline...refersto.2.The

expressionM..."(lineparagraph...)isclosestinmeaningto3.In

line..,thewordn..."mostprobablymeans4.Inline..,the

word”couldbestbereplacedby5.ByM..."theauthor

means6.Thewordasusedbytheauthor,most

nearlymeans7.Inthispassage,thewordmeans8.

inthecontextofthepassagerefersto9.as

usedinthepassage,canbestbedefinedas

例1Perhapsthemostmercilessrobberofsleep,researcherssay,

isthecomplexityoftheday.Wheneverpressuresfromwork,

family,friendsandcommunitymountmanypeopleconsider

sleeptheleastexpensiveitemonhisprogram."Inoursociety,

you'reconsidereddynamicifyousayyouonlyneed5.5hours'

sleep.Ifyou'vegottoget8.5hours,peoplethinkyoulackdrive

andambition."Todeterminetheconsequencesofsleepdeficit,

researchershaveputsubjectsthroughasetofpsychologicaland

performancetestsrequiringthem,forinstance,toaddcolumns

ofnumbersorrecallapassagereadtothemonlyminutesearlier.

"We'vefoundthatifyou'reinsleepdeficit,performancesuffers/*

saysDr.David."Short-termmemoryisweakened,asareabilities

tomakedecisionsandtoconcentrate."1.Theword"subjects"in

line6refersto.A.theperformancetestsusedinthe

studyofsleepdeficitB.specialbranchesofknowledgethatare

beingstudiedC.peoplewhosebehaviororreactionsarebeing

studiedD.thepsychologicalconsequencesofsleepdeficit

本題考了一個熟悉的詞subject。它是一個多義詞，可以表示”題目

二“科目”等。但這些義項在這里都不合適。要確定它的意思，最關鍵

的是要準確弄清它所在句子前后部分的意思和關系。這句話前一部分說,

要確定睡眠不足引起的后果,研究人員讓subjects通過一系列的心理

和能力的測驗，要求them將幾欄數(shù)字加起來或回憶幾分鐘前所聽到過

的文章。所以，這里subjects是人，是”正在被研究的對象、選項C

是正確答案。

傷!]2Labor'sconcernoverautomationarisesfromuncertainty

abouttheeffectsonemployment,andfearsofmajorchangesin

jobs.Inthemain,laborhastakentheviewthatresistanceto

technicalchangeisunfruitful.Eventually,theresultof

automationmaywellbeanincreaseinemployment,sinceitis

expectedthatvastindustrieswillgrowuparoundmanufacturing,

maintaining,andrepairingautomationequipment.Theinterest

oflaborliesinbringingaboutthetransitionwithaminimumof

inconvenienceanddistresstotheworkersinvolved.Also,union

spokesmenemphasizethatthebenefitoftheincreased

productionandlowercostsmadepossiblebyautomation

shouldbesharedbyworkersintheformofhigherwages,more

leisure,andimprovedlivingstandards.Toprotecttheinterests

oftheirmembersintheeraofautomation,unionshaveadopted

anumberofnewpolicies.Oneoftheseisthepromotionof

supplementaryunemploymentbenefitplans.Itisemphasized

thatsincetheemployerinvolvedinsuchaplanhasadirect

financialinterestinpreventingunemployment,hewillhavea

strongdriveforplanningnewinstallationssoastocausethe

leastpossibleproblemsinjobsandjobassignments.Some

unionsareworkingfordismissalpayagreements,requiringthat

permanentlydismissedworkersbepaidasumofmoneybased

onlengthofservice.Anotherapproachistheideaofthe

"improvementfactor",whichcallsforwageincreasesbasedon

increasesinproductivity.Itispossible,however,thatlaborwill

relymainlyonreductioninworkinghoursinordertogainafull

shareinthefruitsofautomation.!.Theideaofthe

"improvementfactor"（line7,paragraph2）implies

roughly.A.wagesshouldbepaidonthebasisoflengthof

serviceB.thebenefitoftheincreasedproductionandlowercosts

shouldbesharedbyworkersC.supplementaryunemployment

benefitplansshouldbepromotedD.thetransitionto

automationshouldbebroughtaboutwiththeminimumof

inconvenienceanddistresstoworkers本題要求學生根據(jù)上下文理

解improvementfactor（增值因素）的含義。在文章的第二段第七行,

提出“增值因素”是要求隨著生產率的提高，工資也要相應地提高；而生

產率的提高就是增加生產降低成本（第一段最后一句）。因而選項B是正

確答案。選項,把解雇金協(xié)議即根據(jù)

A（dismissalpayagreements）,

服務期長短給長期解雇者一筆錢（第二段第四句），與“增值因素”的內容

混淆起來，說明有時文章和題目并不難，但粗心大意會使你答錯題。選

項C是講另一種勞工利益保護措施的，即失業(yè)者補助金計劃；而選項D

是講工人們對自動化帶來的種種影響所關切的問題（第一段第六行）。

例3Beforethenineteenthcentury,scientistswithaninterestin

theseawerefewandfarbetween.CertainlyNewtonconsidered

sometheoreticalaspectsofitinhiswritings,buthewasreluctant

togotoseatofurtherhiswork.Formostpeopletheseawas

remote,andwiththeexceptionofearlyintercontinentaltravelers

orotherswhoearnedalivingfromthesea,therewaslittle

reasontoaskmanyquestionsaboutitzletalonetoaskwhatlay

beneaththesurface.Thefirsttimethatthequestion"Whatisat

thebottomoftheoceans?"hadtobeansweredwithany

commercialconsequencewaswhenthelayingofatelegraph

cablefromEuropetoAmericawasproposed.Theengineershad

toknowthedepthprofileoftheroutetoestimatethelengthof

cablethathadtobemanufactured.ItwastoMauryoftheUS

NavythattheAtlanticTelegraphCompanyturned,in1853,for

informationonthismatter.Inthe1840s,Mauryhadbeen

responsibleforencouragingvoyagesduringwhichsoundings

weretakentoinvestigatethedepthsoftheNorthAtlanticand

PacificOceans.Later,someofhisfindingsarousedmuchpopular

interestinhisbookThePhysicalGeographyoftheSea.Thecable

waslaid,butnotuntil1866wastheconnectionmadepermanent

andreliable.Attheearlyattempts,thecablefailedandwhenit

wastakenoutforrepairsitwasfoundtobecoveredinliving

growths,afactwhichdefiedcontemporaryscientificopinion

thattherewasnolifeinthedeeperpartsofthesea.

1."Defied"inthelastsentenceprobablymeans.A.

,doubted'B.'9aveproofto'C.'challenged'D.'agreedto'本題考

查的是根據(jù)上下文進行詞義猜測的能力。defied是defy的過去式,根

據(jù)最后一句可以推測它的詞義，但必須完全讀懂defied前后部分的意

思：前一部分是說從海底撈出的電纜上覆蓋著各種各樣的生物，后一部

分是當時的科學觀點認為海底深處是沒有生命的。由此可見，前一部分

的“事實”(…,afactwhich…)是“批駁”后TP分的”觀點，所以,答案

是選項C「challenged”。這個詞的原意是晌……挑戰(zhàn)］因而有"對……

持異議二“反對”的意思，其賓語常常是針對某種意見、觀點或權威。

例4Wefindthatbrightchildrenarerarelyheldbackby

mixed-abilityteaching.Onthecontrary,boththeirknowledge

andexperienceareenriched.Wefeelthattherearemany

disadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccount

thefactthatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabad

effectonboththebrightandthenot—SO-brightchild.Afterallz

itCanbequitediscouragingtobeatthebottomofthetop

gradeilBy"heldback"(linel)theauthormeans”「-＞「"A.

madetoremaininthesameclassB.forcedtostudyinthelower

classC.drawntotheirstudiesD.preventedfromadvancing本題

考的是對詞組holdback的理解。根據(jù)上下文，它的意思是”阻擋，阻

礙”，選項D是答案。當然holdback還可以表示⑴“猶豫"，如：Ihave

noticedthatyoudonotholdbackinourdiscussion.(我發(fā)覺你在

討論時并不猶豫)；(2)”控制"，如：Thedamwasnotstrongenough

toholdbackthefloodwaters.(大壩不夠堅固，擋不住洪水);(3)"

保留、不公布"，如：Ithinkhe'sholdingsomethingback;heknows

morethanheadmits.(我認為他還隱瞞了一些事情，他知道的比他

承認的多)。對照上下文，選項A、B、C都不能表達holdback的意義。

例5Intheworkplace,menhavelonghadwell—defined

precedentsandrolemodelsforachievingSuccess.Ithasbeen

otherwiseforwomen.Agoodmanywomeninthebusiness

worldareuncertainabouttheappropriatemixtureof

"masculine"and"feminine"attributestheyshouldconveyby

theirprofessionalclothing.Thevarietyofclothingalternativesto

womenhasalsobeengreaterthanthatavailableformen.Male

administratorstendtojudgewomenmorefavorablyfor

managerialpositionswhenthewomendisplayless"feminine"

grooming一shorterhair.moderateuseofmake-up,andplain

tailoredclothing.Asonemaleadministratorconfessed,"An

attractivewomanisdefinitelygoingtogetalongerinterview,

butshewon'tgetajob."l.Theword"precedents"inlineI

probablyrefersto.A.earlyactsformentofollowas

examplesB.particularplacesformentooccupyespecially

becauseoftheirimportanceC.thingsthatmenshouldagree

uponD.men'sbeliefthateverythingintheworldhasalready

beendecided

本題要求考生推測precedents的意思。這個題目比較難，需要構

詞法的知識并通過上下文的幫助，才能答對。從第一、二句可以看出，

precedents在意義上與rolemodels是并列的。而且,它的前綴pre-

有“先”「前”的意思，實際上它是precede冼行、領先）加后綴-ent構

成的，意思是”先例，慣例，所以只有選項A才是正確答案。

4?既理解個別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的意義關系閱讀理

解不能僅僅停留在句子水平上。有的讀者對一篇文章的一些個別句子好

像是理解的，但由于不能理解它們與上下文中其他句子的邏輯關系，因

而整篇文章講的是什么則不能準確掌握。在閱讀理解測試中，考核這一

閱讀技能的題目是大量的，而且題干的形式和措詞沒有固定形式，但從

考核目標和內容來看，這一類題目往往要求讀者準確理解一些有關聯(lián)的

句子之間的種種邏輯關系（例如概括和舉例說明、前因后果、行為動機、

比較、條件或讓步等）。例如：

1.Whichofthefollowingmaycause/leadto...accordingtothe

passage?2.Sb.isasked/advisedtodosth.Because.3.

Theaimof...is/was.4.Thebestsolutionfor...seemstobe

5.isspecificallymentionedinparagraph...asanexample

of.6.Theauthorarguesthatateacher'schiefconcern

shouldbe7.Accordingtothepassage/authorzpeople

differintheiropinionsabout.8....encouragestheuseofsth.so

that9.Accordingtothepassagethenewdeviceprovedto

be10.Whichofthefollowingbestcharacterizesthe

mainfeatureof...?

例lDoyoufindgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit's

painful?Thismightbecalledlaziness,butDr.Kleitmanhasanew

explanation.Hehasprovedthateveryonehasadailyenergy

cycle.Duringthehourswhenyoulaborthroughyourworkyou

maysaythatyou'renhot".That'strue.Thetimeofdaywhenyou

feelmostenergeticiswhenyourcycleofbodytemperatureisat

itspeak.Forsomepeoplethepeakcomesduringtheforenoon.

Forothersitcomesintheafternoonorevening.Noonehas

discoveredwhythisisso,butitleadstosuchfamiliar

monologuesas:"Getup,John!You'llbelateforworkagain!"The

possibleexplanationtothetroubleisthatJohnisathis

temperature-and-energypeakintheevening.Muchfamily

quarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhatthese

energycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamily

has.Youcan'tchangeyourenergycycle,butyoucanlearnto

makeyourlifefititbetter.Habitcanhelp,Dr.Kleitmanbelieves.

Maybeyou'resleepyintheeveningbutfeelyoumuststayup

lateanyway.Counteractyourcycletosomeextentbyhabitually

stayinguplaterthanyouwantto.Ifyourenergyislowinthe

morningbutyouhaveanimportantjobtodoearlyintheday,

risebeforeyourusualhour.Thiswon'tchangeyourcycle,but

you'llgetupsteamandworkbetteratyourlowpoint.Getofftoa

slowstartwhichsavesyourenergy.Getupwithaleisurelyyawn

andstretch.Sitontheedgeofthebedaminutebeforeputting

yourfeetonthefloor.Avoidthetroublesomesearchforclean

clothesbylayingthemoutthenightbefore.Wheneverpossible,

doroutineworkintheafternoonandsavetasksrequiringmore

energyorconcentrationforyoursharperhours.l.Ifaperson

findsgettingupearlyaproblem,mostprobablyA.heisalazy

personB.herefusestofollowhisownenergycycleC.heisnot

surewhenhisenergyislowD.heisathispeakintheafternoon

orevening本題在形式上是一個條件句，但實質上是要讀者搞清楚人

們能否早起同什么有關。也就是說本題要求找到文章的第一句(D。you

findgettingupinthemorningsodifficultthatit'spainful?)和其他

有關句子的聯(lián)系。文章的第二句說，”有人可能會把這說成是懶散，但

Kleitman博士卻另有解釋?！币虼诉x項A顯然不對。再根據(jù)文章第二

段中John的自言自語,以及緊接著的解釋：Johnisathis

temperature-and-energypeakintheevening.依止匕推理，不能早

起，則很可能和這個人的能量周期有關。因此選項D應是正確答案。

2.Whichofthefollowingmayleadtofamilyquarrelsaccording

tothepassage?A.Unawarenessofenergycycles.B.Familiar

monologues.C.Achangeinafamilymember'senergycycle.D.

Attemptstocontroltheenergycyclesofotherfamilymembers.

本題的關鍵是看懂文章第二段的最后一句(即：“Muchfamily

quarrellingendswhenhusbandsandwivesrealizewhatthese

energycyclesmean,andwhichcycleeachmemberofthefamily

has."）,同時聯(lián)系本段的第四旬和第五旬（即："Forsomepeoplethe

peakcomesduringtheforenoon.Forothersitcomesinthe

afternoonorevenin9.。的意思。該句的直接意思是”如果丈夫和妻

子能明白能量周期是怎么回事，以及家庭每個成員有什么樣的周期，很

多家庭爭吵就會停止?！币簿褪钦f，家庭爭吵的發(fā)生是因為丈夫和妻子

不了解能量周期是怎么回事，更談不上了解每個家庭成員有什么樣的能

量周期了。因止匕A項:Unawarenessofenergycycles（不知道能量周

期）應是正確答案。

3.Ifonewantstoworkmoreefficientlyathislowpointinthe

morning,heshould.A.changehisenergycycleB.

overcomehislazinessC.getupearlierthanusualD.gotobed

earlier本題要求讀者找出文章第三段中的最后兩句，并聯(lián)系本段開頭

兩旬的意思，作出正確判斷。文章第三段開頭說「雖然你無法改變自

己的能量周期，但你可以使你的生活適合這一周期。Dr.Kleitman認為

經(jīng)常性的行為（對你的能量周期）能起作用?！弊詈髢删溆终f，”…rise

beforeyourusualhour...workbeaeratyourlowpoint."（"如果彳爾

在上午處于能量的低潮，但你有重要的工作要在上午做，那么你就要比

平時早起。這并不改變你的周期，但你可以在低潮時得到能量，工作得

更好。。因此選項C是正確答案。

4.Youareadvisedtorisewithayawnandstretchbecauseitwill

.A.helptokeepyourenergyfortheday'sworkB.helpyou

tocontrolyourtemperearlyinthedayC.enableyouto

concentrateonyourroutineworkD.keepyourenergycycle

undercontrolallday本題問的是因果關系?；卮疬@一問題的關鍵是

看懂文章最后一段的第二句和其他句子的聯(lián)系。首先要注意這一段的第

一句"Getofftoaslowstartwhichsavesyourenergy"z也就是說早

上慢慢起床可以節(jié)省能量。緊接該句的三個句子都是慢慢起床的具體做

法。因此選項A是正確答案。

例2Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityis

ofsome7-8hours'sleepalternatingwithsome16-17hours'

wakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormally

coincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswith

howeasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.The

questionisnomereacademicone.Theease,forexample,with

whichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingat

nightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhere

automationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.It

normallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapt

toareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduring

thedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecase

inindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmay

workfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.the

next,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeans

thatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehasto

changetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneither

workingnorsleepingveryefficiently.Theonlyrealsolution

appearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberof

permanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomestic

lifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin

1957.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandother

disordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,but

noabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseon

permanentnightwork.Thislattersystemthenappearstobethe

bestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedone

torelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselecting

thosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesof

routine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisby

measuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormal

daytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursof

wakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonight

workthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenew

routineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadly

speaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyin

termsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureat

intervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessit

canbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversed

routine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,

ho