腫瘤放射治療常用英文縮寫

腫瘤放射治療常用英文縮寫

RT

Radiotherapy,RadiationTherapy

放療，放射治療

放射治療是利用放射線治療腫瘤的一種方法，是當(dāng)今治療腫瘤的三大手段之一。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，大約有60～70%惡性腫瘤患者需要接受放射治療。有些惡性腫瘤通過放療可以得到根治，并可能獲得同類同期腫瘤的手術(shù)治療的療效，且可保存所在的器官及其功能。

IMRT

IntensityModulatedRadiationTherapy

調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療

調(diào)強(qiáng)放射治療與以往放射治療技術(shù)不同，它通過調(diào)節(jié)各個(gè)方向照射野的野內(nèi)射線的強(qiáng)度產(chǎn)生非均勻照射野，達(dá)到腫瘤的高劑量三維適形分布和危及器官的低劑量分布，從而提高腫瘤的照射劑量，盡可能地減少危及器官和正常組織的受量，最終提高腫瘤局部的控制率，改善腫瘤患者的生存質(zhì)量。

MLC

MultiLeafCollimator

多葉準(zhǔn)直器，多葉光柵

MLC最初設(shè)計(jì)主要是用于替代射野擋鉛，后來發(fā)展成了IMRT的基礎(chǔ)，控制葉片運(yùn)動(dòng)可實(shí)現(xiàn)靜態(tài)MLC和動(dòng)態(tài)MLC調(diào)強(qiáng)。

QA&QC

QualityAssurance&QualityControl

質(zhì)量保證和質(zhì)量控制

放射治療的QA是指經(jīng)過周密計(jì)劃而采取的一系列必要的措施，保證放射治療的整個(gè)服務(wù)過程中的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)按國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)確安全的執(zhí)行。這個(gè)簡單的定義意味著質(zhì)量保證有兩個(gè)重要內(nèi)容：質(zhì)量評(píng)定，即按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)度量和評(píng)價(jià)整個(gè)治療過程中的服務(wù)質(zhì)量和治療效果；質(zhì)量控制，即采取必要的措施保證QA的執(zhí)行，并不斷修改服務(wù)過程中的某些環(huán)節(jié)，達(dá)到新的QA級(jí)水平。

－－摘自胡逸民主編《腫瘤放射物理學(xué)》p612。

AAPM

AmericanAssociationofPhysicistsinMedicine

美國醫(yī)學(xué)物理學(xué)家協(xié)會(huì)

AAPMFACTSHEET

TheAAPM:

Ascientific,educational,andprofessionalorganizationofmorethan4,700medicalphysicists.HeadquartersarelocatedattheAmericanCenterforPhysicsinCollegePark,MD,withastaffof20,Annualbudgetisover$5M.Publicationsincludeascientificjournal("MedicalPhysics"),technicalreports,andsymposiumproceedings.

MedicalPhysics:

Anappliedbranchofphysicsconcernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandmethodsofphysicstothediagnosisandtreatmentofhumandisease.Itisalliedwithmedicalelectronics,bioengineering,andhealthphysics.

MedicalPhysicists:

MosthaveanMSorPh.D.inmedicalphysics,physics,radiationbiology,orarelateddiscipline,andtraininginclinicalmedicalphysics.Clinicaltrainingmaybeobtainedthrougharesidencytraineeshiporapostdoctoralprogramofoneortwoyearsinahospital.Clinicalmedicalphysicistsareemployedinmedicalschools,hospitalsorclinics,orareinprivatepractice.Thesephysicistsdividetheirtimebetweenclinicalserviceandconsultation,researchanddevelopment,andteaching.Somemedicalphysicistsworkinindustrialorresearchpositions,andhavenoclinicalresponsibilities.

MedicalPhysicist'sRole:

Medicalphysicistscontributetotheeffectivenessofradiologicalimagingproceduresbyassuringradiationsafetyandhelpingtodevelopimprovedimagingtechniques(e.g.,mammographyCT,MR,ultrasound).Theycontributetodevelopmentoftherapeutictechniques(e.g.,prostateimplants,stereotacticradiosurgery),collaboratewithradiationoncologiststodesigntreatmentplans,andmonitorequipmentandprocedurestoinsurethatcancerpatientsreceivetheprescribeddoseofradiationtothecorrectlocation.

MedicalphysicistsareresponsibleforensuringthatimagingandtreatmentfacilitiesmeettherulesandregulationsoftheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionandvariousStateHealthDepartments.

MedicalPhysicistCredentials:

TheAmericanBoardofRadiologycertifiesmedicalphysicists,asdoestheAmericanBoardofMedicalPhysics.Medicalphysicistscontributetotheeducationandcertificationofradiologistsandradiationoncologists.ManyaremembersofphysicianorganizationssuchastheAmericanCollege因素引起的擴(kuò)大照射的組織范圍，以確保CTV得到規(guī)定的治療劑量。

GTV和CTV是根據(jù)患者的腫瘤分布情況、腫瘤行為在靜態(tài)影像上確定的，沒有考慮到器官的運(yùn)動(dòng)并與所采用的內(nèi)外照射方式無關(guān)。采用不同定位技術(shù)和治療技術(shù)，PTV大小是不同的。

這幾個(gè)概念看似簡單易懂，但國內(nèi)放療界對(duì)這幾個(gè)概念的具體理解和應(yīng)用卻可能并非如此，這對(duì)于常規(guī)照射可能影響不大，但這些概念對(duì)3DCRT、SRT(SRS)和IMRT等新技術(shù)卻有著一定的指導(dǎo)和參考意義，希望能規(guī)范使用。

Gy

Gray

戈瑞

吸收劑量D（absorbeddose）的單位，1Gy=1J/kg，1Gy=100cGy。曾用單位為拉德（rad），1Gy=100rad，現(xiàn)已放棄使用。D定義為電離輻射給予質(zhì)量為dm的介質(zhì)的平均授予能dε。

比釋動(dòng)能K（kineticenergyreleasedinmaterial，kerma）的單位也是Gy。其定義為不帶電電離粒子在質(zhì)量為dm的介質(zhì)中釋放的全部帶電粒子的初始動(dòng)能之和。它只適用于間接致電離輻射，但適用于任何介質(zhì)。

當(dāng)帶電粒子損失于軔致輻射的能量可以忽略時(shí)，介質(zhì)內(nèi)一點(diǎn)的比釋動(dòng)能與吸收劑量相等。

TCP

TumourControlProbability

腫瘤控制概率

TCP是消滅腫瘤細(xì)胞的概率，隨劑量的變化而變化。達(dá)到95%的TCP所需要的劑量，定義為腫瘤致死劑量TCD95。

NTCP

NormalTissueComplicationProbability

正常組織并發(fā)癥概率

NTCP是正常組織放射并發(fā)癥的概率，隨劑量的變化而變化。正常組織放射并發(fā)癥是指經(jīng)過照射后造成器官或組織的某種損傷如放射性肺炎、眼失明、心包炎等。產(chǎn)生5%或50%相應(yīng)損傷的NTCP所需要的劑量，定義為正常組織的耐受劑量TD5/5，TD50/5。

臨床和實(shí)驗(yàn)證明，TCP和NTCP隨劑量的變化呈“S”型曲線，兩條曲線相距越遠(yuǎn)，治療比越大，對(duì)治療就越有利。

最近國外正在開發(fā)基于TCP和NTCP的計(jì)劃評(píng)估技術(shù)，但這需要大量的臨床數(shù)據(jù)。

IAEA

InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency

國際原子能機(jī)構(gòu)

IAEA在1987年和1997年發(fā)表第277號(hào)技術(shù)報(bào)告和其修訂版，歸納和總結(jié)了當(dāng)前在這一領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的技術(shù)發(fā)展，制定了統(tǒng)一、簡明、并易于執(zhí)行的有關(guān)X（γ）射線和電子束的高能電離輻射吸收劑量測量規(guī)程（也簡稱IAEA方法），向各成員國推薦實(shí)施。

ARTICLEIEstablishmentoftheAgency

ThePartiesheretoestablishanInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(hereinafterreferredtoas"theAgency")uponthetermsandconditionshereinaftersetforth.

ARTICLEIIObjectives

TheAgencyshallseektoaccelerateandenlargethecontributionofatomicenergytopeace,healthandprosperitythroughouttheworld.Itshallensure,sofarasitisable,thatassistanceprovidedbyitoratitsrequestorunderitssupervisionorcontrolisnotusedinsuchawayastofurtheranymilitarypurpose.

ARTICLEIIIFunctions

A.TheAgencyisauthorized:

1.Toencourageandassistresearchon,anddevelopmentandpracticalapplicationof,atomicenergyforpeacefulusesthroughouttheworld;and,ifrequestedtodoso,toactasanintermediaryforthepurposesofsecuringtheperformanceofservicesorthesupplyingofmaterials,equipment,orfacilitiesbyonememberoftheAgencyforanother;andtoperformanyoperationorserviceusefulinresearchon,ordevelopmentorpracticalapplicationof,atomicenergyforpeacefulpurposes;

2.Tomakeprovision,inaccordancewiththisStatute,formaterials,services,equipment,andfacilitiestomeettheneedsofresearchon,anddevelopmentandpracticalapplicationof,atomicenergyforpeacefulpurposes,includingtheproductionofelectricpower,withdueconsiderationfortheneedsoftheunder-developedareasoftheworld;

3.Tofostertheexchangeofscientificandtechnicalinformationonpeacefulusesofatomicenergy;

4.Toencouragetheexchangeoftrainingofscientistsandexpertsinthefieldofpeacefulusesofatomicenergy;

5.Toestablishandadministersafeguardsdesignedtoensurethatspecialfissionableandothermaterials,services,equipment,facilities,andinformationmadeavailablebytheAgencyoratitsrequestorunderitssupervisionorcontrolarenotusedinsuchawayastofurtheranymilitarypurpose;andtoapplysafeguards,attherequestoftheparties,toanybilateralormultilateralarrangement,orattherequestofaState,toanyofthatState'sactivitiesinthefieldofatomicenergy;

6.Toestablishoradopt,inconsultationand,whereappropriate,incollaborationwiththecompetentorgansoftheUnitedNationsandwiththespecializedagenciesconcerned,standardsofsafetyforprotectionofhealthandminimizationofdangertolifeandproperty(includingsuchstandardsforlabourconditions),andtoprovidefortheapplicationofthesestandardstoitsownoperationaswellastotheoperationsmakinguseofmaterials,services,equipment,facilities,andinformationmadeavailablebytheAgencyoratitsrequestorunderitscontrolorsupervision;andtoprovidefortheapplicationofthesestandards,attherequestoftheparties,tooperationsunderanybilateraloemultilateralarrangements,or,attherequestofaState,toanyofthatState'sactivitiesinthefieldofatomicenergy;

7.Toacquireorestablishanyfacilities,plantandequipmentusefulincarryingoutitsauthorizedfunctions,wheneverthefacilities,plant,andequipmentotherwiseavailabletoitintheareaconcernedareinadequateoravailableonlyontermsitdeemsunsatisfactory.

B.Incarryingoutitsfunctions,theAgencyshall:

1.ConductitsactivitiesinaccordancewiththepurposesandprinciplesoftheUnitedNationstopromotepeaceandinternationalco-operation,andinconformitywithpoliciesoftheUnitedNationsfurtheringtheestablishmentofsafeguardedworldwidedisarmamentandinconformitywithanyinternationalagreementsenteredintopursuanttosuchpolicies;

2.EstablishcontrolovertheuseofspecialfissionablematerialsreceivedbytheAgency,inordertoensurethatthesematerialsareusedonlyforpeacefulpurposes;

3.Allocateitsresourcesinsuchamannerastosecureefficientutilizationandthegreatestpossiblegeneralbenefitinallareasoftheworld,bearinginmindthespecialneedsoftheunder-developedareasoftheworld;

4.SubmitreportsonitsactivitiesannuallytotheGeneralAssemblyoftheUnitedNationsand,whenappropriate,totheSecurityCouncil:ifinconnectionwiththeactivitiesoftheAgencythereshouldarisequestionsthatarewithinthecompetenceoftheSecurityCouncil,theAgencyshallnotifytheSecurityCouncil,astheorganbearingthemainresponsibilityforthemaintenanceofinternationalpeaceandsecurity,andmayalsotakethemeasuresopentoitunderthisStatute,includingthoseprovidedinparagraphCofArticleXII;

5.SubmitreportstotheEconomicandSocialCouncilandotherorgansoftheUnitedNationsonmatterswithinthecompetenceoftheseorgans.

C.Incarryingoutitsfunctions,theAgencyshallnotmakeassistancetomemberssubjecttoanypolitical,economic,military,orotherconditionsincompatiblewiththeprovisionsofthisStatute.

D.SubjecttotheprovisionsofthisStatuteandtothetermsofagreementsconcludedbetweenaStateoragroupofStatesandtheAgencywhichshallbeinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheStatute,theactivitiesoftheAgencyshallbecarriedoutwithdueobservanceofthesovereignrightsofStates.

moreinfo:/worldatom/Documents/statute.html

TBI

TotalBodayIrradiation

X（γ）射線全身照射

TBI配合化療和骨髓移植或外周血干細(xì)胞移植治療急性白血病和某些惡性淋巴瘤，已為越來越多的放射治療中心所采用。TBI是一種有別于常規(guī)照射的大野照射技術(shù)，它的劑量學(xué)參數(shù)受到治療的幾何條件和照射技術(shù)等因素的影響，需要給予特殊考慮。

可參考胡逸民主編《腫瘤放射物理學(xué)》p217。

我們科室使用Varian2100C開展TBI，治療患者已超過300例。一般加速器劑量率為最小檔－－80MU/min，單次全身照射大約需要一整個(gè)下午時(shí)間（4～5小時(shí)）。由