2024年高考英語考綱解讀與熱點難點突破專題16追本溯源　閱讀理解之推理判斷與主旨大意教學案

PAGEPAGE1專題16追本溯源閱讀理解之推理推斷與主旨大意【2024考綱解讀】1.推理推斷題屬于高層次閱讀理解題。要求考生在理解表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，盡量考慮文中全部信息或事實，在通篇理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上領(lǐng)悟作者的言外之意，做出正確的推理和推斷，從而理解文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理的原則是據(jù)文推理，合情推理，不行妄加推理，過度推理。2.主旨大意題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，因為該類試題不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)悟大意的實力，也對考生的歸納、概括實力提出了較高的要求，文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，須要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類，即標題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。題型一、主旨大意【題型特點】一、主旨大意題常見的命題方式1．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?2．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?3．What'sthemainideaofthetext?4．Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat___________________.二、主旨大意題正確選項的特征1．涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文。2．確定的范圍恰當，既不太大，也不太小。3．精確性強，不會變更語言表意的程度及色調(diào)?！痉椒记伞繃诟揽忌汉憔冒阎髦即笠忸}放在最終做。因為考生須要讀完全文才能把握文章主題，所以在解答此類題目時，考生不要急于去找答案，不論它出現(xiàn)在什么位置都把它作為最終一道題來做。在做完另外幾道題目后，無疑會有助于考生加深對整篇文章的理解。第一步確定文章的主題詞通過文章閱讀和其他題目的解答，確定文章的主題詞。文章通常圍繞主題詞綻開，主旨題的正確答案當然要包括文章主題詞或主題詞的同義改寫詞。其次步確定文章的主題句主題句常處的四種位置：1．首段或首句開宗明義指出中心或探討的問題。2．文章中間或段落中間給出中心。3．文章末段或段落末句對全文進行總結(jié)歸納。4．文章或段落中不明確給出中心，考生要依據(jù)各段中心或各句的內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)，自己推出主旨。主題句通常具有下面一些特征：1．舉例子的句子不是主題句，前后句可能是主題句。2．問句不是主題句，回答句可能是主題句。3．首段轉(zhuǎn)折處常為文章的主題句。4．主題句常包含文章的主題詞。5．主題句常包含主次之分的表達(AratherthanB等)。6．主題句常包含時間提示詞(recently，today等)。7．定義型的句子(becalledas，beknownas，is,are等)。8．強調(diào)型的句子(stress,focus等)。9．總結(jié)型的句子(researchindicates，studysuggests等)。第三步總結(jié)文章的主旨依據(jù)文章的主題詞和主題句，概括文章主旨，并與選項進行比對確定正確答案。假如文章全文都沒有明確的主題句，那么主題思想要通過各段的主要內(nèi)容進行歸納。這時考生要著重閱讀各段的首尾句進行總結(jié)歸納。例1、【2024·全國III】閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。AWelcometoHolkerHall&GardensVisitorInformationHowtoGettoHolkerByCar：FollowbrownsignsanA590fromJB6,M6.Approximaletraveltimes:Windermere-20minutes,Kendal-25minutes,Lancaster-45minutes,Manchester-Ihour30minutes.ByRail:TheneareststationisCark-in-CartmelwithtrainstoCarnforth,LancasterPrestonforconnectionstomajorcities&airports.OpeningTimesSunday-Friday(closedonSaturday)11:00am-4:00pm,30March-2ndNovember.AdmissionChargesHall&GardensGardensAdults:￡12.00￡8.00Groups￡9￡5.5Producers:Market13thAprilJoinustotasteavarietyoffreshlocalfoodanddrinks.Meettheproducersandgetsomeexcellentrecipeideas.HolkerGardenFestival30thMayTheeventcelebrateits22ndanniversarywithagreatshowoftheverybestofgardening,makingitoneofthemostpopulareventsingardening.NationalGardenDay28thAugustHolkeronceagainopensisgardensinaidofthedisadvantaged.Forjustasmalldonationyoucantakeatourwithourgardenguide.WinterMarket8thNovemberThisisaneventforallthefamily.Wanderamongavarietyofshopssellinggifswhileenjoyingalivemusicshowandnicestreetentertainment.21.HowlongdoesitprobablytakeatouristtodrivetoHolkerfromManchester?A.20minutes.B.25minutes.C.45minutes.D.90minutes.22.HowmuchshouldamemberofatourgrouppaytovisittoHall&Cardens?A.￡l2.00.B.￡9.00.C.￡8.0D.￡5.5023.Whicheventwillyougotoifyouwanttoseealivemusicshow?A.Producers'Market.B.HolkerGardenFestival.C.NationalGardenDay.D.WinterMarket.【答案】21.D22.B23.D【解析】文章為旅游指南。文章主要介紹了去HolkerHall&Garden旅游的相關(guān)信息，如：出行方式，開放時間，旅行費用以及主要活動等。21.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段HowtoGettoHolker中Bycar里Approximatetraveltimes后面內(nèi)容可知，從Manchester到Holker要用1hourand30minutes，即90分鐘，故選D。BCitiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarming.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.24.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?A.Itsbusinessculture.B.Itssmallpopulation.C.Itsgeographicalposition.D.Itsfavourableclimate.25.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.C.Almosteveryonegaveup.D.Halfofthemdied.26.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.B.Theywantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.D.Theywereshortoffood.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Theriseandfallofacity.B.ThegoldrushinCanada.C.Journeysintothewilderness.D.TourisminDawson.【答案】24.C25.B26.B27.A【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了Dawson這座城市的發(fā)展緣由、過程與現(xiàn)狀。24.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第一段中Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.可知，人們選擇在河邊或港口設(shè)城是因為交通便利，便于做生意。而紐約就是在哈德森河口旁邊的一個大港口，故紐約吸引早期移民的緣由是它的地理位置，故C正確。25.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章其次段最終一句Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.可知，在最初挖黃金的兩萬人中有4000人變富有，所以是五分之一的人變富了，故B正確。26.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章最終一段中andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.可知，人們離開Dawson的主要緣由是聽說在Alaska發(fā)覺了黃金，也就是他們要去別的地方找尋發(fā)財?shù)臋C會。故B正確。27.主旨大意題。第一段簡要介紹城市發(fā)展的緣由，引出Dawson這一城市的興起，其次段介紹了該城市興起的緣由，第三段介紹人們選擇離開該城市的緣由及現(xiàn)在的狀況，所以全文圍繞Dawson這個城市的發(fā)展起伏。故A正確。【變式探究】(2024·全國Ⅲ，D)TheIntelligentTransportteamatNewcastleUniversityhaveturnedanelectriccarintoamobilelaboratorynamed“DriveLAB”inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare.Researchshowsthatgivingupdrivingisoneofthekeyreasonsforafallinhealthandwell－beingamongolderpeople,leadingtothembecomingmoreisolated(隔絕)andinactive.LedbyProfessorPhilBlythe,theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin－vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife.Theseincludecustom－madenavigation(導航)tools,nightvisionsystemsandintelligentspeedadaptations.PhilBlytheexplains:“Formanyolderpeople,particularlythoselivingaloneorinthecountry,drivingisimportantforpreservingtheirindependence,givingthemthefreedomtogetoutandaboutwithouthavingtorelyonothers.”“Butweallhavetoacceptthataswegetolderourreactionsslowdownandthisoftenresultsinpeopleavoidinganypotentiallychallengingdrivingconditionsandlosingconfidenceintheirdrivingskills.Theresultisthatpeoplestopdrivingbeforetheyreallyneedto.”DrAmyGuo,theleadingresearcherontheolderdriverstudy,explains:“TheDriveLABishelpingustounderstandwhatthekeypointsanddifficultiesareforolderdriversandhowwemightusetechnologytoaddresstheseproblems.”Forexample,mostofuswouldexpectolderdriversalwaysgoslowerthaneveryoneelsebutsurprisingly,wefoundthatin30mphzonestheystruggledtokeepataconstantspeedandsoweremorelikelytobreakthespeedlimitandbeatriskofgettingfined.We'relookingatthebenefitsofsystemswhichcontroltheirspeedasawayofpreventingthat.“Wehopethatourworkwillhelpwithtechnologicalsolutions(解決方案)toensurethatolderdriversstaysaferbehindthewheel.”文章大意：本文是一篇科普說明文，介紹了智能交通團隊建立移動試驗室，探討老年人開車存在的問題和難點，幫助老年人平安駕駛。1.WhatisthepurposeoftheDriveLAB？A．Toexplorenewmeansoftransport.B．Todesignnewtypesofcars.C．Tofindoutolderdriver'sproblems.D．Toteachpeopletrafficrules.解析：考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第一段最終一句中的“inordertounderstandthechallengesfacedbyolderdriversandtodiscoverwherethekeystresspointsare”可知，建立試驗室的目的是要找出老年人開車有困難的地方，故選C。2.WhyisdrivingimportantforolderpeopleaccordingtoPhilBlythe？A．Itkeepsthemindependent.B．Ithelpsthemsavetime.C．Itbuildsuptheirstrength.D．Itcurestheirmentalillnesses.3.Whatdoresearchershopetodoforolderdrivers？A．Improvetheirdrivingskills.B．Developdriver－assisttechnologies.C．Providetipsonrepairingtheircars.D．Organizeregularphysicalcheckups.解析：考查推理推斷。依據(jù)第三段中的“theNewcastleteamaredevelopingin—vehicletechnologiesforolderdriverswhichtheyhopecouldhelpthemtocontinuedrivingintolaterlife”可知，探討者正在研發(fā)車載式的技術(shù)以幫助老年人晚年依舊能開車，故選B。4.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext？A．AnewModelElectricCarB．ASolutiontoTrafficProblemsC．DrivingServicesforEldersD．KeepingOlderDriversontheRoad解析：考查標題推斷。本文的關(guān)鍵詞是老年人駕車，重點講解并描述了為了讓他們平安駕車所進行的探討。故選D?！咀兪教骄俊俊?024·天津卷】閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項。AFirePreventionInformationTheUniversityofAdelaideemploysafull-timestaffoffirepreventionprofessionals.Theyinspectallcampusbuildingsandtestandmaintainallsprinkler(噴水滅火裝置）systemsfirealarmsandfireextinguishers(滅火器).Theyalsoprovideeducationalprogramsorfiresafetyintheresidencehall.Wheneveryoumovetoanewarea,youshouldlocatethefirealarmpullstationsandthetwoexitsnearestyourroom.FireAlarmsThefloorsofallcampusbuildingsareequippedwithmanual(手動的）firealarmsystemswhichincludefirealarmpullstationsandpipes.Mostarealsoequippedwithautomaticfirealarmsystemsconsistingofheatdetectors,smokedetectorsandsprinklers.Foryoursafety,nevertamperwith(胡亂擺布）thesesystems.Falsefirealarmsareillegalandmayleadtoimprisonment.FireDrillsAfiredrillwillbeconductedinyourresidencehalleverysemester.Duringafiredrill,pleasedothefollowing:·TakeyourroomkeyandID,closeandlockthedoortoyourroom.·Exitimmediatelyfromthenearestemergencyexitdonotusealift.·Meetoutsideofyourresidencehallandwaitforfurtherinstructions.FireExtinguishersFireextinguishersarelocatedoneachfloorandineachapartment.Useafireextinguisheronlyifyouhavebeentrainedtodoso.Irresponsibleuseofafireextinguishercancreateadangeroussituationforotherresidentsandcouldresultindamagetopersonalproperty.Misuseofafireextinguisherwillresultinfines.SmokeDetectorAsmokedetectorisontheceilinginyourroom.Somebuildingsalsohaveheatdetectorsontheceilings.Dothefollowingtoensurethesafeoperationofyoursmokedetector:·Ifyoursmokedetectorisworkingproperly,theredlightshouldbeon.Iftheredlightisnotblinking（閃動），contactresidencehallstaffimmediately.·Donotcoverorblockyoursmokedetectorinanyway.·Ifasmokedetectorsetsoffanalarmandthereisnofireorsmoke,informyourhallstaff.36.Whatisthemaindutyofthefirepreventionprofessionals?A.Toprovidepart-timejobsforstudents.B.Toleadthestudentstothenearestexits.C.Tocheckandmaintainfirepreventionequipment.D.Totrainteacherstobefirepreventionprofessionals.37.Whatdotheautomaticfirealarmsystemsinclude?A.Pipesandsmokedetectors.B.Smokedetectorsandsprinklers.C.Firealarmpullstationsandpipes.D.Sprinklersandfirealarmpullstations38.Inafiredrill,thestudentsshould________.A.rushquicklytoaliftB.gatheratthenearestexit.C.shutthedoorandleaveatonceD.waitforinstructionsinthehall39.Whatdoweknowabouttheuseoffireextinguishers?A.Usingthemwronglyresultsinpunishment.B.Irresponsibleuseofthemcandamagethem.C.Improperuseofthemcandestroytheapartment.D.Usingthemwithoutatrainerpresentisforbidden.40.Toensurethesafeoperationofthesmokedetector,oneshould_________.A.contactthehallstaffregularlyB.coverthethingsthatburneasilyC.startthesmokedetectorinafireD.makecertaintheredlightisworking【答案】36.C37.B38.C39.A40.D【解析】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要從火警、消防訓練、滅火器和煙霧探測器的運用等方面介紹了一些防火信息。37.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章FireAlarms中的句子Mostarealsoequippedwithautomaticfirealarmsystemsconsistingheatdetectors,smokedetectorsandsprinklers.可知，火災(zāi)自動報警系統(tǒng)由熱探測器、煙霧探測器和噴頭組成。故選B。38.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章FireDrills中的句子TakeyourroomkeyandID,closeandlockthedoortoyourroom.和Exitimmediatelyfromthenearestemergencyexitdonotusealift.可知，在消防演習中，學生鎖好門并馬上從最近的緊急出口離開。故選C。39.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章FireExtinguishers中的句子Misuseofafireextinguisherwillresultinfines.可知，誤用滅火器會導致罰款。故選A。40.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章SmokeDetector中的句子Ifyoursmokedetectorisworkingproperly,theredlightshouldbeon.Iftheredlightisnotblinking（閃動），contactresidencehallstaffimmediately.可知，煙霧探測器是否平安運行，看紅燈是否閃動。故選D。BWhenIwas17,IreadamagazinearticleaboutamuseumcalledtheMcNay,oncethehomeofawatercoloristnamedMarianMcNay.Shehadrequestedthecommunitytoturnitintoamuseumuponherdeath.OnasunnySaturday,SallyandIdroveovertothemuseum.Sheasked,"Doyouhavetheaddress?""No,butI'llrecognizeit,therewasapictureinthemagazine.""Oh,stop.Thereitis!”Themuseumwasfree.Weentered,excited.Agroupofpeoplesittinginthehallstoppedtalkingandstaredatus."MayIhelpyou?"amanasked."No,"Isaid."We'refine.”Tourguidesgotonmynerves.Whatiftheytalkedalongtimeaboutapaintingyouweren'tthatinterestedin?Sallyhadgoneupstairs.Thepeopleinthehallseemedverynosy(愛窺探的),keepingtheireyesonmewithcuriosity.Whatwastheirproblem?Isawsomenicesculpturesinoneroom.SuddenlyIsensedamanstandingbehindme."Wheredoyouthinkyouare?"heasked.Iturnedsharply."TheMcNayArtMuseum!"Hesmiled,shakinghishead."Sorry,theMcNayisonNewBraunfelsStreet.""What’sthisplace?”Iasked,stillconfused."Well,it'sourhome."Myheartjolted(震顫).Iracedtothestaircaseandcalledout,"Sally!Comedownimmediately!""There'ssomereallygoodstuff(藝術(shù)作品)upthere."Shesteppeddown,lookingconfused.Ipushedhertowardthefrontdoor,wavingatthefamily,saying,"Sorry,pleaseforgiveus,youhaveareallyniceplace."Outside,whenItoldSallywhathappened,shecoveredhermouth,laughing.Shecouldn'tbelievehowlongtheyletuslookaroundwithoutsayinganything.TherealMcNaywassplendid,butwefeltnervousthewholetimewewerethere.VanGogh,Picasso.Thistime,westayedtogether,incaseanythingelseunusualhappened.Thirtyyearslater,awomanapproachedmeinapublicplace."Excuseme,didyoueverenteraresidence,longago,thinkingitwastheMcNayMuseum?""Yes.Buthowdoyouknow?Wenevertoldanyone.""Thatwasmyhome.Iwasateenagersittinginthehall.Beforeyoucameover,IneverrealizedwhatabeautifulplaceIlivedin.Ineverfeltluckybefore.Youthoughtitwasamuseum.Myfeelingsaboutmyhomechangedafterthat.I'vealwayswantedtothankyou."41.WhatdoweknowaboutMarianMcNay?A.Shewasapainter.B.Shewasacommunityleader.C.Shewasamuseumdirector.D.Shewasajournalist.42.Whydidtheauthorrefusethehelpfromthemaninthehouse?A.Shedislikedpeoplewhowerenosy.B.Shefeltnervouswhentalkingtostrangers.C.Sheknewmoreaboutartthantheman.D.Shemistookhimforatourguide.43.Howdidtheauthorfeelaboutbeingstaredatbythepeopleinthehall?A.Puzzled.B.Concerned.C.Frightened.D.Delighted.44.WhydidtheauthordescribetherealMcNaymuseuminjustafewwords?A.Therealmuseumlackedenoughartworktointeresther.B.Shewastooupsettospendmuchtimeattherealmuseum.C.TheMcNaywasdisappointingcomparedwiththehouse.D.Theeventhappeninginthehousewasmoresignificant.45.Whatcouldwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.Peopleshouldhavegoodtastetoenjoylife.B.Peopleshouldspendmoretimewiththeirfamily.C.Peopletendtobeblindtothebeautyaroundthem.D.Peopletendtoeducateteenagersatamuseum.【答案】41.A42.D43.A44.D45.C【解析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章作者和摯友原想?yún)⒂^McNay博物館，到了之后參觀的時候，發(fā)覺很多人驚奇的看著她，最終才發(fā)覺自己誤將一個私人住宅當成McNay博物館。30年后，一位女士認出誤撞入自己住宅的作者，指出正是因為作者的誤撞入才讓她意識到自己住的地方有多么漂亮。41.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第一段WhenIwas17,IreadamagazinearticleaboutamuseumcalledtheMcNay,oncethehomeofawatercoloristnamedMarianMcNay.可知，MarianMcNay是一名水彩畫家。故選A。42.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第四段"MayIhelpyou?"amanasked."No,"Isaid."We'refine.”Tourguidesgotonmynerves.可知，導游令作者心煩，作者誤認為屋子里的男人是位導游。故選D。43.推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章第四段Thepeopleinthehallseemedverynosy(愛窺探的),keepingtheireyesonmewithcuriosity.Whatwastheirproblem?（大廳的人看起來都特別愛窺探的，眼睛不停的新奇的看著我。他們有什么問題？）可以推斷出，作者當時感到困惑不解。故選A。CThere’sanewfrontierin3Dprintingthat’sbeginningtocomeintofocus:food.Recentdevelopmenthasmadepossiblemachinesthatprint,cook,andservefoodsonamassscale.Andtheindustryisn’tstoppingthere.FoodproductionWitha3Dprinter,acookcanprintcomplicatedchocolatesculpturesandbeautifulpiecesfordecorationonaweddingcake.Noteverybodycandothat—ittakesyearsofexperience,butaprintermakesiteasy.ArestaurantinSpainusesaFoodinito“re-createformsandpieces”offoodthatare“exactlythesame,”freeingcookstocompleteothertasks.Inanotherrestaurant,allofthedishesanddessertsitservesare3D-printed,ratherthanfarmtotable.Sustainability(可持續(xù)性）Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtogrowto9.6billionby2050,andsomeanalystsestimatethatfoodproductionwillneedtoberaisedby50percenttomaintaincurrentlevels.Sustainabilityisbecominganecessity.3Dfoodprintingcouldprobablycontributetothesolution.Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解膠體)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹飪原料).3Dprintingcanreducefueluseandemissions.Grocerystoresofthefuturemightstock"food"thatlastsyearsonend,freeingupshelfspaceandreducingtransportationandstoragerequirements.NutritionFuture3Dfoodprinterscouldmakeprocessedfoodhealthier.HodLipson,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversity,said,“Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.Soinsteadofeatingapieceofyesterday’sbreadfromthesupermarket,you’deatsomethingbakedjustforyouondemand.”ChallengesDespiterecentadvancementsin3Dfoodprinting,theindustryhasmanychallengestoovercome.Currently,mostingredientsmustbechangedtoapaste(糊狀物)beforeaprintercanusethem,andtheprintingprocessisquitetime-consuming,becauseingredientsinteractwitheachotherinverycomplexways.Ontopofthat,mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.Someexpertsareskepticalabout3Dfoodprinters,believingtheyarebettersuitedforfastfoodrestaurantsthanhomesandhigh-endrestaurants.46.Whatbenefitdoes3Dprintingbringtofoodproduction?A.Ithelpscookstocreatenewdishes.B.Itsavestimeandeffortincooking.C.Itimprovesthecookingconditions.D.Itcontributestorestaurantdecorations.47.Whatcanwelearnabout3DfoodprintingfromParagraphs3?A.Itsolvesfoodshortageseasily.B.Itquickensthetransportationoffood.C.Itneedsnospaceforthestorageoffood.D.Itusesrenewablematerialsassourcesoffood.48.AccordingtoParagraph4,3D-printedfood________.A.ismoreavailabletoconsumersB.canmeetindividualnutritionalneedsC.ismoretastythanfoodinsupermarketsD.cankeepallthenutritioninrawmaterials49.Whatisthemainfactorthatprevents3Dfoodprintingfromspreadingwidely?A.Theprintingprocessiscomplicated.B.3Dfoodprintersaretooexpensive.C.Foodmaterialshavetobedry.D.Someexpertsdoubt3Dfoodprinting.50.Whatcouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.3DFoodPrinting:DeliciousNewTechnologyB.ANewWaytoImprove3DFoodPrintingC.TheChallengesfor3DFoodProductionD.3DFoodPrinting:FromFarmtoTable【答案】46.B47.D48.B49.C50.A【解析】本文是一篇科普類短文閱讀。文章主要介紹了3D打印技術(shù)在食物上的應(yīng)用取得了進展，但目前仍面臨著很多方面的挑戰(zhàn)。46.推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章Foodproduction中敘述了沒有閱歷的人可以用3D打印機做出困難的巧克力雕塑和漂亮的婚禮蛋糕，以及餐廳能夠用3D打印出全部的菜肴和甜點，從而可以推斷出3D打印的優(yōu)勢是節(jié)約了做飯的時間和精力。故選B。47.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章第三段Someexpertsbelieveprinterscouldusehydrocolloids(水解膠體)fromplentifulrenewableslikealgae(藻類)andgrasstoreplacethefamiliaringredients(烹飪原料).可知，3D打印機可以運用可再生材料作為食物來源。故選D。48.推理推斷題。依據(jù)文章第四段Foodprintingcouldallowconsumerstoprintfoodwithcustomizednutritionalcontent,likevitamins.（食品打印可以讓消費者打印定制養(yǎng)分的食物），從而可以推斷出3D打印出來的食物可以滿意個人養(yǎng)分需求。故選B。49.細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)文章最終一段mostofthe3Dfoodprintersnowarerestrictedtodryingredients,becausemeatandmilkproductsmayeasilygobad.可知，阻擋3D打印食物進一步廣泛運用的緣由是原料必需是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能應(yīng)用于3D打印因為很簡潔壞。故選C。7.Whatshouldyoudowhenanunpleasantconversationisstartedbyyour“replyall”email？A．Tryofferingotherchoices.B．Avoidfurtherinvolvement.C．Meetotherstaffmembers.D．Makealight－h(huán)eartedapology.解析：考查細微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)題干的內(nèi)容可把答案定位至第六段，這部分提到，假如你不當心點了“回復全部人”，可能有人會就此起先回復不太友好的話，此時你最好離開電腦鍵盤(stepawayfromyourkeyboard)，以便讓大家都冷靜下來。這與B項的陳述相吻合，表示“避開接著卷入(這樣的對話)”。8.Howshouldyoudealwiththeproblemcausedbyanoffensiveemail？A．Bypromisingnottooffendthereceiveragain.B．Byseekingsupportfromthereceiver'sfriends.C．Byas’ingthereceivertocontrolhisanger.D．Bytalkingtothereceiverfacetoface.解析：考查細微環(huán)節(jié)理解。依據(jù)題干中的“offensiveemail”可把答案定位在最終一段。這部分提到，在出現(xiàn)冒犯對方的狀況時，要盡快親自向?qū)Ψ街虑?。故選D。9.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout？A．Definingemailerrors.B．Reducingemailmistakes.C．Handlingemailaccidents.D．Improvingemailwriting.解析：考查主旨要義。通讀全文，尤其是第三段的內(nèi)容可知，本文主要介紹的是發(fā)送電子郵件出現(xiàn)問題時人們該如何面對和補救，因此C項最能概括本文的主題?！咀兪教骄俊?2024·浙江，A)BenjaminWest,thefatherofAmericanpainting,showedhistalentforartwhenhewasonlysixyearsofage.Buthedidnotknowaboutbrushesbeforeavisitortoldhimheneededone.Inthosedays,abrushwasmadefromcamel'shair.Therewerenocamelsnearby.Benjamindecidedthatcathairwouldworkinstead.Hecutsomefurfromthefamilycattomakeabrush.Thebrushdidnotlastlong.SoonBenjaminneededmorefur.Beforelong,thecatbegantolookragged(蓬亂).Hisfathersaidthatthecatmustbesick.Benjaminwasforcedtoadmitwhathehadbeendoing.__The_cat's_lot_was_about_to_improve.__Thatyear,oneofBenjamin'scousins,Mr.Pennington,cametovisit.HewasimpressedwithBenjamin'sdrawings.Whenhewenthome,hesentBenjaminaboxofpaintandsomebrushes.Healsosentsixengravings(版畫)byanartist.ThesewerethefirstpicturesandfirstrealpaintandbrushesBenjaminhadeverseen.In1747，whenBenjaminwasnineyearsold，Mr.Penningtonreturnedforanothervisit.HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.HeaskedBenjamin'sparentsifhemighttaketheboybacktoPhiladelphiaforavisit.Inthecity,Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.Theboybeganalandscape(風景)painting.WilliamWilliams,awell－knownpainter,cametoseehimwork.WilliamswasimpressedwithBenjaminandgavehimtwoclassicbooksonpaintingtotakehome.Thebookswerelonganddull.Benjamincouldreadonlyalittle,havingbeenapoorstudent.Buthelatersaid,“Thosetwobooksweremycompanionsbyday,andundermypillowatnight.”Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks,theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine－year－oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.文章大意：本文是一篇記敘文。文章講解并描述了美國聞名藝術(shù)家本杰明·韋斯特是如何起先他的藝術(shù)生涯的。1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout？A．Benjamin'svisittoPhiladelphia.B．Williams'influenceonBenjamin.C．ThebeginningofBenjamin'slifeasanartist.D．ThefriendshipbetweenBenjaminandPennington.解析：主旨大意題。文章從本杰明在六歲時自制畫筆作畫寫起，到后來利用專業(yè)工具作畫，再到知名畫家送給本杰明書籍，都是在講解并描述本杰明是如何一步步走上藝術(shù)之路的。故選C。2.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph3suggest？A．Thecatwouldbecloselywatched.B．Thecatwouldgetsomemedicalcare.C．Benjaminwouldleavehishomeshortly.D．Benjaminwouldhaverealbrushessoon.3.WhatdidPenningtondotohelpBenjamindevelophistalent？A．Hetookhimtoseepaintingexhibitions.B．Heprovidedhimwithpaintingmaterials.C．HesenthimtoaschoolinPhiladelphia.D．Hetaughthimhowtomakeengravings.解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。短文第四段提到“HewasamazedatwhatBenjaminhaddonewithhisgift.”，接著下一段又談到“...Mr.PenningtongaveBenjaminmaterialsforcreatingoilpaintings.”，由此可知，潘寧頓送給本杰明繪畫材料來幫助他發(fā)展藝術(shù)才能，故選B項。4.Williams'twobookshelpedBenjaminto________.A．mastertheuseofpaintsB．a(chǎn)ppreciatelandscapepaintingsC．gettoknowotherpaintersD．makeuphismindtobeapainter解析：細微環(huán)節(jié)理解題。由文章最終兩句“Whileitislikelythatheunderstoodverylittleofthebooks，theywerehisintroductiontoclassicalpaintings.Thenine－year－oldboydecidedthenthathewouldbeanartist.”可知，這兩本書是他通往古典繪畫的指引，也幫助他下定決心成為一名畫家，故選D項。【變式探究】(2024·全國Ⅰ，D)Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(間隙)withconversation.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingaperson'sneeds.ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneoftheseculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(示意)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersons