《工程管理專業(yè)英語》課件 Unit 8 Engineer Project Evaluation

工程管理專業(yè)英語EnglishforProjectManagement講授人：Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationPART08目錄CONTENTSDialogueSectionAConstructionProjectEvaluationSectionBLead-inUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationLead-inIdentifythepicturesbelow.Matchthemwiththewordsinthebox.infrastructuretunnelconstructionSectionADialogue1GreenwayEngineeringFirmdecidestoundertaketheRiversideBridgeProject,amajorinfrastructureinitiative.ThedesignerMs.LiuisgoingtohaveadiscussionwiththeprojectmanagerMr.Chu.Theconversationisrelatedtoengineeringprojectevaluation,focusingonvariousaspectslikefeasibility,riskassessment,andcostanalysis.C=Mr.ChuL=Ms.LiuUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1C:Goodmorning,Ms.Liu.I’vejustreviewedtheinitialreportontheRiversideBridgeProject.Itseemswehaveseveralkeyareastodiscuss.L:Goodmorning,Mr.Chu.Yes,theprojectisquitecomplex.Thefeasibilitystudyraisedsomeinterestingpoints.Let’sstartthere.C:Absolutely.Thesite’sgeologicalsurveyindicatespotentialsoilinstability.Howdoyousuggestweaddressthisinourevaluation?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Irecommendadetailedgeotechnicalanalysis.Weneedtounderstandthesoilbehaviortomitigaterisksofsubsidenceorlandslides,especiallysinceit’snearawaterbody.C:Agreed.Movingontothecost-benefitanalysis,theestimatedcostsarehigherthananticipated.Canweoptimizeourresourceallocationtostaywithinbudget?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Wecanexplorealternativematerialsandconstructionmethods.Prefabricatedcomponents,forinstance,mightoffercostsavingsandfasterconstructiontimes.C:Interestingapproach.Weshouldalsoconsidertheenvironmentalimpactassessment.Arethereanysignificantconcerns?L:Theprojectwillimpactlocalfloraandfauna.Wemustdevelopacomprehensiveenvironmentalmanagementplan,perhapsevenincludeawildlifecorridortomitigatethis.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1C:Environmentalsustainabilityisindeedcrucial.Whatabouttheprojecttimeline?Anypotentialdelaysweshouldbeawareof?L:Giventhecomplexity,especiallywiththeenvironmentalsafeguards,wemightfacedelays.However,effectiveprojectmanagementandcontingencyplanningcanhelpusstayontrack.C:Right.Riskassessmentisanothercriticalcomponent.Whatarethemajorriskswearefacing?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Apartfromenvironmentalandgeologicalrisks,there’sthechallengeofensuringworkersafetyandmanagingpublicrelations,especiallysinceit’sahigh-visibilityproject.C:Absolutely.Maintainingourreputationandensuringcommunityengagementiskey.Speakingofcommunity,havewelookedintothesocialimpactassessment?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1L:Yes,theprojectisexpectedtogreatlyimprovelocaltransportationefficiency,butitwillalsocausetemporarydisruptions.Weneedtokeepthecommunityinformedandinvolved.C:Goodpoint.Effectivecommunicationwillbeessential.Lastly,howarewehandlingqualityassurancethroughouttheproject?L:Regularauditsandcompliancechecksareplanned.We’realsousingadvancedmonitoringtechnologiestoensurethatconstructionstandardsaremetconsistently.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue1C:Excellent.Soundslikewehaveasolidfoundationforourprojectevaluation.Let’sregroupnextweekwithdetailedplansbasedonthesediscussions.L:Sure.I’llcoordinatewiththerespectiveteamsandgathermoredataforournextmeeting.C:Perfect,Ms.Liu.Thanksforyourthoroughanalysis.Lookingforwardtoournextsteps.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsundertake[??nd?(r)?te?k]v.tomakeyourselfresponsibleforsth.andstartdoingit承擔(dān)；從事；負責(zé)infrastructure[??nfr??str?kt??(r)]n.thebasicsystemsandservicesthatarenecessaryforacountryoranorganizationtorunsmoothly,forexamplebuildings,transportandwaterandpowersupplies（國家或機構(gòu)的）基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)feasibility[?fi?z??b?l?ti]n.thechancesthatsth.hasofhappeningorbeingsuccessful可行性Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsassessment[??sesm?nt]n.theprocessofmakingajudgmentorforminganopinion,afterconsideringsth.orsb.carefully;ajudgmentoropinionthatistheresultofthisprocess評估instability[.?nst??b?l?ti]n.thequalityofasituationinwhichthingsarelikelytochangeorfailsuddenly不穩(wěn)定；不穩(wěn)固address[??dres]v.totrytodealwithaproblemorquestion,forexamplebythinkingcarefullyaboutit,orbydoingthingstoimproveasituation解決；處理Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsgeotechnical[d?i:?u?teknik?l]adj.relatingtothetypeofcivilengineering(=theuseofscientificmethodstoplanandbuildstructures)thatisconcernedwithrocksandsoil土地工程的；地工的mitigate[?m?t?ɡe?t]v.toreducetheharmfuleffectsofsth.減輕；緩解subsidence[?s?bs?d(?)ns]n.theprocessbywhichlandsinkstoalowerlevel下陷；沉陷Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordslandslide[?l?n(d)?sla?d]n.aheavyfallofearthandrocksdownthesideofamountainorsteepslope滑坡；塌方optimize[??pt?ma?z]v.tomakesth.suchasamethodorprocessasgoodoraseffectiveaspossible使最優(yōu)化allocation[.?l??ke??(?)n]n.anamountofmoney,space,etc.thatisgiventosb.foraparticularpurpose分配Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsalternative[??l?t??(r)n?t?v]adj.thatcanbeusedinsteadofsth.else可供替代的prefabricated[pri??f?br??ke?t?d]adj.madeinsectionsthatcanbeputtogetherlater預(yù)制的；用預(yù)制構(gòu)件組裝的corridor[?k?r?d??(r)]n.alongnarrowstripoflandthatfollowsthecourseofanimportantroadorriver（沿著重要道路或河道的）狹長地帶Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordssustainability[s??ste?n??b?l?ti]n.thequalityofcausinglittleornodamagetotheenvironmentandthereforeabletocontinueforalongtime可持續(xù)性；可持續(xù)發(fā)展safeguard[?se?f?ɡɑ?(r)d]n.sth.thatisdesignedtoprotectpeoplefromharm,riskordanger保護措施contingency[k?n?t?nd?(?)nsi]n.aneventthatmayormaynothappen可能發(fā)生的事；偶發(fā)（或不測、意外）事件Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsengagement[?n?ɡe?d?m?nt]n.aformalarrangementtomeetsomeoneortodosth.,especiallyaspartofyourpublicduties參與audit[???d?t]n.anofficialexaminationofbusinessandfinancialrecordstoseethattheyaretrueandcorrect審計；稽核construction[k?n?str?k?(?)n]n.theprocessofbuildingsth.largeorcomplicated,suchasabridgeorroad;theworkorbusinessofbuildingthings,especiallyhousesandotherbuildings;thewaythatsth.hasbeenbuilt施工；建造Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsconstruction[k?n?str?k?(?)n]n.theprocessofbuildingsth.largeorcomplicated,suchasabridgeorroad;theworkorbusinessofbuildingthings,especiallyhousesandotherbuildings;thewaythatsth.hasbeenbuilt施工；建造coordinate[k??'?:(r)dinat]v.toorganizethedifferentpartsofanactivityandthepeopleinvolvedinitsothatitworkswell使協(xié)調(diào);使相配合Dialogue1Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationgeotechnicalanalysis巖土力學(xué)分析soilinstability土壤不穩(wěn)定性cost-benefitanalysis成本效益分析resourceallocation資源分配SectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationprefabricatedcomponents預(yù)制構(gòu)件floraandfauna動植物environmentalsustainability環(huán)境可持續(xù)性stayontrack步入正軌SectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationriskassessment風(fēng)險評估apartfrom除了……外publicrelations公共關(guān)系speakingof關(guān)于constructionstandards建筑標準SectionADialogue2Ms.Murphy,aprojectengineerspecializinginsustainableandsmarturbandevelopment,isgoingtohaveadiscussionaboutMetroLinkExpansionProjectwithMr.Brown,whoisresponsibleforoverseeingtheproject’sexecution,budgetmanagement,andteamcoordination.Hereisaconversationbetweenthem.M=Ms.MurphyB=Mr.BrownUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Goodmorning,Ms.Murphy.ThanksforjoiningmetodiscusstheMetroLinkExpansionProject.M:Morning,Mr.Brown.I’vebeenlookingovertheplans.It’sanambitiousproject.B:Indeed,itis.Thefirstitemonouragendaisthetunnelconstruction.We’refacingchallengeswiththeurbanlandscape.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Right.Urbantunnelingpresentsrisks,especiallywiththeexistingundergroundutilities.Iproposeusingadvancedground-penetratingradarformapping.B:That’sawiseapproach.It’llhelpusminimizedisruptions.Now,regardingthenewstations,wemustensuretheyintegrateseamlesslywiththeexistinginfrastructure.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Certainly!Weshouldfocusonsustainabledesignsandaccessibility.Also,integratingsmarttechnologyforpassengerconvenienceiscrucial.B:Absolutely.Intermsofsustainability,howareweaddressingtheenvironmentalimpact?M:We’replanningtouseeco-friendlymaterialsandenergy-efficientsystems.Plus,adetailedenvironmentalimpactassessmentisunderway.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Greattohear.Movingontothebudget,we’reabitoverourinitialestimate.Anythoughtsoncost-savingmeasures?M:Wecanexploremodularconstructiontechniques.They’renotonlycost-effectivebutalsoreduceconstructiontime.B:That’saninterestingidea.Weshouldalsoconsiderthecommunity’sresponsetothisexpansion.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Indeed.Communityengagementisvital.Weneedtoholdpublicconsultationstoaddressconcernsandkeepthelocalsinformed.B:Icouldn’tagreemore.Onadifferentnote,what’sourstrategyfortrafficmanagementduringconstruction?M:We’llimplementphasedconstructionandtemporarytrafficdiversions.Clearsignageandpublicadvisorieswillbeessentialtominimizedisruption.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Goodpoint.Lastly,weneedtodiscusstheprojecttimeline.Areweontrack?M:Weare,butweshouldfactorinpotentialdelaysduetounforeseencircumstances.Arobustcontingencyplanisnecessary.B:Definitely.Riskmanagementiscrucial.Howarewehandlingthesafetyaspect?Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2M:Safetyisapriority.Regularsafetytrainingforworkers,alongwithstrictadherencetosafetyprotocols,isplanned.B:Excellent.Soundslikewe’vecoveredthemajorpoints.Let’sreconvenenextweekwithupdatesfromtherespectiveteams.M:Soundsgood,Mr.Brown.I’llstartcoordinatingwiththeteamsforthenecessarydataandprogressreports.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionADialogue2B:Perfect,Ms.Murphy.Yourinsightsareinvaluable.Lookingforwardtoournextmeeting.M:Likewise,Mr.Brown.Let’smakethisprojectabenchmarkforsustainableurbandevelopment.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsspecialize[?spe??la?z]v.tobeanexpertinaparticularpartofasubjectorprofession;toconcentrateyourattentionandeffortonaparticularactivity,product,etc.專攻；專門從事oversee[???v?(r)?si?]v.towatchsth.inordertocheckthatitworksorhappensinthewaythatitshould監(jiān)督；檢查execution[?eks??kju??(?)n]n.theactofcompletingsth.thatyouhaveagreedorplannedtodo實施；執(zhí)行Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsambitious[?m?b???s]adj.anambitiousplan,aim,orattemptisdifficultandwillneedalotofefforttosucceed耗資的；費力的tunnel[?t?n(?)l]n.anundergroundpassagethroughwhichvehiclestravel隧道；地下通道underground[??nd?(r)?ɡra?nd]adj.located,happening,oroperatingbeneaththesurfaceoftheearth地下的Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsminimize[?m?n?ma?z]v.toreducesth.harmfulorunpleasanttothesmallestamountordegree降低；最小化seamlessly[?si?m.l?sli]adv.withoutanysuddenchanges,interruptions,orproblemsw無縫地accessibility[?k?ses??b?l?t?]n.thefactofbeingabletobereachedorobtainedeasily可及度；方便性Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsunderway[??nd?(r)?we?]adj.alreadystartedorhappening進行中的consultation[?k?ns(?)l?te??(?)n]n.discussionbetweenpeopleorgroupsbeforetheymakeadecision;ameetinginwhichpeopleorgroupshaveadiscussionbeforedecisionsaremade商討；磋商signage['sa?n?d?]n.signsthatusedtocommunicateinformation,typicallyusedfordirection,identification,ortogiveinstructions（統(tǒng)稱）標志Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsunforeseen[??nf??(r)?si?n]adj.anunforeseensituation,especiallyaproblem,isonethatyoudidnotexpect未想到的；始料不及的robust[r???b?st]adj.firmanddetermined穩(wěn)健的；堅固的adherence[?d?h??r?ns]n.thefactofbehavingaccordingtoaparticularrule,etc.,oroffollowingaparticularsetofbeliefs,orafixedwayofdoingsth.堅持Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionANewWordsprotocol[?pr??t?k?l]n.asetofrulesforthecorrectwaytobehaveonformaloccasions協(xié)議；協(xié)定likewise[?la?kwa?z]adv.usedforexpressingthesamethingthatsomeonehasjustsaidtoyou同樣地benchmark[?bent??mɑ?(r)k]n.sth.thatcanbemeasuredandusedasastandardthatotherthingscanbecomparedwith基準；標桿Dialogue2Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAPhrasesandExpressionsDialogue2specializein擅長；專攻urbandevelopment城市發(fā)展budgetmanagement預(yù)算管理Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationtunnelconstruction隧道建設(shè)SectionAPhrasesandExpressionsUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationeco-friendlymaterials環(huán)保材料energy-efficientsystems節(jié)能系統(tǒng)adherenceto遵守safetyprotocols安全協(xié)議safetytraining安全培訓(xùn)SectionAExercise1Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothedialogues.1.Ms.Liusuggestsadetailedgeotechnicalanalysistoaddresspotentialsoilinstabilityattheprojectsite.2.Mr.ChuandMs.Liudecidetodisregardtheenvironmentalimpactassessmentduetobudgetconstraints.3.RegularauditsandcompliancechecksareplannedaspartofthequalityassurancemeasuresfortheRiversideBridgeProject.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise1Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothedialogues.4.Ms.Murphysuggestsusingmodularconstructiontechniquesasacost-savingmeasurefortheMetroLinkExpansionProject.5.Ms.MurphyandMr.Browndecidetoforgotheenvironmentalimpactassessmentinfavorofspeedinguptheproject.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise2Oralpractice:Pairwork.Usethequestionsbelowtointerviewyourpartner.Thenchangeroles.1.Canyouexplainthekeyprinciplesofprojectmanagementinengineering?

。2.What’satypicaldaylikeforyouasanengineeringmanagementstudent?

。

Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise23.What’sthemostimportantskillyoubelieveeveryengineeringmanagershouldhave?

。

4.Howdoyoumanagestressduringdemandingprojectsorexams?

。5.What’sonerecenttechnologicaladvancementthatexcitesyouinthefieldofengineering?

。Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionAExercise3PracticalActivity:Workwithyourpartnerandmakeaconversation.SupposeyouareSerene,afreshmanintheengineeringmajor,whileyourpartner,Bob,isaseniorstudentinthesamemajor.Youaregoingtoaskhimforadviceaboutcollegelife.Makeaconversationwithyourneighbororpartner.Theresultofthediscussionwillbepresentedtothewholeclass.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBConstructionProjectEvaluationThecommencementofaprojectisnotmarkedbythegroundbreaking,thesigningofthecontract,ortheagreementonspecificplansbythoseinpositionsofpowerandresources.Instead,itbeginswithanidea,avisionofwhatisessential,whatneedstobeimproved,orwhatcanbeachieved.Thisprimaryconceptspawnsamultitudeofotherideasandpossibilities,leadingtotheemergenceofvariedalternatives.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteDuringtheinitialstagesofaproject,thereisoftengreatuncertaintyandpotentialforbothsuccessandfailure,aswellasthebestchancetoachieveeleganceinaproject.Itprovestobeaformidablechallengetoguidehowtoconductthisprocessastherearenoestablishedrulesorguidepoststofollow.It’stoolatetocreateguidebooksforplannersafterthedamageofpoorlyconceivedprojectsappears.Weneedtothinkbeforeweleap;Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteweneedtothinkseriouslyabouttheeffectsonthesurroundingsoftheproject;weneedtotakeintoconsiderationallfactorsthatmayaffectthesuccessoftheproject;andweneedtoavoidthehiddenperilthatcancatchthe

unwary.

Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteProjectevaluationisacrucialprocedureaimedatmethodicallyscrutinizingandassessingaproject’sprocessandoutcomesagainstpredeterminedcriteria.Theobjectiveistoproviderecommendationstopolicymakersandimprovetheproject’soverallperformance.Thisapproachisdeemedascientificresearchprocess,withsomeexpertsreferringtoitasevaluationresearchsinceeveryevaluationactivityisaresearchsubject.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteThemaingoalofprojectevaluationistoenhancetheproject’sdesign,identifyerrorsduringimplementation,andmeasuretheproject’simpactaftercompletion.Bydoingso,itisessentialtoensurethesuccessandsustainabilityoftheprojectandprograms.Unit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete1.ScopeofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationConstructionprojectevaluationusuallyincludesthefollowingkeyaspects:(1)Feasibilityanalysis—toevaluatewhetheraprojectisfeasible,includingtechnicalfeasibility,marketfeasibility,economicfeasibilityandlegalfeasibility.Theultimategoalofthisstepistoascertainwhethertheprojecthasallthenecessaryprerequisitesforsuccessfulimplementation.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(2)Cost-BenefitAnalysis—toevaluatethetotalcostoftheproject(includingdirectandindirectcosts)againsttheexpectedbenefits.ACost-benefitanalysis(CBA)isusuallyperformedtoidentifythemosteffectiveandeconomicwaytoconductatransaction,engageinanactivity,carryoutaprojectorfulfillamissionwhenthereareseveralalternativesofsettingaboutit.Ithelpsdecision-makersdeterminethebestapproachthatwouldyieldthedesiredresultswhilekeepingthecostsaslowaspossible.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(3)RiskEvaluation—toidentifyandanalyzepotentialrisksthataprojectmayencounter.Suchrisksmayincludefinancial,market,technological,andenvironmentalfactors,andareevaluatedbasedontheirpossibleimpactontheproject’ssuccess.Thisevaluationisacrucialstepthataimstomitigateanysignificantrisks.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(4)EnvironmentalImpactEvaluation—toanalyzethepotentialimpactsontheenvironment,includingtheutilizationofnaturalresources,theeffectsonecosystems,andanypotentialthreatstothequalityoftheenvironment,whichhelpsidentifyandaddressthepotentialenvironmentalhazardsassociatedwiththeprojectanddevisingmeasurestomitigatethem.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(5)SocialandEconomicImpactEvaluation—toevaluatethepotentialramificationsofaprojectonthelocalcommunity,economy,andsocialstructure.Thisevaluationincludesananalysisofvariousfactorssuchasjobcreation,economicgrowth,andsocialwell-being,whichcanprovidevaluableinsightsintotheproject’ssustainability,feasibility,andlong-termsuccess.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(6)ProjectPerformanceandOutcomeEvaluation—todeterminewhetheraprojecthasaccomplisheditsintendedobjectivesandexpectedresults.Thisevaluationencompassesathoroughassessmentoftheproject’sperformancethroughoutimplementation,aswellasafinalevaluationofitsoutcome.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcreteUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationConstructionprojectevaluationisacomplexandmultidisciplinaryprocessthatnecessitatesthecollaborationofseveralprofessionalslikeengineers,economists,andenvironmentalscientists.Effectiveprojectevaluationensuresthatprojectsareoptimizedintermsofresourceutilization,economicefficiencyandsocialresponsibility,andfurnishesvitalinformationandbasisfordecision-makers.1.ScopeofEvaluationSectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationFollowingspecificprojectneedsandobjectives,variousprojectevaluationcriteriaareavailableforconsideration,andoftenmorethanonecriterionisincorporatedinaproject.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(1)Benefit-CostRatio(BCR),istypicallyusedforcost-benefitanalyses,alongwithothermeasuressuchasthenetpresentvalue,returnoninvestment,internalrateofreturn,etc.Theconsiderationofabsoluteamountsofcostandbenefitssetsthisratioapartfrommanyotherindicators.TheBCR,definedastheratioofdiscountedbenefitstodiscountedcostsatthesamepointintime,isaprofitabilityindexbasedondiscountedbenefitsperunitofdiscountedcostsofaproject.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationTheBCRcomparesthepresentvalueofallbenefitswiththatofthecostandinvestmentsofaprojectorinvestment.TheBCRtranslatestheabsoluteamountsofbenefitsandcostsintoaratio.Iftheratioofthepresentvalueofbenefittothepresentvalueofcostexceedsone,theprojectisprofitableirrespectiveofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchbenefitsorcosts.Indeed,itfacilitatesthecomparisonofdifferentinvestmentorprojectalternatives.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(2)NetFutureValue(NFV)andNetPresentValue(NPV).Whenanorganizationmakesaninvestment,thedecisionmakerexpectsthegainoveraplanninghorizon,againstwhatmightbegainedifthemoneywereinvestedelsewhere.AMinimumAttractiveRateofreturn(MARR)isadoptedtoreflectthisopportunitycostofcapital.Itisareasonablerateofreturnestablishedfortheevaluationandselectionofalternatives.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationTheprofitabilityismeasuredbytheNetFutureValue(NFV)whichisthenetreturnattheendoftheplanninghorizonabovewhatmighthavebeengainedbyinvestingelsewhereattheMARR.ThenetNetFutureValue(NPV)isusedtoanalyzetheprofitabilityofaproject.NPVistheresultofcalculationsthatfindthecurrentvalueofafuturestreamofpaymentsusingtheproperdiscountrate.Ingeneral,projectswithapositiveNPVareworthundertaking,whilethosewithanegativeNPVarenot.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluation(3）InternalRateofReturn(IRR).TheInternalRateofReturn(IRR)istheannualrateofgrowththataninvestmentisexpectedtogenerate.TheIRRiscalculatedusingthesameconceptasNPV,exceptitsetstheNPVequaltozero.Itisidealforanalyzingcapitalbudgetingprojectstounderstandandcomparepotentialratesofannualreturnovertime.TheultimategoalofIRRistoidentifytherateofdiscount,whichmakesthepresentvalueofthesumofannualnominalcashinflowsequaltotheinitialnetcashoutlayfortheinvestment.SectionBWorkingSafelywithConcrete2.CriteriaofEvaluationUnit8EngineeringProjectEvaluationHowever,theIRRdoesnottakeintoconsiderationthereinvestmentopportunitiesrelatedtothetimingandintensityoftheoutlaysandreturnsattheintermediatepointsovertheplanninghorizon.Forcashflowswithtwoormoresignreversalsofthecashflowsinanyperiod,theremayexistmultiplevaluesofIRR;insuchcases,themultiplevaluesaresubjecttovariousinterpretations.SectionBNewWordscommencement[k??mensm?n