2023年6月六級真題第一套

2023-06-CET6(第1套)112023年6月大學(xué)英語六級考試真題(第1套)PartI Writing (30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Todaythereisagrowingawarenessthatmentalwell-beingneedstobegivenasmuchattentionasphysicalhealth.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________PartII ListeningComprehension (30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A.Itwasspaciousandtranquil. B.Itwaswarmandcomfortable.C.Itwasshabbyandsolitary. D.Itwastinyandnoisy.2.A.Shenolongerhatespeopletalkingloudlyinthedorm.B.Shemissesherroommatessheusedtocomplainabout.C.Shebeginstoenjoythemoviessheoncefoundirritating.D.Shefindsthecrowdeddormascozyashernewapartment.3.A.Hefoundtheapartmentperfectlyfurnished.B.Hehadafeelingofdespairandfrustration.C.Hehadasimilarfeelingtothewoman’s.D.Hefeltthenewplacewaslikeparadise.4.A.Gotoseethewoman’sapartment. B.Makeaphonecalltohisparents.C.Buysomefurnitureforthewoman. D.Decoratethewoman’sapartment.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A.Heworksasaliterarycritic. B.Hehostsaneducationalprogram.C.Hehasinitiatedauniversityreform. D.Hehaspublishedabookrecently.6.A.Itfailstokeepupwiththeradicalchangesofsociety.B.Itfailstoensureuniversitiesgetsufficientresources.C.Ithasnotpreparedyoungpeopleforthejobmarket.D.Ithasnotfosteredthegrowthoftheartsdisciplines.7.A.Moreofthebudgetshouldgotoscienceandtechnology.B.Theunderfundedmusicdisciplineshouldbeprioritized.C.Subdisciplineslikesculptureshouldgetmorefunding.D.Literatureshouldgetasmuchfundingasengineering.8.A.Buildaprosperousnation. B.Makeskilledprofessionals.C.Createingeniousartists. D.Cultivatebettercitizens.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A.Itisquitecommon. B.Itisrarelynoticed.C.Itseldomannoyspeople. D.Itoccurswhenoneisalone.10.A.Seeingthingsinblackandwhite.B.Engaginginregularcontemplation.C.Havingaspecialunderstandingofcreativity.D.Knowinghowtomaketheirmentalbatterieswork.11. A.Engaginginintenseactivity. B.Fantasizinginone’sdowntime.C.Workingonaparticularproject. D.Reflectingduringone’srelaxation.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A.FarmershelpedNativeAmericansgrowcrops.B.Therewereexpansiveuniversitycampuses.C.Thereexistedpostoffices.D.Migrantsfoundgoldthere.13.A.IthelpedtoboosttheeconomyintheAmericanWest.B.Itprovidedjobopportunitiesformanygoldseekers.C.Itextendedtheinfluenceofthefederalgovernment.D.Itkeptpeopleinthedesertsandplainsconnected.14.A.ItemployedNativeAmericanstoworkaspostmen.B.Itcommissionedprivatewagonstocarrythemail.C.Itsubsidizedthelocalswhoactedaspostmasters.D.Itcentralizedpostalservicesinitsremoteareas.15.A.Heanalyzedinteractivemapsofmailroutes.B.Hereadalargecollectionofbooksonthetopic.C.Heexamineditshistoricaltrendswithdatascience.D.Hecollecteddataaboutitsimpactonlocalbusiness.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A.Higherlevelsofanxietymayimprovepeople’smemory.B.Someexperiencesareeasiertorememberthanothers.C.Mostpeopletendtorememberthingsselectively.D.Simplethingsmayleaveadeepimpressiononone’smemory.17.A.Theyclassifiedtheparticipants’mindset.B.Theyshowedsomephotostotheparticipants.C.Theymeasuredtheparticipants’anxietylevels.D.Theytestedthesizeoftheparticipants’vocabulary.18.A.Anxietyhasbecomeaseriousproblemforanincreasingnumberofpeople.B.Extremelevelsofanxietycanadverselyaffectcognitiveperformance.C.Peoplediagnosedwithanxietydisordermayforgetthingsselectively.D.Thereisnodirectcorrelationbetweenmemoryandlevelsofanxiety.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A.Theycompareproductsfromdifferentcompaniesbeforemakingachoice.B.Theygetinformationfromotherconsumers’postingsandcomments.C.Theylosepatiencewhentheirphonecallisnopromptlyanswered.D.Theyexpecttogetinstantaneousresponsestotheirinquiry.20.A.Givingthemrewardsonthespot. B.Broadeningtheirscopeofinterest.C.Speakingdirectlytotheiremotions. D.Focusingonthedetailsoftheproduct.21.A.Changetherulesofthegameinthemarketeveryyear.B.Keepupwiththelatesttechnologicaldevelopments.C.Learnfromtechnologicalinnovatorstodobusiness.D.Makegreatereffortstobuildupconsumers’confidence.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A.Peoplehaveonlyonesocialengagementperweek.B.Workingtogetherenhancesfriendship.C.Fewpeoplehavedevotedfriends.D.Friendshipsbenefitwork.23.A.Theimpactoffriendsonpeople’sself-esteem.B.Howsupportivefriendscanbeintheworkplace.C.Howtoboostone’ssenseofvalueandworthiness.D.Theroleoffamilytiesinpeople’smentalwell-being.24.A.Theyshowlittleinterestintheirfriends’work.B.Theytendtobemuchmoredifficulttomake.C.Theyaremoretrustworthyandreliable.D.Theyincreasepeople’sjobsatisfaction.25.A.Allowemployeestohaveaflexibleworkschedule.B.Encourageemployeestobefriendswithcolleagues.C.Helpemployeesbalanceworkandfamilyresponsibilities.D.Organizeactivitiestonourishfriendshipsoutsideofwork.PartIII ReadingComprehension (40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Scientistsrecentlyexaminedstudiesondogintelligenceandcomparedthemwithresearchintothemindsofotherintelligentanimals.Theresearchersfoundthatdogsareamongthemoreintelligentcarnivores(食肉動物),socialhuntersanddomesticanimals,butthattheirintelligencedoesnot26otherintelligentanimalsinanyofthosecategories.Thoughasignificantbodyofresearchhasexamineddogcognition27,theauthorsofthisnewstudyfoundlittletowarrantthe28ofworkthathasbeendevotedtothetopic.StephenLea,leadauthorofthenewstudy,arguesthatmanyresearchersseemtohavedesignedtheirstudiesto29howcleverdogsare,ratherthansimplytostudydogs’brains.Leaandacolleagueexaminedmorethan300studiesofdogcognition,comparingthestudies’resultswiththosefromresearchintootheranimals.Theresearchersmadespecificcomparisonsbetweenthedifferentspeciesindifferentcategoriesofintelligence.Thesecomparisons30thatdogsareintelligent,buttheirintelligenceisnotas31assomeresearchersmighthavebelieved.Inmanyareas,though,comparisonswerenotpossible.Forexample,theresearchersnotedthatbothdogsandcatsareknowntobeabletorecognizeand32humanvoices.Buttheinvestigatorscouldnotfindanydatatoindicatewhichspeciescanrememberagreaternumberof33humanvoices,soitwasimpossibletocomparethetwoonthatfront.However,notallresearchersagree34withthefindingsofthisstudy.ZacharySilver,anAmericanresearcher,believestheauthorsofthenewstudy35theideathatanexcessiveamountofresearchhasbeendevotedtodogs,asthefieldofdogcognitionisyoung,andthereismuchtobelearnedabouthowdogsthink.A.affirmedA.affirmed I.overstatedB.approximately J.pledgeC.completely K.previouslyD.differentiate L.prospectiveE.distinct M.proveF.domain N.surpassG.formidable O.volumeH.outperformedSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.ThelifesavingpowerofgratitudeA) Gratitudemaybemorebeneficialthanwecommonlysuppose.Onerecentstudyaskedparticipantstowriteanoteofthankstosomeoneandthenestimatehowsurprisedandhappytherecipientwouldfeel—animpactthattheyconsistentlyunderestimated.Anotherstudyassessedthehealthbenefitsofwritingthank-younotes.Theresearchersfoundthatwritingasfewasthreeweeklythank-younotesoverthecourseofthreeweeksimprovedlifesatisfaction,increasedhappyfeelingsandreducedsymptomsofdepression.B) Whilethisresearchintogratitudeisrelativelynew,theprinciplesinvolvedareanythingbut.StudentsofmineinapoliticalphilosophycourseatIndianaUniversityarereadingDanielDefoe’s300-year-oldRobinsonCrusoe,oftenregardedasthefirstnovelpublishedinEnglish.Leftaloneonanunknownislandwithnoapparentprospectofrescueorescape,Crusoehasmuchtolament(悲嘆).Butinsteadofgivingintodespair,hemakesalistofthingsforwhichheisgrateful,includingthefactthatheisthesolesurvivorfromtheshipwreck(海難)andhasbeenabletosalvagemanyusefulitemsfromthewreckage.C) Defoe’smasterpiece,whichisoftenrankedasoneoftheworld’sgreatestnovels,providesaportraitofgratitudeinactionthatisastimelyandrelevanttodayasithaseverbeen.Itisalsoonewithwhichcontemporarypsychologyandmedicinearejustbeginningtocatchup.Simplyput,formostofus,itisfarmorehelpfultofocusonthethingsinlifeforwhichwecanexpressgratitudethanthosethatinclineustowardresentmentandlamentation.D) Whenwefocusonthethingsweregret,suchasfailedrelationships,familydisputes,andsetbacksincareerandfinance,wetendtobecomemoreregretful.Conversely,whenwefocusonthethingswearegratefulfor,agreatersenseofhappinesstendstospreadthroughourlives.Andwhilenoonewouldargueforcultivatingafalsesenseofblessedness,thereismountingevidencethatcountingourblessingsisoneofthebesthabitswecandeveloptopromotementalandphysicalhealth.E) Gratitudehaslongenjoyedaprivilegedpositioninmanyoftheworld’sculturaltraditions.Forexample,someancientWesternphilosopherscounselgratitudethatisbothenduringandcomplete,andsomeEasternthinkersportrayitasnotmerelyanattitudebutavirtuetobeputintopractice.F) Recentscientificstudiessupporttheseancientteachings.Individualswhoregularlyengageingratitudeexercises,suchascountingtheirblessingsorexpressinggratitudetoothers,exhibitincreasedsatisfactionwithrelationshipsandfewersymptomsofphysicalillness.Andthebenefitsarenotonlypsychologicalandphysical.Theymayalsobemoral—thosewhopracticegratitudealsoviewtheirliveslessmaterialisticallyandsufferfromlessenvy.G) Therearemultipleexplanationsforsuchbenefitsofgratefulness.Oneisthefactthatexpressinggratitudeencouragesotherstocontinuebeinggenerous,thuspromotingavirtuouscycleofgoodnessinrelationships.Similarly,gratefulpeoplemaybemorelikelytoreciprocate(回報)withactsofkindnessoftheirown.Broadlyspeaking,acommunityinwhichpeoplefeelgratefultooneanotherislikelytobeamorepleasantplacetolivethanonecharacterizedbymutualsuspicionandresentment.Thebeneficialeffectsofgratitudemayextendevenfurther.Forexample,whenmanypeoplefeelgoodaboutwhatsomeoneelsehasdoneforthem,theyexperienceasenseofbeingliftedup,withacorrespondingenhancementoftheirregardforhumanity.Someareinspiredtoattempttobecomebetterpeoplethemselves,doingmoretohelpbringoutthebestinothersandbringingmoregoodnessintotheworldaroundthem.H) Gratitudealsotendstostrengthenasenseofconnectionwithothers.Whenpeoplewanttodogoodthingsthatinspiregratitude,thelevelofdedicationinrelationshipstendstogrowandrelationshipsseemtolastlonger.Andwhenpeoplefeelmoreconnected,theyaremorelikelytochoosetospendtheirtimewithoneanotheranddemonstratetheirfeelingsofaffectionindailyacts.I) Ofcourse,actsofkindnesscanalsofosterdiscomfort.Forexample,ifpeoplefeeltheyarenotworthyofkindnessorsuspectthatsomeulterior(別有用心的)motiveliesbehindit,thebenefitsofgratitudewillnotberealized.Likewise,receivingakindnesscangiverisetoasenseofindebtedness,leavingbeneficiariesfeelingthattheymustnowpaybackwhatevergoodtheyhavereceived.Gratitudecanflourishonlyifpeoplearesecureenoughinthemselvesandsufficientlytrustingtoallowittodoso.Anotherobstacletogratitudeisoftencalledasenseofentitlement.Insteadofexperiencingabenefaction(善行)asagoodturn,peoplesometimesregarditasamerepaymentofwhattheyareowed,forwhichnoonedeservesanymoralcredit.J) Thereareanumberofpracticalstepsanyonecantaketopromoteasenseofgratitude.Oneissimplyspendingtimeonaregularbasisthinkingaboutsomeonewhohasmadeadifference,orperhapswritingathank-younoteorexpressingsuchgratitudeinperson.Othersarefoundinancientreligiousdisciplines,suchasreflectingonbenefactionsreceivedfromanotherpersonoractuallyprayingforthehealthandhappinessofabenefactor.Inadditiontobenefactionsreceived,itisalsopossibletofocusonopportunitiestodogoodoneself,whetherthoseactedoninthepastorhopedforinthefuture.Somepeoplearemostgratefulnotforwhatothershavedoneforthembutforchancestheyenjoyedtohelpothers.Inregularlyreflectingonthethingsinhislifeheisgratefulfor,Defoe’sCrusoebelievesthathebecomesafarbetterpersonthanhewouldhavebeenhadheremainedinthesocietyfromwhichheoriginallysetoutonhisvoyage.K) Reflectingongenerosityandgratitude,thegreatbasketballcoachJohnWoodenonceofferedtwocounselstohisplayersandstudents.First,hesaid,“Itisimpossibletohaveaperfectdayunlessyouhavedonesomethingforsomeonewhowillneverbeabletorepayyou.”Insayingthis,Woodensoughttopromotepurelygenerousacts,asopposedtothoseperformedwithanexpectationofreward.Second,hesaid,“Givethanksforyourblessingseveryday.”L) Somefaithtraditionsincorporatesuchpracticesintotherhythmofdailylife.Forexample,adherentsofsomereligionsofferprayersofthanksgivingeverymorningbeforerisingandeverynightbeforelyingdowntosleep.Othersofferthanksthroughouttheday,suchasbeforemeals.Otherlessfrequentspecialevents,suchasbirths,deathsandmarriages,mayalsobeheraldedbysuchprayers.M) WhenDefoedepictedRobinsonCrusoemakingthanksgivingadailypartofhisislandlife,hewasanticipatingfindingsinsocialscienceandmedicinethatwouldnotappearforhundredsofyears.Yethewasalsoreflectingthewisdomofreligiousandphilosophicaltraditionsthatextendbackthousandsofyears.Gratitudeisoneofthehealthiestandmostnourishingofallstatesofmind,andthosewhoadoptitasahabitareenrichingnotonlytheirownlivesbutalsothelivesofthosearoundthem.36. Itdoesusfarmoregoodtofocusonthingswecanbegratefulforthanwhatmakesussadandresentful.37. Thebeneficialimpactsofgratitudecanextendfromindividualstotheircommunityandtothewidersociety.38. Theparticipantsinarecentstudyrepeatedlyunderestimatedthepositiveeffectonthosewhoreceivedthank-younotes.39. Gooddeedscansometimesmakepeoplefeeluncomfortable.40. Peoplewhoregularlyexpressgratitudecanbenefitinmoralterms.41. Abasketballcoachadvocatedperforminggenerousactswithoutexpectinganythinginreturn.42. Moreandmoreevidenceshowsitmakesusmentallyandphysicallyhealthiertoroutinelycountourblessings.43. Ofallstatesofmind,feelinggratefulisconsideredoneofthemosthealthyandbeneficial.44. Theprinciplesunderlyingtheresearchintogratitudearenothingnewatall.45. Gratitudeislikelytoenhanceone’ssenseofbeingconnectedwithotherpeople.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Technologyisneveraneutraltoolforachievinghumanends.Technologicalinnovationsreshapepeopleastheyusetheseinnovationstocontroltheirenvironment.Artificialintelligence,forexample,isalteringhumanity.WhilethetermAIconjuresupanxietiesaboutkillerrobotsorcatastrophiclevelsofunemployment,thereareother,deeperimplications.AsAIincreasinglyshapesthehumanexperience,howdoesthischangewhatitmeanstobehuman?Centraltotheproblemisaperson’scapacitytomakechoices,particularlyjudgmentsthathavemoralimplications.Aristotlearguedthatthecapacityformakingpracticaljudgmentsdependsonregularlymakingthem—onhabitandpractice.Weseetheemergenceofmachinesassubstitutejudgesinavarietyofeverydaycontextsasapotentialthreattopeoplelearninghowtoeffectivelyexercisejudgmentthemselves.Intheworkplace,managersroutinelymakedecisionsaboutwhotohireorfireandwhichloantoapprove,tonameafew.Theseareareaswherealgorithmic(算法的)prescriptionisreplacinghumanjudgment,andsopeoplewhomighthavehadthechancetodeveloppracticaljudgmentintheseareasnolongerwill.Recommendationengines,whichareincreasinglyprevalentintermediariesinpeople’sconsumptionofculture,mayservetoconstrainchoiceandminimizeluck.Bypresentingconsumerswithalgorithmicallyselectedchoicesofwhattowatch,read,streamandvisitnext,companiesarereplacinghumantastewithmachinetaste.Inonesense,thisishelpful.Afterall,machinescansurveyawiderrangeofchoicesthananyindividualislikelytohavethetimeorenergytodoontheirown.Atthesametime,though,thisselectionisoptimizingforwhatpeoplearelikelytopreferbasedonwhatthey’vepreferredinthepast.Wethinkthereissomeriskthatpeople’soptionswillbeconstrainedbytheirpastinanewandunanticipatedway.Asmachinelearningalgorithmsimproveandastheytrainonmoreextensivedatasets,largerpartsofeverydaylifearelikelytobecomeutterlypredictable.Thepredictionsaregoingtogetbetterandbetter,andtheywillultimatelymakecommonexperiencesmoreefficientandpleasant.Algorithmscouldsoon—iftheydon’talready—haveabetterideaaboutwhichshowyou’dliketowatchnextandwhichjobcandidateyoushouldhirethanyoudo.Oneday,humansmayevenfindawayformachinestomakethesedecisionswithoutsomeofthebiasesthathumanstypicallydisplay.Buttotheextentthatunpredictabilityispartofhowpeopleunderstandthemselvesandpartofwhatpeoplelikeaboutthemselves,humanityisintheprocessoflosingsomethingsignificant.Astheybecomemoreandmorepredictable,thecreaturesinhabitingtheincreasinglyAI-mediatedworldwillbecomelessandlesslikeus.46.WhatdowelearnaboutthedeeperimplicationsofAI?A.Itiscausingcatastrophiclevelsofunemployment.B.Itisdoingphysicalharmtohumanoperators.C.Itisalteringmoraljudgments.D.Itisreshapinghumanity.47.Whatistheconsequenceofalgorithmicprescriptionreplacinghumanjudgment?A.Peoplelosethechancetocultivatetheabilitytomakepracticaljudgments.B.Peoplearepreventedfromparticipatinginmakingmajordecisionsintheworkplace.C.Managersnolongerhavethechancetodecidewhichloantoapprove.D.Managersdonotneedtotakethetroubletodeterminewhotohireorfire.48. Whatmayresultfromincreasingapplicationofrecommendationenginesinourconsumptionofculture?A.Consumerswillhavemuchlimitedchoice.C.Itwillbeeasiertodecideonwhattoenjoy.B.Consumerswillactuallyenjoybetterluck.D.Humanswilldeveloptastessimilartomachines’.49.Whatislikelytohappentolargerpartsofourdailylifeasmachinelearningalgorithmsimprove?A.Theywillturnouttobemorepleasant. B.Theywillrepeatourpastexperience.C.Theycanbecompletelyanticipated. D.Theymaybecomebetterandbetter.50. WhydoestheauthorsaythecreatureslivinginthemoreandmoreAI-mediatedworldwillbecomeincreasinglyunlikeus?A.Theywillhavelostthemostsignificanthumanelementofbeingintelligent.B.Theywillnolongerpossessthehumancharacteristicofbeingunpredictable.C.Theywillnotbeabletounderstandthemselvesaswecandotoday.D.Theywillbedeprivedofwhattheirpredecessorswereproudofaboutthemselves.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Phonics,whichinvolvessoundingoutwordssyllable(音節(jié))bysyllable,isthebestwaytoteachchildrentoread.Butinmanyclassrooms,thiscanbeadirtyword.Somuchsothatsometeachershavehadtosneakphonicsteachingmaterialsintotheclassroom.MostAmericanchildrenaretaughttoreadinawaythatstudyafterstudyhasfoundtobewrong.Theconsequencesofthisarestriking.LessthanhalfofallAmericanadultswereproficientreadersin2017.Americanfourthgradersrank15thontheProgressinInternationalLiteracyStudy,aninternationalexam.Americaisstuckinadebateaboutteachingchildrentoreadthathasbeengoingonfordecades.Someadvocateteachingsymbol-soundrelationships(thesoundkcanbespelledasc,k,ck,orch),knownasphonics.Otherssupportanimmersiveapproach(usingpicturesofacattolearnthewordcat),knownas“wholelanguage”.Mostteacherstoday,almostthreeoutoffouraccordingtoasurveybytheEdWeekResearchCentrein2019,useamixcalled“balancedliteracy”.Thiscombinationofmethodsisineffective.“Youcan’tsprinkleinalittlephonics,”saysTenetteSmith,executivedirectorofelementaryeducationandreadingatMississippi’seducationdepartment.“Ithastobesystematicandexplicitlytaught.”Mississippi,oftenbehindinsocialpolicy,hassetanexamplehere.Inastateoncenotoriousforitslowreadingscores,theMississippistatelegislaturepassednewliteracystandardsin2013.SincethenMississippihasseenremarkablegains.Itsfourthgradershavemovedfrom49th(outof50states)to29thontheNationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress,anationwideexam.In2019itwastheonlystatetoimproveitsscores.Forthefirsttimesincemeasurementbegan,Mississippi’spupilsarenowaveragereaders,aremarkableachievementinsuchapoorstate.Mississippi’ssuccessisattributedtoimplementingreadingmethodssupportedbyabodyofresearchknownasthescienceofreading.In1997CongressrequestedtheNationalInstituteofChildHealthandHumanDevelopmentandtheDepartmentofEducationtoconveneaNationalReadingPaneltoendthe“readingwars”andsynthesizetheevidence.Thepanelfoundthatphonics,alongwithexplicitinstructioninphonemic(音位的)awareness,fluencyandcomprehension,workedbest.Yetovertwodecadeson,“balancedliteracy”isstillbeingtaughtinclassrooms.Butadvancesinstatisticsandbrainimaginghavedisprovedthewhole-languagemethod.Totheteacherwhoisaproficientreader,literacyseemslikeanaturalprocessthatrequireseducatedguessing,ratherthanthedeliberateprocessemphasizedbyphonics.Teacherscanimaginethattheylearnedtoreadthroughosmosis(潛移默化)whentheywerechildren.Withoutpropertraining,theybringthistoclassrooms.51.WhatdowelearnaboutphonicsinmanyAmericanclassrooms?A.Iti