2021年考研英語一真題及答案

2021年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothink

quickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.It1inyoungadulthood,levels

outfbraperiodoftime,andthen2startstoslowlydeclineasweage.But3

agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwitha

declineinfluidintelligence.Thissuggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeof

decline.________

Theresearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrommore

than4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreportedchanges

influidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfoundthatmiddle-agedpeople

9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10worseonmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears

11._________

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominal

fat;inmen,theimmunesystemdidnotappeartobe13.Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould14these

differencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15fbrmenandwomen.

16,therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainleanmuscle

massasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental18.Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyle

approachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciseandfollowinga

Mediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessed

foods.

1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]fades[D]peaks

2.[A]generally[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]alternatively

3.[A]since[B]while[C]once[D]until

4.[A]detection[B]consumption[C]accumulation[D]separation

5.[A]decision[B]possibility[C]goal[D]requirement

6.[A]ensure[B]delay[C]seek[D]utilize

7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]predicted[D]included

8.[A]devoted[B]converted[C]compared[D]applied

9.[A]above[B]with[C]by[D]against

10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]played[D]scored

11.[A]wentby[B]setoff[C]drewin[D]ranout

12.[A]superior[B]parallel[C]attributable[D]resistant

13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]controlled[D]involved

14.[A]explain[B]spread[C]remove[D]alter

15.[A]treatments[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]compensations

16.[A]Likewise[B]Therefore[C]Meanwhile[D]Instead

17.[A]take[B]watch[C]count[D]change

18.[A]process[B]wellbeing[C]formation[D]coordination

19.[A]love[B]level[C]knowledge[D]space

20.[A]design[B]diet[C]prescription[D]routine

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

HowcanBritain'strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreaserailpassenger

fares?Ithasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingby

trainrises,imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherail

networktogettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear?srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafraction

lowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measureof

inflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthecostof

investinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,ratherthanthe

generaltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshire

havetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,thereisasensethat

thetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthebiggestrises,

havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomustenduretherelativelypoor

infrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworst

railstrikesinyears.Itisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyare

makingtothenetwork,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofservicefor

thesubstantialsumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.The

responsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestsontheunions.However,thereisa

strongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceive

compensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementso

that,evenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofawider

packageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,more

investmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyiftheymustalso

endurecramped,unreliableservices,interruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesare

changed,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatofnationalisation

mayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerof

passengersisnotaddressed

inshortorder.

21.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengersfai^s.

[A]haskeptpacewithinflation

[B]remainsanunreasonablemeasure

[C]isabigsurprisetocommuters

[D]willeasetrainoperators?burden

22.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostand.

[A]localinvestors

[B]ordinarytaxpayers

[C]cardrivers

[D]railtravellers

23.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators.

[A]havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice

[B]havesufferedhugelossesowingtothestrikes

[C]areofferingcompensationstocommuters

[D]aretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunions

24.Ifunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.

[A]thelossofinvestment

[B]thecollapseofoperations

[C]achangeofownership

[D]areductionofrevenue

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

[C]Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

[D]CanNationalisationBringHope?

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestation

hasslowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry?santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidents

undercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregularmedical

care.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsare

designedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedin

dozensofcountriesworldwide.InIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodand

medicinetosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon'tgenerallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.Infact,poverty

alleviationandenvironmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,

aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

Thafsbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,while

protectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreaterpoverty.However,those

correlationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,based

onanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditionalview.There,aspeople

gotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferraro

says.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,though.Ferrarowantedto

seeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogramwasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthe

third-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012一including

duringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipovertyprogram-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15

provinces.41Weseethattheprogramisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,“

Ferrarosays.

Thafslikelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepolicies

againstinclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandto

plantmorericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethe

moneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody?sguess.Ferrarosuggeststhe

resultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalitiessuchastheimportanceof

growingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,thestudyshowsthat

what'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment.Evenifthisprogramdidn't

reducepoverty,Ferrarosays,4tthevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbon

dioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”

26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto.

[A]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

[B]facilitatehealthcarereform

[C]improvelocaleducationsystems

[D]lowerdeforestationrates

27.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.

[A]cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor

[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles

[C]economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation

[D]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers

28.InhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout.

[A]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation

[B]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss

[C]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange

[D]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs

29.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat.

[A]itcanboostgrainproduction

[B]itcanprotecttheenvironment

[C]itwillreduceregionalinequality

[D]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries

30.Whatisthetextcenteredon?

[A]Theprocessofastudy.

[B]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

[C]Thedebatesoveraprogram.

[D]Theeffectsofaprogram.

Text3

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethe

past,FvebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestors

smiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).1'vefoundquiteafew,

and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquiteastir.Peoplehave

beensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,laugh.Theyarenotingthat

theVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatseparateus

fadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians,makesuponlya

tinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840

and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontof

paintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthis

trend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswere

notoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilvered

copperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesassitters

shiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthecamera

performeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committalblank

starebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBox

Brownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday'sdigitalstandards,the

exposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapture

bythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhyVictoriansstill

hesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin."Nature

gaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,“ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthat

beforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereofteninashockingstateofhygiene.A

flashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular'pearlywhites'wasararesightinVictoriansociety,the

preserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:

drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideas

LewisCarroFsgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookforproperlybred

persons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenitcameto

photographicportraitstherecouldbeunothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmile

fixedforever”.

31.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter.

[A]illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

[B]highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies

[C]re-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimage

[D]changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians

32.WhatdoestheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

[A]Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

[B]Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

[C]Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

[D]Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

33.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

[A]Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

[B]Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

[C]Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

[D]Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

34.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas.

[A]athought-provokingidea

[B]amisguidedattitude

[C]acontroversialview

[D]adeep-rootedbelief

35.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

[A]WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

[B]WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographydifferently?

[C]WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

[D]Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Text4

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompanies

worriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerand

incentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals'.That'swhytherehasbeensuchastrong

demandfbrrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersandlosers

online,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill-inpartbecauseofpushbackfrom

broadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.Afederalappealscourt

weighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonly

prolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbia

CircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnet

neutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2017.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonly

eliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocratic

majorityin2015,butrejectedthe

commission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandproviderstodomuchofanything.Theorderalso

declaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn'tregulatebroadbandproviderseither.

Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitive

behavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-

streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandAppleTV.YettheFCCalsoendedthe

investigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddatacapsontheirrivals?streaming

servicesbutnottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulating

broadbandproviders,citingaSupremeCourtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarly

deregulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillettrightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat

“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadbandservice/'andsaidCongress

ortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnological

anachronism.,,

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnet

neutrality,whilepreservingthecommission'spowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatthat

undermineitsorder.Thatmeansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweenthe

JusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewake

oftheFCC'sabdication.

Theendlesslegalbattlesandback-and-fbrthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.It

needstogivethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadband

providersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrules

protectingopennessandinnovationonline.

36.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould.

[A]bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol

[B]slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork

[C]showpartialityintreatingclients

[D]intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals

37.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC.

[A]stickstoanout-of-dateorder

[B]takesananti-regulatorystance

[C]hasissuedaspecialresolution

[D]hasallowedthestatestointervene

38.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

[A]Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

[B]Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

[C]ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.

[D]Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.

39.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision.

[A]focusesontrivialities

[B]conveysanambiguousmessage

[C]isatoddswithitsearlierrulings

[D]isoutoftouchwithreality

40.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

[A]Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

[B]TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

[C]Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

[D]Broadbandproviders?rightsshouldbeprotected.

PartB

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,

choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There

aretwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER

SHEET.(lOpoints)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomething

sinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAIinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutitin

relationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompanies

andthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServices

foundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthanin

automatinghumanactivities.HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacing

employees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfrom

hiringdecisions.uThereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsare

muchmorebiasedthanwhatAIdoes,saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMaster

Algorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldand

acomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityofWashington.Inaddition,“(41)

“Onecompanythat's

doingthisiscalledBlendoor.Itusesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthe

hiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAIsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinestoincreaseopen

rates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10

percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)____

Theseare“toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementforpeople,saysPatrickH.Winston,

aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuseAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthem

moneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuse

andcutdownonthecostofelectricity.Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,canbasetheir

premiumsonAImodelsthatmoreaccuratelyaccessrisk.Domingossays,"43)“

Improvedaccuracy

“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdata

morevaluable/'saysWinston.It“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions/"(44)

Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAIimage

processingtechnologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaks

beforetheyhappen.4UIftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,

it'sveryexpensive."saysDomingos.u(45)

[A]AIreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhaveAIgo

outandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn't

havetimefor.

[B]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertising

performanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaand

makesadjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbest

results.

[C]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAIsystemthathelpsreviewcontractsduringanaudit.

Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereifsusefulfor

employeestogoto.

[E]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplish

somethingbeyondhumanscale.

[F]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,or

theywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.

[G]AIlooksatresumesingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthe

morepromisingcandidates.

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventfbrhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.(46)

Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat

3-5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafterthewar,greatsocial

andpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowing

demandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersofgraduateswith

morethanasecondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroseinthosesocietiesfor

entrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathadnotthoughtof

attendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansion

ofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly

(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.

Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,and

theseinturnhavegivenrisetodifferentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowi(h48)

inmanycountriesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubled

withinfive-yearperiodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eight,or10yearsbythe

middleofthe1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsand

individualinstitutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionofthe

relevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.

Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowthcarrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake