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附錄1SolarTrackerTheSolarTrackerteamwasformedinthefallof2005fromfivestudentsinanMEdesignteam,andaSmartHouseliaison.Wecontinuedtheworkofaprevioussolartrackergroup.Thetaskwastodesignaprototypetrackingdevicetoalignsolarpanelsoptimallytothesunasitmovesoverthecourseoftheday.TheimplementationofsuchasystemdramaticallyincreasestheefficiencyofsolarpanelsusedtopowertheSmartHouse.Thisreportexaminestheprocessofdesigningandconstructingtheprototype,theexperiencesandproblemsencountered,andsuggestionsforcontinuingtheproject.1.IntroductionSolartrackingistheprocessofvaryingtheangleofsolarpanelsandcollectorstotakeadvantageofthefullamountofthesun’senergy.Thisisdonebyrotatingpanelstobeperpendiculartothesun’sangleofincidence.Initialtestsinindustrysuggestthatthisprocesscanincreasetheefficiencyofasolarpowersystembyupto50%.Giventhosegains,itisanattractivewaytoenhanceanexistingsolarpowersystem.Thegoalistobuildarigthatwillaccomplishthesolartrackingandrealizethemaximumincreaseinefficiency.Theultimategoalisthattheprojectwillbecosteffective–thatis,thegainsreceivedbyincreasedefficiencywillmorethanoffsettheonetimecostofdevelopingtherigovertime.Inadditiontothefunctionalgoals,theSmartHousesetforththeotherfollowinggoalsforourproject:itmustnotdrawexternalpower(self-sustaining),itmustbeaestheticallypleasing,anditmustbeweatherproof.Thedesignofoursolartrackerconsistsofthreecomponents:theframe,thesensor,andthedrivesystem.Eachwascarefullyreviewedandtested,institutingchangesandimprovementsalongthedesignprocess.Theframeforthetrackerisanaluminumprismaticframesuppliedbytheprevioussolartrackinggroup.Itutilizesan‘A-frame’designwiththerotatingaxleinthemiddle.Attachedtothebottomofthissquarechannelaxleistheplatformwhichwillhousethemainsolarcollectingpanels.Theframeitselfisatanangletodirectthepanelstowardthesun(alongwiththeinclinationoftheroof).Itsrotationtracksthesunfromeasttowestduringtheday.Thesensordesignforthesystemusestwosmallsolarpanelsthatlieonthesameplaneasthecollectingpanels.Thesesensorpanelshavemirrorsverticallyattachedbetweenthemsothat,unlessthemirrorfacesdonotreceiveanysun,theyareshadingoneofthepanels,whiletheotherisreceivingfullsunlight.Oursensorreliesonthisdifferenceinlight,whichresultsinalargeimpedancedifferenceacrossthepanels,todrivethemotorintheproperdirectionuntilagain,themirrorsarenotseeinganysunlight,atwhichpointbothsolarpanelsonthesensorreceiveequalsunlightandnopowerdifferenceisseen.Afterevaluationofthepreviousdirectdrivesystemforthetracker,wedesignedabeltsystemthatwouldbeeasiertomaintaininthecaseofafailure.Ononeendoftheframeisamotorthathasthedrivepulleyattachedtoitsoutputshaft.Themotorrotatesthedrivebeltwhichthenrotatesthepulleyontheaxle.Thissystemissimpleandeasilydisassembled.Itiseasytointerchangemotorsasneededforfurthertestingandalsoallowsforoptimizationofthefinalgearratioforresponseofthetracker.Aswithanydesignprocesstherewereseveralsetbackstoourprogress.Thefirstandforemostwasinclementweatherwhichdeniedusofvaluabletestingtime.Despitethesetbacks,webelievethisdesignandprototypetobeaveryvaluableproof-of-principle.Duringourtestingwehaveeliminatedmanyoftherepetitiveproblemswiththemotorandwiringsothatfutureworkontheprojectwillgomoresmoothly.Wealsohaveachievedourgoaloftrackingthesunina‘hands-off’demo.Wewereabletohavethetrackerrotateunderitsownpowertotheangleofthesunandstopwithoutanyassistance.ThiswasthemaingoalsetforthtousbytheSmartHousesowebelieveoursensedmotionprototypeforsolartrackingwillbethefoundationastheymoveforwardinthefuturedevelopmentandimplementationofthistechnologytothehouse.2.DefiningtheProblemTheprojectwastocompletethe“REV2”designphaseofthesolartrackertobeusedontheSmartHouse.WhiletheteamwascomprisedofmembersfromtheME160seniordesigncourse,thecustomerforthisprojectwastobetheSmartHouseorganization.JeffSchwane,arepresentativefromtheSmartHouse,wasourliaisonandcommunicatedtoourgroupthedirectionSmartHouseleadershipwishedustoproceed.AtourfirstmeetingwithJeffandTomRose,thefollowingneedswereidentified:TrackthesunduringthedayUsenoexternalpowersourceWeatherproofCosteffectivepowergainMustlookgoodSolarpanelversatilei.e.canfitdifferenttypesofpanelsWiththeseneedsinhand,weconstructedaQualityFunctionDeploymentchart.ThischartcanbefoundinAppendixA.TheQFDshowedthemajorareasofconcernmighthavebeen:numberofpanels/sizeofpanels,internalpowerrequirements,motortorquerequired.Atourfirstmeetingwewerealsoabletosetupourgoalsforthesemester.Havingaworkingprototypecapableoftrackingthesunwastobethemaingoalfortheendofthesemester,butwesoonfoundthatinordertoaccomplishthis,wewouldbeforcedtoomitportionsofthedesigncriteriainhopestheywouldbeworkedoutlater.Thiswouldresultintheoptimizationofplatformspaceontherooftobeirrelevant,withourgoalbeingtohaveoneplatformtrack.Italsoledtotheassumptionthatourbasewouldnotneedtobetestedforstabilityorrequiredtobefastenedtotheroof.Withanideaofwhereweweretobegin,fromscratchwiththepossibilityofusingtheframefromthe“REV1”design,andanideaofwhereweweretofinish,withamovingprototype,weconstructedtheGanttchartthatcanbefoundinAppendixB.OurgroupplannedtomeetwithJeffonceaweektomakesurewewereontrackwiththeneedsoftheSmartHouse.JeffwouldalsomeetwithTomRose,thedirectorofSmartHouse,atleastonceaweekinordertokeepeveryoneonthesamepage.Withourgoalsinmindweembarkedontheprocessofideageneration.3.ConceptsandResearch3.1TrackingTypeOurgroupusedabrainstormingapproachtoconceptgeneration.Wethoughtofideasfordifferentsolartrackingdevices,whichproveddifficultattimesduetotheexistingframeandconceptpresentedtousbySmartHouse.Otherconceptsweregeneratedthroughresearchofpre-existingsolartrackingdevices.OriginallyourconceptgenerationwasgearedtowardscreatingacompletelynewsolartrackeroutsideoftheconstraintsofthepreviousstructuregiventousbySmartHouse.Thisinitialbrainstorminggeneratedmanyconcepts.Thefirstonewasauni-axialtrackingsystemthatwouldtrackthesuneasttowestacrosstheskyduringthecourseofadayandreturnattheendoftheday.Thisconceptpresentedtheadvantageofsimplicityandpresenteduswiththeoptiontousematerialsfromthepreviousstructure(whichwasalsointendedtobeauni-axialtracker)inconstruction.Anothermorecomplexconceptwastotrackthesunbi-axiallywhichwouldinvolvetrackingthesunbotheasttowestandthroughouttheseasons.Theadvantageofthisconceptwasamoreefficientharvestingofsolarenergy.Thethirdconceptwastoonlytrackthroughouttheseasons.Thiswouldprovidesmallefficiencygainsbutnowherenearthegainprovidedbytrackingeasttowest.Thedifferentstructureswecameupwithtoaccomplishtrackingmotionincludedarotatingcenteraxlewithattachedpanels,hydraulicormotorizedliftswhichwouldmovethemainpanelinthedirectionofthesun,andaroboticarmwhichwouldturntofacethesun.Theclearefficiencygainscoupledwiththesimplicityofdesignoftheuni-axialtrackingsystemandtheexistenceofusableparts(i.e.motorandaxle)fortherotatingcenteraxlestructure,ledustothechoiceoftheEasttoWesttracking,rotatingcenteraxleconcept.3.2StructureOncethemethodofmotionwaschosen,itwasnecessarytogenerateconceptsforthestructuralsupportoftheaxle.SupportcouldbeprovidedbythetriangularprismaticstructurewhichwasattemptedbythepreviousSmartHousesolartrackergrouporthroughtheuseofcolumnswhichwouldsupporttheaxisoneitherside.Whiletheprismaticstructurepresentedtheadvantageofmobilityandanexistingframe,thecolumnswouldhaveprovideduswitheaseofconstruction,simplegeometricconsiderations,andeaseofprospectivemountingontheroof.Duetotheheightenedintensityoftimeconsiderations,thepreviousfinancialcommitmenttotheprismaticstructurebySmartHouse,andourlimitedbudget,thepresenceofthepre-existingframeprovedtobethemostimportantfactorindecidingonastructure.DuetothesefactorswedecidedtoworkwithintheframewhichwasprovidedtousfromthepreviousSolarTrackergroup.3.2TrackingMotionOncethestructuralsupportwasfinalizedweneededtodecideonameanstoactualizethismotion.Wedecidedbetweensensedmotion,whichwouldsensethesun’spositionandmovetofollowit,andcontinuousclocktypemotion,whichwouldtrackthesunbasedonitspre-determinedpositioninthesky.Wechosetheconceptofcontinuousmotionbasedonitsperceivedaccuracyandtheexistenceofknowntimingtechnology.Duringtheevaluationstage,however,werealizedthatcontinuousmotionwouldprovedifficult.Onereasonwastheinabilitytodrawconstantvoltageandcurrentfromthesolarpanelsnecessarytosustainconsistentmotion,resultinginthenecessityforsensingtherotationpositiontocompensate.Continuousmotionalsorequirednearlyconstantpowerthroughouttheday,whichwouldrequireamechanismtostorepower.Asidefromtheseconsiderations,theimplementationofatimingcircuitandlocationsensingdeviceseemeddaunting.AfterconsultingDr.RhettGeorge,wedecidedonadeviceusingtwopanelsandshadingforsensedmotion.4.AnalysisandEmbodiment4.1StructureGeometryThegeometryoftheframewascreatedinordertoallowthesolarpanelstoabsorblightefficiently.Thiswasdonebyallowingrotationintheeast-westdirectionfortrackingthesundailyanda36°inclination(Durham’slatitude)towardsthesouth.Becausethisframewasdesignedtobeplacedonaroofwithaslopeof25°,theactualinclineoftheframewasmadetobe11°.Thegeometryoftheexistingplatformstructurewasmodified.ThiswasdoneinordertoincorporatetheresultsfromtheClearDayModelsuppliedtousbyDr.Knight.Thismodelledtotheconclusionthattheplatformshouldtracktoupto60°inbothdirectionsofhorizontal.Thus,theanglerangeoftheframehadtobeincreased.Thesidesoftheframewerebroughtintoincreasetheallowableangleofrotation,andtheywerebroughtinproportionallytomaintaintheinclinationangleof11°.Also,crosspiecesweremovedtotheinsideoftheframetoallowgreaterrotationoftheplatformbeforeitcameintocontactwiththesupportstructure.Thepanelsusedforsensingandpoweringrotationwereplacedontheplaneoftheplatform.Mirrorswereplacedperpendiculartoandinbetweenthepanelstoshadeoneandamplifytheotherinordertoproduceadifferencetopowerthemotor.Thesensingpanelswereplacedoutsidetheplatformareatomaintainthelargestareapossibleforcollectingpanels.Athirdsensingpanelwasmountednearlyverticalandfacingeasttoaidrotationbacktowardsthesuninthemorning.Thispanelwasattachedtotheframeundertheplatform,sothatduringmostoftheday,it’sshadedwithminimaleffectsonsensedrotation.Minimizingthetorquesonthemotorwasamainconcerninordertominimizethemotorpowerneeded.Theplatformdesignedfortheplacementofthecollectingsolarpanelswasplacedundertherotationalshaftsothatthepanelswouldbealignedwithittherotationalaxis.Sincethemainpanelscomprisethemajorityoftheweightputtingtheseintheplaneoftherotationalaxisreducestorqueontheshaft.Thesensingpanelswereplacedsymmetricallyabouttheaxisofrotationinordertopreventadditionaltorqueonthemotor.Thethirdpanelwasattachedtotheframeinsteadoftheplatformorrotationalshaftsoastoalsoavoidanytorque.4.2MaterialsMaterialsselectionformostoftheframewassimplebecauseithadalreadybeenconstructed.Themirrorsusedfortheamplificationandshadingofthesensingpanelswerealsoalreadypurchasedandavailableforuse.Additionalpartsforattachmentofthepanelsandmirrorstotheframeweretakenfromthescrappiecesavailableinthemachineshop.Inourselectionofsensingpanels,sizeandpowerneededtobebalancedeffectively.Thepanelsweretobeassmallaspossibleinordertoaddminimalstressandweighttotheframebutalsoneededtobepowerfulenoughtopowertherotationoftheplatform.Therefore,themostpowerfuloftheintermediatesizedpanelsavailablewereselected.Thepanelspurchasedalsoappearedtobethemostreliableofouroptions.4.3DriveMechanismAfterdesigningaprototypeandtestingit,themotorpurchasedandusedbytheprevioussolartrackergroupwasslipping.Itwasremoved,andtheinstallationofagearsystemwithanothersimplemotorwassuggestedandattempted.ProfessorKnightsuppliedsomegearsaswellassomebeltsandpulleys.Oneendoftheshaftwaslathedsothatoneofthepulleyscouldbesetonit,andspacerswereboughtsothata6Vmotorwehadavailablecouldpoweranotherpulley.Thesepulleysweretobeconnectedbyabelt.Thismotordemonstratedinsufficientstrengthtoturntherotationalshaft.Theoriginalmotor,oncedetached,wastakenapartandexamined.Itappearedtobeworkingagainsoanewpulleywaspurchasedtofititandwasattachedintheplaceofthe6Vmotor.5.DetailedDesign5.1FrameTheframewasdesignedfromoneinchsquarealuminumtubing,andafivefootlong,twoinchsquaretubefortheaxle.Itisconstructedwitharigidbaseandtriangularprismaticframewithsidesupportingbarsthatprovidestability.Theendoftheaxleisattachedtoasystemofpulleyswhicharedrivenbythemotor.Itiseasilytransportedbyremovingthesidesofthebaseandfoldingthestructure.5.2SensorOursensingpanelsareboltedtothebottomofthemainsolarpanelframeandbracedunderneathwithhalfinchL-brackets.ThemirrorsareattachedtotheinsideofthesensingpanelsandbracedbyL-bracketsaswell.Thewholestructureattacheseasilytothemainpanelframewhichisattachedtothemainaxleusingfour2-inchU-bolts.Athirdpanelisboltedtothestructuretoreturnthemainpanelsdirectiontowardsthehorizonofsunrise.5.3HowtheSensorWorksOursensorcreatesmovementofthemotorbyshadingoneofthepanelsandamplifyingtheotherwhenthesystemisnotdirectlyfacingthesun.Thetwosensingpanelsaremountedparalleltothemainpanelssymmetricallyaboutthecenteraxlewithtwomirrorsinbetweenthem.Theshadingononeofthepanelscreateshighimpedance,whiletheamplifiedpanelpowersthemotor.Thishappensuntilthepanelsreceivethesameamountofsunlightandbalanceeachotherout(i.e.whenthesensingpanelsandmainpanelsarefacingthesun.).Weinitiallyattemptedusingaseriesconfigurationtotakeadvantageofthevoltagedifferencewhenoneofthepanelswasshaded(AppendixC).Thisdifference,however,wasnotlargeenoughtodrivethemotor.Wesubsequentlyattemptedaparallelconfigurationwhichwouldtakeadvantageoftheimpedanceoftheshadedpanel(AppendixC)andprovidethecurrentneededtodrivethemotor.Oncethesensingmechanismhasrotatedfromsunrisetosunset,thethirdpanel,whichisusuallyshaded,usessunlightfromthesunriseofthenextdaytopowerthemotortoreturnthepanelstowardsthedirectionofthesun.6.PrototypeTestingInitialtestingwasdoneusingjustthesensingcomponentanda6Vmotor.Thepanelsweretiltedbyhandtocreateshadingandamplification.Aseriesconfigurationofthesensingpanelswasinitiallytestedandprovedineffective.Dataacquisitionshowedamaximumofa2Vdifferenceacrossthemotor,whichwasinsufficienttopowerit.Upontestingthepanelsindividually,itwasdiscoveredthattheopenvoltageacrosseachindividualpanelwouldonlyvarybetween21.5Vand19.5Vwhenfullyamplifiedandfullyshaded,respectively.Thecurrentrunningthrougheachpanel,however,wasseentofluctuatebetweennearly0ampswhenshaded,upto0.65ampswhenfullyamplified.Therefore,inordertotakeadvantageoftheincreaseinimpedanceofthesolarpanelsduetoshading,wechosetoputoursensingpanelsinparallelwitheachotherandthemotor.Testswiththisconfigurationturnedthemotorinonedirection,stoppedwhenthesensingpanelswerenearlyperpendiculartothesun,andreverseddirectionasthepanelsrotatedpastperpendicular.Wefoundtheanglerangenecessarytostopthemotortobeverysmall.Itwasalsoobservedthatthepanelsrotatedtoslightlypastperpendicularwhentheyceasedmotion.Thiserrormaybeduetoadifferenceintheinnateresistanceineachindividualsensingpanel.Whentesteditwasfoundthatonepanelhadaresistanceof52kΩ,andtheotherpanelresistancewas53kΩ.Othertestingfoundthevoltageandcurrentprovidedbythesensingsolarpanelstothemotortobeconsistentatallpoints,excludingwhenthesolarpanelsaredirectlyfacingthesun.Throughtestingitwasconcludedthatresistancemayneedtobeaddedtooneofthepanelstocompensateforthedifferencesintheinternalresistancesoftheindividualpanels,andavoltageregulatorneedstobeaddedtodecreasethevoltageseenacrossthemotor.Theoriginalmotorwaspronetofailureasitsslippagecausedthebreakdownofourinitialprototypeaftertesting.Thisledtotheinstitutionofthepulleyandbeltdrivensystemwhichwouldallowforeasiermaintenancegivenmotorfailureorslippage.Thesuccessofourinitialtestingandprototypeprovedtoustheefficacyofoursolartrackerdesign.7.ConclusionThroughoutthisprojectweenlistedthesupportofmultipleresources(i.e.MEandEEprofessors,previousSmartHouseteams).Welearnedearlyonthataclearproblemdefinitionwasessentialtoefficientdesignandprogress.Westruggledinitiallyaswetriedtodesignatrackingdevicethatwasdifferentfromtheprevioussolartrackergroup’sattempt,withoutfullyweighingthesizeoftheirinvestmentandtheadvantagesofusingtheexistingframeforourpurposes.Asweworkedwiththefixedframeconstructionfromthepreviousgroupwelearnedthatvariabilityofdesigniskey,especiallywhenintheinitialphasesofprototyping.Aftermanysetbacksintestingofthesolarpanels,welearnedthatwhenworkingwithsolarpanels,muchtimeneedstobesetasidefortestingduetotheunpredictabilityoftheweather. TheactualimplementationofusingtheprototypeinitsintendedlocationontheSmartHouseroofrequiresweather-proofingtoprotectthewiringandelectricalconnectionsfromtheelements,housingforthemotor,abracingsystemtoattachthestructuretotheroof,andpossibleredesigntoeliminateexcessheightandsimplifyoverallgeometry.Theefficiencyofthesensorsystemcouldbeimprovedbywideningthemirrorsorbyplacingblindersalongthesidesofthepanelstodecreasetheeffectsofreflectedandrefractedlightincidentontheshadedsensingpanel.附錄2太陽能跟蹤器摘要太陽能跟蹤隊成立于2005年秋季,設(shè)計團(tuán)隊由五名隊員組成,我們還負(fù)責(zé)與智能家居的聯(lián)絡(luò)工作。我們的太陽能跟蹤小組繼續(xù)以前的工作,現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)是設(shè)計一個新的跟蹤裝置,因為太陽光的方向是變化的,所以要最大限度地使太陽能電池板向著太陽。實施這種跟蹤,可以大大提高太陽能電池板工作效率,并且使太陽能電池板用來提供智能家居。本報告審查過程中設(shè)計和建造的樣機(jī)以及所得到經(jīng)驗和遇到的問題激勵我們繼續(xù)這一項目。一、導(dǎo)言改變太陽能電池板的角度,這樣能使太陽能電池板充分利用太陽能。這是通過旋轉(zhuǎn)面板始終垂直于太陽的入射角實現(xiàn)的。初步測試后,這個過程可以提高太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)50%的工作效率。這些測試結(jié)果說明這是一個很有吸引力的研究,加強(qiáng)了現(xiàn)有的太陽能發(fā)電系統(tǒng)。其目標(biāo)是建立一個跟蹤機(jī),完成太陽能跟蹤,并實現(xiàn)最高的效率。其終極目標(biāo)是本項目要符合成本效益,那也就是說隨著時間的推移將大大降低發(fā)展跟蹤機(jī)的成本。除了上述功能目標(biāo),智能家居還為我們的項目提出了以下的其他目標(biāo):必須不吸取外部電源(自我維持),必須美觀,而且還要能防水。我們設(shè)計的太陽能跟蹤器包括三個組成部分:結(jié)構(gòu),傳感器和驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)。每個都被仔細(xì)審查和檢測,實行跟蹤。先前的太陽能跟蹤小組設(shè)計的框架是一個鋁棱柱形框架。它采用了一種'格'設(shè)計并且旋轉(zhuǎn)軸在中間,與方形電池板底部相連的是一個用來支撐集熱板的平臺。該框架本身有一個角度,此角度的度數(shù)由小組對當(dāng)?shù)貙嶋H情況調(diào)查而定,其旋轉(zhuǎn)的軌道是系統(tǒng)隨太陽從東到西轉(zhuǎn)動,這一過程在白天進(jìn)行。該傳感器系統(tǒng)設(shè)計采用了兩個小型太陽能電池板作為跟蹤機(jī)的采集板。這些傳感器面板采用垂直的反光鏡相連接,除非反光鏡接收不到任何太陽光,不然它會遮擋其中一個面板,而另外一個能夠接收到太陽光。我們的傳感器依靠這種差異繼續(xù)研究,結(jié)果兩種差異很大的面板都能驅(qū)動電機(jī)跟蹤的方向,直到反光鏡子再次得不到任何陽光,而此時雙方的太陽能板對傳感器能得到同等陽光。所有我們拭目以待。我們認(rèn)為以往用于跟蹤直接驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)是很容易在跟蹤時失敗。所以我們設(shè)計了一個帶系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)的一端是一個馬達(dá),具有傳動皮帶輪和輸出的功能。電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)傳動皮帶,然后旋轉(zhuǎn)滑輪上的輪軸。這個系統(tǒng)簡單,易于拆解,所以很容易根據(jù)需要將傳動做進(jìn)一步的改進(jìn)和優(yōu)化。正如任何設(shè)計過程中都會遇到問題。我們遇到的首要的問題是天氣惡劣而否認(rèn)我們寶貴的測試時間。盡管遇到挫折,我們相信,這樣的設(shè)計與原型是非常有價值的。在我們的測試中,我們已經(jīng)消除了許多重復(fù)的問題,使今后的工作和該項目的研究更為順利。我們也已將我們的樣機(jī)做跟蹤太陽的演示,在沒有任何外部輔助下,我們能讓跟蹤器依靠自己的能量旋轉(zhuǎn)和停止,演示過程中沒有任何援助。聯(lián)合國向我們提出的智能家居的主要目標(biāo)是:在今后的發(fā)展中將這項技術(shù)推廣到普通家庭。所以我們相信我們研究一定能使太陽能跟蹤向前邁一步。二、問題設(shè)定該項目完成了太陽能跟蹤器設(shè)計階段的任務(wù),以用于智能家居。而團(tuán)隊組成后,成員完成高級程序設(shè)計,客戶可以為這個項目進(jìn)行內(nèi)部設(shè)計。值得提一下的是,杰夫泰森代表智能家居與我們進(jìn)行聯(lián)系和溝通,以及聰明的眾議院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人也認(rèn)同我們的研究。在我們的第一次會議上,杰夫和湯姆確定了以下目標(biāo):a白天追蹤太陽b不使用任何外部電源c不受天氣影響d符合成本效益e必須外觀好看f太陽能電池板大眾化即能夠適用于不同類型的面板根據(jù)這些目標(biāo),我們構(gòu)建了質(zhì)量功能配置圖。此圖可以發(fā)現(xiàn),其主要關(guān)注的領(lǐng)域可能有以下幾個:面板數(shù)量,面板尺寸,內(nèi)部電源要求,電動機(jī)的扭矩要求。在我們的第一次會議上,我們設(shè)定了我們這一階段的目標(biāo):做出一個工作原型,能夠跟蹤太陽。這也是完成該項目的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但我們很快發(fā)現(xiàn)要做到這一點,我們將被迫省略部分的設(shè)計,他們希望工作列其后,這將導(dǎo)致在優(yōu)化平臺空間時是不是屋頂無關(guān)重要?我們的目標(biāo)是要有一個平臺上的軌道,它也說明了為了穩(wěn)定或需要,我們的原型需要測試。我們開始有一個想法,這一想法從無到有,就是有可能使用幀,舍棄最初的設(shè)想即采用REV1設(shè)計方案或采用轉(zhuǎn)動原型方案,我們的設(shè)計圖見附件B,以應(yīng)付與杰夫每周一次的會議,以確保我們在設(shè)計時能夠滿足他們的需要。杰夫也將會見湯姆,總之與智能家居的會議每周至少一次,以使每個人都能在同一高度上。從我們的目標(biāo)開始,我們著手對這一進(jìn)程的進(jìn)行構(gòu)想。三、觀念和研究3.1跟蹤模式我們小組用了一個集思廣益的方法來界定概念。我們的思想理念是為了設(shè)計不同條件下使用的太陽能跟蹤裝置,因為它們克服了不同條件下的困難,再把可行的框架和概念介紹給我們的智能家居。其他的概念產(chǎn)生是通過研究事先存在的太陽能跟蹤裝置得到的。原來我們的概念是面向創(chuàng)造一個完全新的太陽能跟蹤裝置,以前的設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)方法已經(jīng)給我們的智能家居提供了思路。這一初步獻(xiàn)策產(chǎn)生了許多觀點:第一個觀點是一個單向軸跟蹤系統(tǒng),該系統(tǒng)將追蹤太陽從東到西橫跨天空的全過程,檢測每一段時間,直到第二天結(jié)束。這一概念的提出很簡單,我們選擇使用的結(jié)構(gòu)材料正在制作中;另一種更復(fù)雜的概念是雙向軸跟蹤系統(tǒng),并在整個季節(jié)都能從東到西跟蹤太陽。這種概念是較為高效率的利用太陽能;第三個概念是只隨季節(jié)跟蹤。這將提供小型效率收益,但遠(yuǎn)不及第二個概念提供的從東到西的跟蹤裝置。我們設(shè)計的跟蹤裝置結(jié)構(gòu)包括一個旋轉(zhuǎn)中心軸和附加板以及液壓機(jī)或電動升降機(jī),將提供主要方向的跟蹤,還有一個機(jī)械臂將使它轉(zhuǎn)到面對著太陽。清晰的效率收益,再加上設(shè)計簡單的單向軸跟蹤系統(tǒng),以及以電機(jī)軸為旋轉(zhuǎn)中心軸的結(jié)構(gòu),使我們能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)從東到西的跟蹤。3.2結(jié)構(gòu)一旦方法的議案被選擇,有必要使產(chǎn)生的觀念、結(jié)構(gòu)支持車軸。可提供三角棱柱結(jié)構(gòu),也就是說由前智能家居太陽能跟蹤小組,或通過使用欄目將對任何一方提供支持。而棱柱結(jié)構(gòu)提交的優(yōu)勢和現(xiàn)有的框架、欄目會為我們提供方便的建設(shè),簡單的幾何考慮,并準(zhǔn)確安裝在屋頂上。由于提高了強(qiáng)度的時間考慮,而我們的預(yù)算又有限,在加上現(xiàn)有的框架被證明是最重要的因素,由于這些因素,我們決定用過去的太陽能跟蹤組向我們提供的工作框架。3.3跟蹤運動一旦支撐結(jié)構(gòu)確定,最后我們需要一種手段來決定這項議案,我們決定之后感受到這一議案的可行性,這將使太陽跟蹤器的研究方向和進(jìn)度向前一步。在連續(xù)討論議案后,決定在跟蹤太陽的基礎(chǔ)上,預(yù)先確定太陽在天空中的位置,所以我們選擇連續(xù)跟蹤太陽能的議案,就是根據(jù)其知覺的準(zhǔn)確性和存在的已知定時技術(shù)進(jìn)行。在評估階段我們意識到:連續(xù)跟蹤太陽能的的議案將被證明是困難的。其中一個原因是無法從太陽帆板提請不斷的電壓和電流,要保持一貫的議案,從而有必要性改變遙感輪換的立場。連續(xù)跟蹤的議案還需要近恒定的功率,一天的運作中這將需要一個機(jī)制來存儲能量。除了這些因素,實施的時間安排電路和位置傳感裝置似乎是艱巨的。與博士喬治協(xié)商后,我們決定對裝置使用兩個小組和底紋為感受的議案。四、分析與體現(xiàn)4.1結(jié)構(gòu)幾何創(chuàng)造幾何學(xué)的框架,以使電池板吸收高效率的太陽能。之所以能這樣做,是讓輪換在東西方向的電池板始終對南,每天跟蹤太陽一個360°傾角(達(dá)勒姆的緯度)。因為這個框架的目的是擺在屋頂25°的斜坡上,但實際的傾斜度是11°。對現(xiàn)有的幾何平臺的結(jié)構(gòu)作調(diào)整,這樣做是為了博士奈特給我們的晴天模式,這種模式導(dǎo)致的結(jié)論是:該平臺應(yīng)當(dāng)跟蹤到達(dá)到60°兩個方向的水平。因此,角度范圍的框架尚待提高。把雙方的幀引入以增加允許的轉(zhuǎn)動角度,而他們帶來的比例以維持傾角11°。此外,幀被轉(zhuǎn)移到里面的框架以允許更大的旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺來接觸到支持結(jié)構(gòu)。該面板放在用于傳感和驅(qū)動旋轉(zhuǎn)的平臺上。鏡子垂直放置,并在這兩者之間產(chǎn)生一個差額,帶動功率電機(jī)。傳感板放在外面平臺區(qū),以保持收集板的最大可能面積。第三個傳感小組展開近于直立,并且面向東,以確保在早晨輪換時回到太陽升出處。這個小組被連接到框架下的平臺,因此,在一天的大部分時間里,它的陰影與影響是最小的。最小力矩馬達(dá)是一個主要的關(guān)注,以最大限度地減少電機(jī)功率的需要。該平臺設(shè)計用于安置收集太陽能電池板劃歸轉(zhuǎn)動軸,使該小組符合它的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸。由于主要有展板組成,其中大部分的重量使這些旋轉(zhuǎn)軸降低了對軸的扭矩。傳感板置于對稱軸左右旋轉(zhuǎn),以避免額外對馬達(dá)的扭矩。第三個小組是隸屬該幀而不是平臺或轉(zhuǎn)動軸等,以盡量避免任何扭矩。4.2材料材料的選擇,大部分的框架很簡單,因此它已經(jīng)建成。用于擴(kuò)增和遮蔭傳感面板的鏡子,也已購買,并已使用。新增部分附著的板和后視鏡框都是廢品,可在車間找到。對我們選擇的傳感面板的體積和耗電量都需要加以平衡。該小組將盡可能添加最小應(yīng)力和重量,而框架還需要得到足夠強(qiáng)大的力量旋轉(zhuǎn)平臺,因此世界上最強(qiáng)大的中間尺寸面板可供選擇。該小組還購買了其他最可靠材料來供我們的選擇。4.3傳動機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)過重新設(shè)計原型和測試,電動機(jī)的購買和使用由先前的太陽能跟蹤組完成。與會者建議把它拆除并試圖安裝了一個齒輪系統(tǒng)與另一個簡單動作。奈特教授提供的一些裝備以及一些皮帶和滑輪與另一端的軸連接,在定這件事期間分別買了一個充電器和電機(jī),我們可以從另一個權(quán)力滑輪將這些滑輪接上皮帶。這表明電動機(jī)帶動旋轉(zhuǎn)軸強(qiáng)度不足,一旦原電機(jī)抽離,被送走和檢驗,這似乎又增加了新的工作,一個新的滑輪需要購買并在所附的地方要適應(yīng)該6V馬達(dá)。五、詳細(xì)設(shè)計5.1結(jié)構(gòu)框架的是以一英寸的方形鋁管為油管,以及以5英尺長、2英寸的方管為車軸。它是一個剛性基層和三角棱柱形框。年底前輪軸是重視制度的滑輪,其中主要是驅(qū)動電動機(jī)。這是很容易運送消除雙方的基地和折疊結(jié)構(gòu)。5.2傳感器我們的傳感面板螺栓到底部的主要太陽能電池板框架,硬著頭皮下半英寸L型括號。鏡子都附在里面的傳感面板中,硬著頭皮由L型括號內(nèi)為好。整個架構(gòu)重視用4個2英寸的U型螺栓將主面板框連接到主軸。第三小組是螺栓,以結(jié)構(gòu)返回主面板方向的地平線上的日出。5.3如何傳感器工程我們的一個調(diào)查小組發(fā)現(xiàn)傳感器造成運動的電機(jī)遮蔭,并在其他的很多時候,該系統(tǒng)并非直接面向太陽。兩個傳感板裝在平行主面板左右對稱的中心軸與兩面鏡子之間。遮蔭對其中的面板制造了高阻抗,這種情況直到面板得到同樣數(shù)額的陽光和平衡(即當(dāng)傳感面板及主要面板都面臨著外)。我們最初試圖用一系列配置,以充分利用電壓差時,這里有其中一個小組的陰影(附錄C)。這種差異也不是大到足以驅(qū)動馬達(dá)。其后,我們試圖平行配置,其中將利用阻抗的林蔭道小組(附錄C),并提供所需的電流驅(qū)動馬達(dá)。從日出到日落一旦感應(yīng)機(jī)制有旋轉(zhuǎn),利用太陽光從日出的第二天功率電機(jī)歸還板方向的太陽,第三個小組通常會被填滿。六、原型測試初步測試工作只用傳感元件和16V電機(jī)。該小組成員經(jīng)過一系列的配置后,其傳感面板進(jìn)行最初測試,結(jié)果證明是無效的。數(shù)據(jù)采集顯示,最多不超過2V的差異,這是不夠準(zhǔn)確的。經(jīng)測試該面板的整體,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這是一個隨意的電壓,每個小組肯定各有不同,當(dāng)21.5v和19.5v時應(yīng)充分補充,并迅速充分填滿。目前這些數(shù)據(jù)分別由每一個小組區(qū)實驗,由于被認(rèn)為波動數(shù)值為0安培之間時被填滿,直至0.65安培時充分補充,因此,為了充分避免太陽能電池板被遮光,我們選擇了把我們的傳感板平行與陽光垂直。測試此配置,使電機(jī)在一個方向停下時,傳感面板幾乎垂直于太陽,如果太陽扭轉(zhuǎn)了方向,同時面板旋轉(zhuǎn)過去保持與太陽光的垂直。我們調(diào)整角度范圍,要使電動機(jī)停止時誤差要非常小。也有人指出,面板旋轉(zhuǎn)稍近垂直時,電機(jī)不再工作。這個錯誤可能是由于二個傳感小組的結(jié)合。測試時,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個小組阻力是52kω,其他小組的阻力為53kω。再進(jìn)行深一步測試,發(fā)現(xiàn)電壓和電流提供傳感太陽能電池板向著太陽,在各點上以保持一致,但不包括當(dāng)太陽能電池板直接面向太陽時。通過其中一個調(diào)查小組試驗結(jié)果表明,阻力可能需要加以補充,以彌補分歧,在內(nèi)部電阻的個體面板上穩(wěn)壓器需要加以補充,以減少電壓誤差而出現(xiàn)馬達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)動。我們最初的原型測試發(fā)現(xiàn)因為它的工程延誤所造成的崩潰,所以原發(fā)動機(jī)是容易失敗的。這導(dǎo)致了該機(jī)構(gòu)的滑輪和皮帶驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障,并且將允許故障或延誤繼續(xù)。我們的太陽能跟蹤器的設(shè)計初步測試和原型證明了我們的成效。七、結(jié)論整個項目中,我們邀請了多種專家(即我和EE教授,以前智能家居隊)。早在前面說過,必須明確定義問題,是至關(guān)重要的,這是提高設(shè)計的效率和進(jìn)展情況所必需的。我們的奮斗讓我們得到了最初的一個跟蹤裝置試圖設(shè)計,這是不同于以往太陽能需求者的企圖,但無充分權(quán)衡利弊大小,決定利用現(xiàn)有的框架,他們的投資和優(yōu)勢為我們的目的提供了幫助。我們了解到,進(jìn)行部分的設(shè)計是關(guān)鍵,尤其是當(dāng)在初始階段的原型設(shè)計中。幾經(jīng)周折,在測試太陽能電池板時我們才知道,由于不可預(yù)測性天氣,太陽能電板工作需要很多的時間去測試是否與太陽垂直有關(guān)。實際執(zhí)行的使用原型在其預(yù)定位置對智能家居屋頂需要的樣機(jī)一樣,以保

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