經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理課件

曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理課件13生產(chǎn)成本供給定理:當(dāng)一種物品價(jià)格上升時(shí)，企業(yè)愿意生產(chǎn)并銷(xiāo)售更多的這種物品。這種反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致了向右上方傾斜的供給曲線。企業(yè)的目標(biāo)MaximumProfits企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)目標(biāo)就是要使其獲得的利潤(rùn)最大化。企業(yè)的總收益與總成本總收益企業(yè)出售其產(chǎn)品所得到的貨幣量?？偝杀酒髽I(yè)用于生產(chǎn)的投入品的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值。企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)利潤(rùn)即企業(yè)的總收益減去總成本 Profit=Totalrevenue-Totalcost作為機(jī)會(huì)成本的成本企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括所有用來(lái)生產(chǎn)商品與服務(wù)的投入品的機(jī)會(huì)成本。顯性成本與隱性成本企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)成本包括顯性成本與隱性成本。顯性成本（Explicitcosts）指企業(yè)為購(gòu)買(mǎi)生產(chǎn)用投入要素而直接支出的貨幣成本。

隱性成本（Implicitcosts）指不包括在直接貨幣支出中的投入成本。經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)versus會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家衡量企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)用企業(yè)的總收益減去生產(chǎn)所銷(xiāo)售物品與勞務(wù)的總機(jī)會(huì)成本（顯性的與隱性的）。會(huì)計(jì)師衡量企業(yè)的利潤(rùn)用企業(yè)的總收益減去顯性成本，也就是說(shuō)，他們忽略隱性成本。EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfit當(dāng)總收益超過(guò)顯性成本與隱性成本，企業(yè)將獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)。經(jīng)濟(jì)利潤(rùn)小于會(huì)計(jì)利潤(rùn)。EconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitRevenueTotalopportunitycostsHowanEconomistViewsaFirmExplicitcostsEconomicprofitImplicitcostsExplicitcostsAccountingprofitHowanAccountantViewsaFirmRevenue生產(chǎn)函數(shù)與總成本TheProductionFunction生產(chǎn)函數(shù)（Theproductionfunction）展示了用于生產(chǎn)一種物品的投入量與該物品的產(chǎn)量之間的關(guān)系。邊際產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中任何一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量（marginalproduct）是增加一單位投入所引起的產(chǎn)量增加。MarginalProduct投入增量產(chǎn)量增量=邊際產(chǎn)量邊際產(chǎn)量遞減邊際產(chǎn)量遞減（Diminishingmarginalproduct）指一種投入的邊際產(chǎn)量隨著投入量增加而減少的特征。

例如:

當(dāng)越來(lái)越多的工人被雇用到企業(yè)，每個(gè)增加的工人對(duì)產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)卻越來(lái)越少，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的設(shè)備數(shù)量是有限的。AProductionFunction...QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)150140130120110100908070605040302010NumberofWorkersHired012345ProductionfunctionDiminishingMarginalProduct

生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的斜率測(cè)量了投入品的邊際產(chǎn)量，如勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)量。

隨著投入品數(shù)量的增加，邊際產(chǎn)量不斷減少，生產(chǎn)函數(shù)變得越來(lái)越平坦。從生產(chǎn)函數(shù)到總成本曲線企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量與成本的關(guān)系決定了價(jià)格決策?？偝杀厩€展示了產(chǎn)量與成本的幾何關(guān)系。

AProductionFunctionandTotalCostHungryHelen’sCookieFactoryTotal-CostCurve...TotalCost$8070605040302010QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)020401401201008060Total-costcurve成本的各種衡量指標(biāo)生產(chǎn)成本可以被分為固定成本與可變成本。固定成本與可變成本固定成本指不隨著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的成本?？勺兂杀局鸽S著產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的成本。FamilyofTotalCostsTotalFixedCosts(TFC)TotalVariableCosts(TVC)TotalCosts(TC)

TC=TFC+TVCFamilyofTotalCostsQuantityTotalCostFixedCostVariableCost012345678910平均成本平均總成本（Averagecosts）以總成本除以產(chǎn)量。

平均總成本是每單位產(chǎn)量的成本。

FamilyofAverageCostsAverageFixedCosts(AFC)AverageVariableCosts(AVC)AverageTotalCosts(ATC)ATC=AFC+AVCFamilyofAverageCostsFamilyofAverageCostsQuantityAFCAVCATC0———12345678910邊際成本邊際成本（Marginalcost(MC)

）指額外一單位產(chǎn)量所引起的總成本的增加。邊際成本有助于理解如下問(wèn)題：

生產(chǎn)額外一單位產(chǎn)量的成本是多少？MarginalCostMarginalCostTotal-CostCurve...024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostTotal-costcurveATCAVCMCAverage-CostandMarginal-CostCurves...024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)

CostsAFC成本曲線及其形狀邊際成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而上升，具有遞增的特點(diǎn)。這反映了邊際產(chǎn)量遞減的性質(zhì)。

CostCurvesandTheirShapes024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)CostsMCCostCurvesandTheirShapes平均總成本曲線呈U-形.當(dāng)產(chǎn)量水平很低時(shí)，平均總成本很高，因?yàn)楣潭ǔ杀痉謹(jǐn)偟搅撕苌俚漠a(chǎn)量上。當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時(shí)，平均總成本遞減。當(dāng)平均可變成本上升到能抵銷(xiāo)平均固定成本的遞減時(shí)，平均總成本開(kāi)始上升。CostCurvesandTheirShapesU-形曲線的底端對(duì)應(yīng)著使平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量，這種產(chǎn)量有時(shí)被稱(chēng)為企業(yè)的有效規(guī)模。CostCurvesandTheirShapes024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostsATC邊際成本與平均總成本的關(guān)系當(dāng)邊際成本低于平均成本時(shí)，平均成本下降。當(dāng)邊際成本大于平均成本時(shí)，平均成本上升。RelationshipBetweenMarginalCostandAverageTotalCost邊際成本曲線穿過(guò)平均總成本曲線于其有效規(guī)模的點(diǎn)上。有效規(guī)模即平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量。MCATCRelationshipBetweenMarginalCostandAverageTotalCost024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)

Costs各種成本的計(jì)算現(xiàn)在考察各種成本的計(jì)量及其內(nèi)在的關(guān)聯(lián)。TheVariousMeasuresofCostBigBob’sBagelBinBigBob’sCostCurves...0246810121416QuantityofOutput(bagelsperhour)TotalCostTotalCostCurveAFCAVCMCBigBob’sCostCurves...01230246810121416QuantityofOutputCostsATC成本曲線的三個(gè)重要特性當(dāng)產(chǎn)量增加時(shí)，邊際成本最終會(huì)上升。平均總成本曲線是U-形.邊際成本曲線經(jīng)過(guò)平均總成本曲線的最低點(diǎn)，即U-形的底端。長(zhǎng)期成本對(duì)許多企業(yè)而言，總成本分為固定成本與可變成本取決于所考察的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短。在短期，一些成本是固定的。在長(zhǎng)期，固定成本將變?yōu)榭勺兊?。CostsintheLongRun由于許多成本在短期是固定的，但在長(zhǎng)期卻是可變的，因此企業(yè)的長(zhǎng)期成本曲線與短期成本曲線是不同的。AverageTotalCostintheShortandLongRuns...QuantityofCarsperDay0AverageTotalCost小型工廠短期ATC

中型工廠短期ATC大型工廠短期ATC長(zhǎng)期ATC

規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)（Economiesofscale）指當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少的特性。規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)（Diseconomiesofscale）指當(dāng)長(zhǎng)期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而增加的特性。規(guī)模收益不變（Constantreturnstoscale）指長(zhǎng)期平均總成本不隨產(chǎn)量變動(dòng)而變動(dòng)的特性。EconomiesandDiseconomiesofScale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)QuantityofCarsperDay0AverageTotalCostATCinlongrun規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模收益不變SummaryThegoaloffirmsistomaximizeprofit,whichequalstotalrevenueminustotalcost.

Whenanalyzingafirm’sbehavior,itisimportanttoincludealltheopportunitycostsofproduction.Someopportunitycostsareexplicitwhileotheropportunitycostsareimplicit.SummaryAfirm’scostsreflectitsproductionprocess.Atypicalfirm’sproductionfunctiongetsflatterasthequantityofinputincreases,displayingthepropertyofdiminishingmarginalproduct.Afirm’stotalcostsaredividedbetweenfixedandvariablecosts.Fixedcostsdon’tvarywithquantitiesproduced;variablecostsdo.SummaryAveragetotalcostistotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutput.Marginalcostistheamountbywhichtotalcostwouldriseifoutputwereincreasedbyoneunit.Themarginalcostalwaysriseswiththequantityofoutput.SummaryTheaverage-total-costcurveisU-shaped.Themarginal-costcurvealwayscrossestheaverage-total-costcurveattheminimumofATC.Afirm’scostsoftendependonthetimehorizonbeingconsidered.GraphicalReviewEconomicProfitversusAccountingProfitRevenueTotalopportunitycostsHowanEconomistViewsaFirmExplicitcostsEconomicprofitImplicitcostsExplicitcostsAccountingprofitHowanAccountantViewsaFirmRevenueAProductionFunction...QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)150140130120110100908070605040302010NumberofWorkersHired012345ProductionfunctionTotal-CostCurve...TotalCost$8070605040302010QuantityofOutput(cookiesperhour)020401401201008060Total-costcurveTotal-CostCurve...$0.00$2.00$4.00$6.00$8.00$10.00$12.00$14.00$16.00024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostTotal-costcurveAverage-CostandMarginal-CostCurves...ATCAVCMC$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)

CostsAFCCostCurvesandTheirShapes$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)CostsMCCostCurvesandTheirShapes$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glassesoflemonadeperhour)TotalCostsATCRelationshipBetweenMarginalCostandAverageTotalCostMCATC$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50024681012QuantityofOutput(glasses