大學(xué)體驗(yàn)英語(第三版)一周一練第四冊完形填空

Inafamilywheretherolesofmenandwomenarenotsharplyseparatedandwheremanyhouseholdtasksaresharedtoagreaterorlesserextent,notionsofmalesuperiorityarehardtomaintain.Thepatternofsharingintasksandindecisionsmakesforequality,andthisinturnleadstofurthersharing.Insuchahome,thegrowingboyandgirllearntoacceptthatequalitymoreeasilythandidtheirparentsandtopreparemorefullyforparticipationinaworldcharacterizedbycooperationratherthanbythebattleofthesexes.Iftheprocessgoestoofarandman'sroleisregardedaslessimportant-andthathashappenedinsomecases-weareasbadlyofasbefore,onlyinreverse.ItistimetoreassesstheroleofthemanintheAmericanfamily.Wearegettingalittletiredofmonism.butwedon'twanttoexchangeitforaneo-popism.Whatweneed,rather,istherecognitionthatbringingupchildreninvolvesapartnershipofequals.Therearesignsthatpsychatrists,psychologists,socialworkers,andspecialistsonthefamilyarebecomingmoreawareofthepartmenplayandthattheyhavedecidedthatwomenshouldnotreceiveallthecredit(信任)-notalltheblame.Wehavealmostgivenupsayingthatawoman'splaceisthehome.Wearebeginning,however,oanalyzemen'splaceinthehomeandtoinsistthathedoeshaveaplaceinit.Noristhatplaceirrelevanttothehealthydevelopmentofthechild.Thefamilyisacooperativeenterpriseforwhichitisdifficulttolaydownrules,becauseeachfamilyneedstoworkoutitsownwaysforsolvingitsownproblems.Excessiveauthoritarianismhasunhappyconsequences,whetheritwearsskirtsortrousers,andtheidealofequalrightsandequalresponsibilitiesisconnectednotonlywithahealthydemocracy,butalsowithahealthyfamily.Themorewomenandminoritiesmaketheirwayintotheranksofmanagement,themoretheyseemtowanttotalkaboutthingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid.Thenewcomersalsotendtoseeofficematterswithafresheye,intheprocesssometimescomingupwithcriticalanalysesoftheforcesthatshapeeveryone’sexperienceintheorganization.ConsiderthenovelviewsofHarveyColemanofAtlantaonthesubjectofgettingahead.Colemanisblack.Hespent11yearswithIBM,halfofthemworkinginmanagementdevelopment,andnowservesasaconsultanttothelikesofAT&T,Coca-Cola,Prudential,andMerch.Colemansaysthatbasedonwhathe‘sseenatbigcompanies,heweighsthedifferentelementsthatmakeforlong-termcareersuccessasfollows:performancecountsamere10%;image,30%;andexposure,afull60%.Colemanconcludesthatexcellentjobperformanceissocommonthesedaysthatwhiledoingyourworkwellmaywinyoupayincreases,itwon‘tsecureyouthebigpromotion.Hefindsthatadvancementmoreoftendependsonhowmanypeopleknowyouandyourwork,andhowhighuptheyare.Ridiculousbelief?Nottomanypeople,especiallymanywomenandmembersofminorityraceswho,likeColeman,feelthatthescaleshavedroppedfromtheireyes.―Womenandblacksinorganizationsworkunderfalsebeliefs,‖saysKaleelJamison,aNewYork-basedmanagementconsultantwhohelpscorporationsdealwiththeseissues.Theythinkthatifyouworkhard,you―‘llgetaheadthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgiveyouapromotion.‖Sheadded,―Mostwomenandblacksaresofrightenedthatpeoplewillthinkthey‘vegottenaheadbecauseoftheirsexorcolorthattheyplaydowntheirvisibility.‖Heradvicetothosefolks:learnthewaysthatwhitemakeshavetraditionallyusedtofindtheirwayintothespotlight.1.Accordingtothepassage,―thingsformerlyjudgedtobebestleftunsaid‖(paragraph1)probablyrefersto―__________‖.A.theopinionswhichcontradicttheestablishedbeliefsB.criticismthatshapeeveryone‘sexperienceC.thetendenciesthathelpthenewcomerstoseeofficematterswithafresheyeD.theideaswhichusuallycomeupwithnewwaysofmanagementinorganization2.Toachievesuccessinyourcareer,themostimportantfactor,accordingtothepassage,isto_____________.A.workasaconsultanttoyoursuperiors.B.projectafavorableimagetothepeoplearoundyouC.letyoursuperiorsknowhowgoodyouareD.performwellyourtasksgivenbyyoursuperiors3.Thereasonwhywomenandblacksplaydowntheirvisibilityisthatthey_________.2013英語四級考試全攻略考試入門四級詞匯四級語法四級聽力四級寫作四級閱讀2A.knowthatsomeoneinauthoritywillreachdownandgivethemapromotionB.don‘twantpeopletothinkthattheirpromotionswereduetosexorcolorC.don‘twanttogivepeopletheimpressionthattheyworkunderfalsebeliefsD.believetheycangetpromotedbyreasonoftheirsexorcolor4.WhydoesHarveyColemanhavethese―Ridiculousbeliefs‖?A.HeisanironicalpersonB.HewasmistreatedbysomeoneinauthorityC.HehastheprivilegeofexperiencingthoseprocedureshimselfD.Heisoneoftheminorities5.Thebesttitleforthispassagewouldbe_________.A.TheimportanceofBeingVisibleB.RoleofWomenandMinoritiesinManagementC.JobPerformanceandAdvancementD.SexandCareerSuccessAtsometimeinyourlifeyoumayhaveastrongdesiretodosomethingstrangeorterrible.However,chancesarethatyoudon’tactonyourimpulse,butletitpassinstead.Youknowthattocommittheactioniswronginsomewayandthatotherpeoplewillnotacceptyourbehavior.Perhapsthemostinterestingthingaboutthephenomenonoftaboobehaviorishowitcanchangeovertheyearswithinthesamesociety,howcertainbehaviorandattitudesonceconsideredtaboocanbecomeperfectlyacceptableandnaturalatanotherpointintime.Topicssuchasdeath,forexample,wereonceconsideredsoupsettingandunpleasantthatitwasatabootoeventalkaboutthem.NowwiththepublicationofimportantbookssuchasOnDeathandDyingandLearningtoSayGoodbye,peoplehavebecomemoreawareoftheimportanceofexpressingfeelingsaboutdeathand,asaresult,aremorewillingtotalkaboutthistaboosubject.OneofthenewesttaboosinAmericansocietyisthetopicoffat.Unlikemanyothertaboos,fatistopicthatAmericanstalkaboutconstantly.It’snottaboototalkaboutfat;it’stabootobefat.The“in”lookisthin,notfat.Intheworkworld,mostcompaniespreferyouthful-looking,trimexecutivestoselltheirimageaswellastheirproductstothepublic.Thethinlookisassociatedwithyouth,vigor,andsuccess.Thefatperson,ontheotherhand,isthoughtofaslazyandlackinginenergy,self-discipline,andself-respect.Inanimage-conscioussocietyliketheU.S.,thinis“in”,fatis“out”.It’snotsurprising,then,thatmillionsofAmericanshavebecomeobsessedwithstayingslimand“inshape”.Thepursuitofayouthfulphysicalappearanceisnot,however,thesolereasonforAmerica’sfascinationwithdietandexercise.Recentresearchhasshownthecriticalimportanceofdietandexerciseforpersonalhealth.Asinmosttechnologicallydevelopednations,thelife-styleofNorthAmericanshaschangeddramaticallyduringthecourseofthelastcentury.Modernmachinesdoallthephysicallaborthatpeoplewereonceforcedtodobyhand.Carsandbusestransportusquicklyfrompointtopoint.Asaresultofinactivityanddisuse,people’sbodiescaneasilybecomeweakandvulnerabletodisease.Inanefforttoavoidsuchafate,millionsofAmericansarespendingmoreoftheirtimeexercising.1.Fromthepassagewecaninfertaboois__.A.astrongdesiretodosomethingstrangeorterrible.B.acrimecommittedonimpulse.C.behaviorconsideredunacceptableinsociety’seyes.D.anunfavorableimpressionleftonotherpeople.2.Basedontheideaspresentedinthepassagewecanconclude“beingfat”__inAmericansociety.A.willalwaysremainataboo.B.isnotconsideredataboobymostpeople.C.haslongbeenataboo.D.maynolongerbeataboosomeday.3.Thetopicoffatis__manyothertaboosubjects.A.thesameasB.differentfromC.morepopularthanD.lessoftentalkedaboutthan.4.IntheU.S.,thinis“in”,fatis“out”,thismeans__.A.thinis“inside”,fatis“outside”.B.thinis“diligent”,fatis“l(fā)azy”.C.thinis“youthful”,fatis“spiritless”.D.thinis“fashionable”,fatis“unfashionable”.5.Apartfromthisnewunderstandingofthecorrelationbetweenhealthandexercise,themainreasonthepassagegivesforwhysomanyAmericansareexercisingregularlyis__.A.theirchangedlife-style.B.theireagernesstostaythinandyouthful.C.theirappreciationoftheimportanceofexercise.D.theencouragementtheyhavereceivedfromtheircompanies.Americansareaveryenergeticandmobilepeople,alwaysontherun;rushingfromoneappointmenttoanother,fromaPTA(ParentTeacherAssociation)meetingtoasocialplanningcommittee.Theyhaveverylittletimetospendpreparingelaborate（精致的，復(fù)雜的）everydaymealstobeeatenatleisure.Inmanyhomesitisrareforthewholefamilytositdownatsuppertogether.Clubsandcommitteesforcethemtograbaquickmealratherthanasit-downsupper.Whentheydohavethechancetoeatathome,oftentheworkinghousewifepreferstopreparemealsthatcanbequicklyheatedandconsumed.Itisnowonder,therefore,thatAmericahasbecomeashelterforfastfoodconsumption.ThisgreattransformationoccurredafterWorldWarⅡwhenmanywomenbegantoworkfulltimeandspendlesstimeathomewiththeirfamilies.Women,however,wantedtofunctionwellinthecapacityofhomemaker,aswellasthatofcareerwomanbuttimebecameapreciouscommodity（商品）whichhadtobecarefullyused.Therefore,itwasnecessarytomakeherlifeeasierathomeinthepreparationofthefamilydinner.Simultaneouslywithwomenenteringthejobmarkettherewasalsoashiftingofthefocusofhomeentertainmentfromtheradiotothetelevision.Televisionbecamethelatestfashioninthe1950sandnoonewantedtomisshisorherfavoriteprograms.Andthen,theplaceforsuppershiftedfromthediningroomtothelivingroom.Asthecustomschanged,sodidtheculture.TheimmediatesolutionforthiswastheinventionoftheTVdinner.Thesewerefrozenmealswhichweredividedintoportionsofmeatandvegetables.Theycouldeasilybeputintoanoven（鍋）andpreparedwithinminutes.Thetintrays（托盤）inwhichtheywereservedwereconvenientlycarriedintothelivingroomanddinnerwasconsumedinfrontofaTVset.Cleaningupafterwardswasnoproblem.Thetintrayswereeasilythrownintothegarbage.Fromfastdinnersathomethenextstepwasquickeatingwhileontheroad.LoveforTVwascombinedwiththefascinationfortheautomobile.ItisnotoddthatwiththedevelopmentofthesuperhighwaysAmericasawthebeginningoffastfoodchains.McDonald'spavedthewaywithitsvarietyofburgersandcolddrinkssoontobefollowedbyallkindsofotherfoods.Todaydozensoffast-foodchainstorescanbefoundalonghighways,inmodernshoppingmallsandscatteredthroughoutneighborhoodsinAmerica.TacoBell,PizzaHut,RoyRoger's,BurgerKingandWendy'sarejustafewofthefast-foodchainswhicharenowpartofAmericanculture．Theyofferchicken,donuts,tacosandpizza,allquicklyproducedingreatquantitiesforthemasses.TheseestablishmentshavegivenshapetothemodernlifestylesanddietoftheAmericanpeople.57.WhyAmericanscannoteatelaboratelypreparedmealsatleisure?[A]Becausetheydon’tlikecookingthemselves,[B]Becausetherearemorechoicesintherestaurants.[C]Becausetheyhavemanythingstodo.[D]Becausetheycandonothingatleisure.58.Americanshavebeentheconsumersoffastfoodsince[A]manywomenbegantoworkfull-timejobs[B]theinventionoffastfood[C]fewwomenwouldliketobehomemakersanymore[D]thegreatreformafterWorldWarII59.Americansbegantohavesupperinthelivingroomsbecauseof[A]theattractionoftheradio[B]theirpreferenceinfastfood[C]theshiftofhomefocus[D]theattractionofthetelevision60.Thefastfoodchainsbegantoflourishwith__[A]thedevelopmentoftheshoppingmalls[B]thedevelopmentofthesuperhighways[C]thebeginningoffastfoodchainfranchises[D]thechangeofAmericans’lifestyles61.Themaintopicofthepassageis__[A]thebeginningoffastfoodchains[B]thechangesofAmericans’eatingcustoms[C]thetransformationoflifestyles[D]thedietingoftheAmericanpeopleThefirstwaywecanapproachlanguageisasaphenomenonoftheindividualperson.Itisconcernedwithdescribingandexplaininglanguageasamatterofhumanbehavior.Peoplespeakandwrite;theyalsoevidentlyreadandunderstandwhattheyhear.Theyarenotborndoingso;theyhavetoacquiretheseskills.Noteverybodyseemstodevelopthemtothesamedegree.Peoplemaysufferaccidentsordiseases,whichimpairtheirperformance.Languageisthusseenaspartofhumanpsychology,aparticularsortofbehavior,thebehavior,whichhasasitsprincipal,functionthatofcommunication.Thetroublewiththeterm“behavior”isthatitisoftentakentoreferonlytomoreorlessovert,anddescribable,physicalmovementsandacts.Yetpartoflanguagebehavior-thatofunderstandingspokenorwrittenlanguage,forexample-haslittleornophysicallyobservablesigns.Itistruewecansometimesinferthatunderstandinghastakenplacebythechangesthattakeplaceintheotherperson’sbehavior.Whensomeonehasbeenprohibitedfromdoingsomething,wemayinferthathehasunderstoodtheprohibitionbyobservingthatthereafterheneverbehavesinthatway.Wecannot,ofcourse,beabsolutelysurethathissubsequentbehaviorisaresultofhisunderstanding;itmightbeduetoalossofinterestorinclination.Sobehaviormustbetakentoincludeunobservableactivity,oftenonlytobeinferredfromotherobservablebehavior.Onceweadmitthatthestudyoflanguagebehaviorinvolvesdescribingandexplainingtheunobservable,thesituationbecomesmuchmorecomplicated,becausewehavetopostulatesomesetofprocesses,someinternalmechanism,whichoperateswhenwespeakandunderstand.Wehavetopostulatesomethingwecancallamind.Thestudyoflanguagefromthispointofviewcanthenbeseenasastudyofthespecificproperties,processesandstatesofthemindwhoseoutwardmanifestationsareobservablebehavior;whatwehavetoknowinordertoperformlinguistically.Thisapproachtolanguage,asaphenomenonoftheindividual,isthusprincipallyconcernedwithexplaininghowweacquirelanguage,anditsrelationtogeneralhumancognitivesystems,andwiththepsychologicalmechanismsunderlyingthecomprehensionandproductionofspeech;muchlesswiththeproblemofwhatlanguageisfor,thatis,itsfunctionascommunication,sincethisnecessarilyinvolvesmorethanasingleindividual.36.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A)LanguageasMeansofCommunication.B)LanguageandPsychology.C)LanguageandtheIndividual.D)LanguageasaSocialPhenomenon.37.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A)Languageisoftenregardedaspartofhumanpsychology.B)Peopledeveloplanguageskillsofdifferentdegreesasaresultofdifferentpersonalexperiences.C)Languageisaspecialkindofpsychologicalbehaviorthatisbornwithanindividual.D)Peoplelearntospeakandwritethroughimitationandtraining.38.Whatdoestheterm“behavior”inthesecondparagraphespeciallyrefertointhispassage?A)Itreferstoobservableandphysicalmovementsandacts.B)Itreferstothepartoflanguagebehaviorthatinvolvesunderstandingorinterpretation.C)Itreferstoboththeovertandtheunobservablelanguagebehaviorsincommunicating.D)Itreferstoactsofspeakingandwriting.39.Whatdoes“internalmechanism”(Line3,Para.3)mean?A)Secretmachine.B)Mentalprocesses.C)Overtsystem.D)Mechanicoperation.40.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?A)Itsindividualisticapproachtolanguageismeanttostudythepsychologicalprocessesoflanguageacquisition.B)Theindividualisticapproachtolanguageismainlyconcernedwithhowlanguagefunctionsinsociety.C)Thestudyoflanguageissuretoinvolvemorethanasingleindividual.D)Psychologicalapproachtolanguageisconcernedwiththecomprehensionandproductionofspeech.答案：CCCBAFeministsociolinguists（社會語言學(xué)家）,overthecourseofthelastfewdecades,haveconductedstudiesthattheybelievesupporttheconclusionthatwomenareroutinelydiscriminatedagainstinEndlish-speakingsociety.Theypointtothewordsusedtodescribewomen,aswellasthewordsusedtodescribesocietyasawhole,asindicationsthattheEnglishlanguage,andthereforetheEnglish-speakingculture,isslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales.ThewordsusedtodescribewomenareusedasinstrumentbyfeministsociolinguiststodenoteaninherentsexismintheEnglishlanguage.Wordpairssuchasmasterandmistressandsirandmadam,theyclaim,epitomizesuchsexism.Allofthewordsinquestiononceheldpositiveconnotationsbut,whilethemasculine（男性的）formshaveretainedtheirrespectableassociations,thefeminineformshaveundergonepejorationandnowimplysexualpromiscuity（混雜）andothernegativecharacteristics.FeministresearchersassumethatsuchpejorationindicatethatthestatusofwomeninEnglish-speakingsocietyisrelativelylow.考試大Theseresearchersalsofindfaultwiththeuseofmasculinewordstodescribeunisexentities.Forexample,theyfeelthatthereisnothinginherentlymainlyaboutmankind,thebestmanforthejob,orthecommonman.Similarly,theuseofsuchconstructionsasthe“theaveragestudentsisworriedabouthisgrades”indicatetotheseresearchersaninherentsexisminEnglishthatisreflectiveoftheculturesinwhichtheyareproduced.CarolynJacobson,authorofNon-sexistLanguagehasproposedasolutiontothisconundrum（難題）terms.Nolongershouldwerefertoactorsandactressesorwaitersandwaitresses,assuchdichotomies（男女有別）.Sheadvocatestheeliminationofallsexedwordsinfavorofgender-neutralallowforthepossibilityofnegativeconnotationsbeingassociatedwiththefemininedesignation.Likewise,shebelievesthatphrasessuchasmankindshouldgivewaytohumankindandthattheuseofthemasculinepronounasthedefaultshouldbeabandonedinfavorofneutralconstructions.Thus,whensexismiseliminatedfromtheEnglishlanguage,theculturewillbemoreamenabletohedeliveranceofwomenaswell.1.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto——AcompareandcontrastideologyinvariousculturesBproveacommonlyheldbelieftobewrongCdescribeaproblemandapossiblesolutionDanalyzethehistoricaloriginsofamodernsituation2Accordingtothepassage,gender-neutralconstructionsshouldbeadvocatedbecause——AtheeliminationofsexismintheEnglishlanguagewillprecedetheeliminationofsexisminthecultureBtheyaremoregrammaticallysoundthansexedstructuresCunisextermsarelessawkwardincasualspeechDsex-specifictermsalwayscarrynegativeconnotations3Theauthorreferstomankind,thebestmanforthejob,andthecommonmaninorderto——AdemonstratethesuperiorityofmalesinEnglish-speakingsocietyBprovideanexampleofspeechthatisslantedtowardstheadvantageofmalesClistthecharacteristicsofthefeministsocialinguistmovementDdiscountthenotionthattheEnglishlanguagediscriminatesagainstwomen4Theword“perjorationmostprobablymeans——AnegativeconnotationBpositiveconnotationCsexualcharacteristicDrespectablecharacteristic5Infavorofgender-neutralterms,whichofthefollowingwordscanbeusedtodescribeunisexentities?AmankindBchairpersonCsupermanDdragonlady考試大答案：1.C主旨題。文章第一、二、三段描述問題，第四段提供解決方案。2.A推論題。文章第一段、三段最后一句分別指明了語言文化的聯(lián)系。3.B細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題目中所舉的例子為“4.A猜測詞義題。根據(jù)該詞的下文“anexampleofspeech”。?andnowimplysexualpromiscuityandothernegativecharacteristics”可以做出判斷。5.B詞義判斷題。該詞可不分性別地使用，而其他三詞都有明確的性別指向。Hardlyaweekgoesbywithoutsomeadvanceintechnologythatwouldhaveseemedincredible50yearsago.Andwecanexpecttherateofchangetoaccelerateratherthanslowdownwithinourlifetime.Thedevelopmentsintechnologyareboundtohaveadramaticeffectonthefutureofwork.By2010,newtechnologywillhaverevolutionizedcommunications.Peoplewillbetransmittingmessagesdowntelephonelinesthatpreviouslywouldhavebeensentbypost.Notonlypostmenbutalsoclerksandsecretarieswillvanishinapaper-freesociety.Alltheroutinetaskstheyperformwillbecarriedonatinysiliconchipsothattheywillbeasobsoleteasthehorseandcartaftertheinventionofthemotorcar.Onechangewillmakethousands,ifnotmillions,redundant.Evenpeopleintraditionalprofessions,whereexpertknowledgehasbeenthekey,areunlikelytoescapetheeffectsofnewtechnology.Insteadofgoingtoasolicitor,youmightgotoacomputerthatisprogrammedwithallthemostup-to-datelegalinformation.Doctors,too,willfindthatanelectroniccompetitorwillbeabletocarryoutamuchquickerandmoreaccuratediagnosisandrecommendmoreefficientcoursesoftreatment.Ineducation,teacherswillbelargelyreplacedbyteachingmachinesfarmoreknowledgeablethananyhumanbeing.Mostlearningwilltakeplaceinthehomeviavideoconferencing.Childrenwillstillgotoschoolthough,untilanotherplaceiscreatedwheretheycanmakefriendsanddevelopsocialskills.Whatcanwedotoavoidthethreatofunemployment?Weshouldn’thideourheadsinthesand.Unionswilltrytostopchangebuttheywillbefightingalosingbattle.Peopleshouldgetcomputerliterateasthisjustmightsavethemfromprofessionalextinction.Afterall,therewillbeafewjobsleftinlaw,educationandmedicineforthosefewindividualswhoarecapableofwritingandprogrammingthesoftwareofthefuture.Strangelyenough,therewillstillbejobslikerubbishcollectionandcleaningasitistoughtoprogramtasksthatarelargelyunpredictable.21.Accordingtotheauthor,therateofchangeintechnology_________.A)willremainthesameB)willslowdownC)willspeedupD)cannotbepredicted22.Theauthorexpectsthatby2010newtechnologywillhaverevolutionizedcommunicationsand_______.A)bookshopswillnotexistB)thepresentpostalsystemwilldisappearC)peoplewillnolongerwritelettersD)postmenwillhavebeenreplacedbythemotorcar23.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat______.A)professionalswon’tbeaffectedbynewtechnologyB)doctorswon’tbeasefficientascomputersC)computerscannotreplacelawyersD)expertswillknowlessinthefuture24.Thepassagetellsusthatinthefuture______.A)childrenwillnotbetaughtinschoolsB)noteacherswillbeneededC)teacherswillbelessknowledgeableD)childrenwilllearnsocialskillsatschool25.Inthewriter’sview,______.A)peopleshouldbepreparedforthefutureB)thereexistsnothreatofunemploymentC)unionscanstoptheunfavorablechangesD)peoplehadbetterbecomecleanersUponreachinganappropr