國際能源署：2022年二氧化碳排放報告 CO2 Emissions in 2022-report (2023-03-03)

CO2Emissions

in2022

INTERNATIONALENERGY

AGENCY

TheIEAexaminesthe

fullspectrum

ofenergyissues

includingoil,gasand

coalsupplyand

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accesstoenergy,

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itswork,theIEA

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tothenameofanyterritory,

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IEAmember

countries:

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

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Denmark

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Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea

Lithuania

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workoftheIEA

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countries:

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China

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Source:IEA.

InternationalEnergyAgency

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CO2Emissionsin2022

Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|3

Keymessages

Globalenergy-relatedCO2emissionsgrewby0.9%or321Mtin2022,

reachinganewhighofover36.8Gt.Followingtwoyearsofexceptionaloscillationsinenergyuseandemissions,causedinpartbytheCovid-19pandemic,lastyear’sgrowthwasmuchslowerthan2021’sreboundofmorethan6%.Emissionsfromenergycombustionincreasedby423Mt,whileemissionsfromindustrialprocessesdecreasedby102Mt.

Inayearmarkedbyenergypriceshocks,risinginflation,anddisruptionsto

traditionalfueltradeflows,globalgrowthinemissionswaslowerthanfeared,despitegas-to-coalswitchinginmanycountries.Increaseddeploymentofcleanenergytechnologiessuchasrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumpshelpedpreventanadditional550MtinCO2emissions.Industrialproductioncurtailment,particularlyinChinaandEurope,alsoavertedadditionalemissions.

Specificchallengesin2022contributedtothegrowthinemissions.Ofthe

321MtCO2increase,60MtCO2canbeattributedtocoolingandheatingdemandinextremeweatherandanother55MtCO2tonuclearpowerplantsbeingoffline.

CO2growthin2022waswellbelowglobalGDPgrowthof3.2%,reverting

toadecade-longtrendofdecouplingemissionsandeconomicgrowththatwasbrokenby2021’ssharpreboundinemissions.ImprovementsintheCO2intensityofenergyusewereslightlyslowerthanthepastdecade’saverage.

Emissionsfromnaturalgasfellby1.6%or118Mt,followingcontinued

tighteningofsupplyexacerbatedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkraine.ReductionsinemissionsfromgaswereparticularlypronouncedinEurope(-13.5%).The

AsiaPacificregionalsosawunprecedentedreductions(-1.8%).

Increasedemissionsfromcoalmorethanoffsetreductionsfromnaturalgas.Amidawaveofgas-to-coalswitchingduringtheglobalenergycrisis,CO2emissionsfromcoalgrewby1.6%or243Mt,farexceedingthelastdecade’saveragegrowthrate,andreachinganewall-timehighofalmost15.5Gt.

Emissionsfromoilgrewevenmorethanemissionsfromcoal,risingby2.5%or268Mtto11.2Gt.Aroundhalfoftheincreasecamefromaviation,asairtravelcontinuedtoreboundfrompandemiclows,nearing80%of2019levels.Temperingthisincrease,electricvehiclescontinuedtogainmomentumin2022,withover10millioncarssold,exceeding14%ofglobalcarsales.

Thebiggestsectoralincreaseinemissionsin2022camefromelectricityandheatgeneration,whoseemissionswereupby1.8%or261Mt.Inparticular,globalemissionsfromcoal-firedelectricityandheatgenerationgrewby224Mtor2.1%,ledbyemergingeconomiesinAsia.

Astrongexpansionofrenewableslimitedthereboundincoalpoweremissions.Renewablesmet90%oflastyear’sglobalgrowthinelectricity

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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generation.SolarPVandwindgenerationeachincreasedbyaround275TWh,anewannualrecord.

Emissionsfromindustrydeclinedby1.7%to9.2Gtlastyear.Whileseveral

regionssawmanufacturingcurtailments,theglobaldeclinewaslargelydrivenbya161MtCO2decreaseinChina’sindustryemissions,reflectinga10%declineincementproductionanda2%declineinsteelmaking.

China’semissionswererelativelyflatin2022,decliningby23Mtor0.2%.

Growingemissionsfromcombustionwereoffsetbydeclinesfromindustrialprocesses.Weakereconomicgrowth,decliningconstructionactivity,andstrictCovid-19measuresledtoreductionsinindustrialandtransportemissions.Powersectoremissionsgrowthslowedcomparedwiththeaverageofthepastdecadebutstillreached2.6%.

TheEuropeanUnionsawa2.5%or70MtreductioninCO2emissions

despiteoilandgasmarketdisruptions,hydroshortfallsduetodrought,andnumerousnuclearplantsgoingoffline.Buildingssectoremissionsfellmarkedly,helpedbyamildwinter.Althoughpowersectoremissionsincreasedby3.4%,coalusewasnotashighasanticipated.Forthefirsttime,electricitygenerationfromwindandsolarPVcombinedexceededthatofgasornuclear.

USemissionsgrewby0.8%or36Mt.Thebuildingssectorsawthe

highestemissionsgrowth,drivenbyextremetemperatures.Themainemissionsreductionscamefromelectricityandheatgeneration,thankstounprecedentedincreasesinsolarPVandwind,aswellascoal-to-gasswitching.Whilemanyothercountriesreducedtheirnaturalgasuse,theUnitedStatessawanincreaseof89MtinCO2emissionsfromgas,asitwascalledupontomeetpeakelectricitydemandduringsummerheatwaves.

EmissionsfromAsia’semergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies,

excludingChina,grewmorethanthosefromanyotherregionin2022,

increasingby4.2%or206MtCO2.Overhalfoftheregion’sincreaseinemissionscamefromcoal-firedpowergeneration.

ThisreportisthefirstintheIEA’snewseries,the

GlobalEnergyTransitions

Stocktake

.ThenewtrackerconsolidatestheIEA’slatestanalysisinoneplace,makingitfreelyaccessibleinsupportofthefirstGlobalStocktakeinthelead-uptoCOP28.

CO2Emissionsin2022

Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|5

GtCO2GtCO2

2

1

0

-1

-2

Energy-relatedCO2emissionsgrewby0.9%toover

36.8Gtin2022

Globalcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocesses

1

grew0.9%or321Mtin2022toanewall-timehighof36.8Gt.ThisestimateisbasedontheIEA’sdetailedregion-by-regionandfuel-by-fuelanalysis,incorporatingthelatestofficialnationalstatisticsandpubliclyavailabledataonenergyuse,economicindicators,andweather.

Lastyear’sincreasefollowstwoyearsofexceptionaloscillationsinenergy-relatedemissions.Emissionsshrankbymorethan5%in2020,astheCovid-19pandemiccutenergydemand.In2021,emissionsreboundedpastpre-pandemiclevels,growingmorethan6%intandemwitheconomicstimulusandtheroll-outofvaccines.

Figure1:GlobalCO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocessesandtheirannualchange,1900-2022

40

30

20

10

1900191019201930194019501960197019801990200020102022

IEA.CCBY4.0.

CO2emissionsfromenergycombustiongrewbyaround1.3%or423Mtin2022,whileCO2emissionsfromindustrialprocessesdeclinedby102Mt.Emissionsgrowthin2022wasbelowglobalGDPgrowth(+3.2%),revertingtoadecades-longtrendofdecouplingemissionsandeconomicgrowththatwasbrokenin2021.

1AllsubsequentmentionsofCO2emissionsrefertoCO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocesses,unlessotherwisespecified.Furtherdetailsaboutmethodologyareattheendofthereport.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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MtCO2

IncreaseDecreaseNetchangeIncreaseDecreaseNetchange

Meanwhile,improvementsinCO2intensityofenergyusewereslightlyslowerthanthepastdecade’s(2012-2021)annualaverage.

Thereweredivergenttrendsbetweenregionsandsectors.CO2emissionsgrewinNorthAmericaandAsia(excludingPeople’sRepublicofChina[“China”hereafter]),outweighingreductionsfromEuropeandChina.Atagloballevel,CO2emissionsfrompowerandtransport(includinginternationalbunkers)grewby261Mtand254Mt,respectively,morethanoffsettingreductionsfromindustryandbuildings.

Figure2:ChangeinCO2emissionsbyregionandbysector,2021-2022

600

500

400

300

200

100

Bysector

Byregion

Regions:

Restofworld

InternationalbunkersRestofAsiaPacific

NorthAmerica

Europe

China

Sectors:

Other

Buildings

Transport

Industry

Power

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Note:Transportincludesinternationalbunkers.

Greaterdeploymentofcleanenergytechnologieshelped

preventfurtheremissionsgrowthamidcrises

InanexceptionallyturbulentyearwithRussia'sinvasionofUkraine,energypriceshocks,risinginflation,andmajordisruptionstotraditionalfueltradeflows,globalgrowthinemissionswaslowerthananticipated.

ImpressivegrowthofsolarPVandwindgenerationhelpedpreventaround465MtCO2inpowersectoremissions.Othercleanenergytechnologies,includingotherrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumps,helpedpreventanadditionalroughly85MtCO2.Withoutthisincreasedgrowthincleanenergydeployment,theannualincreaseinenergy-relatedemissionswouldhavebeenalmosttriple.Emissionsreductionsalsoresultedfromeconomicslowdowns,including

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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MtCO2

155MtCO2fromdecreasesinenergy-intensiveindustrialproduction,mainlyinChina,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,KoreaandNorthAmerica.

Specificchallengesin2022alsocontributedtotheglobalincreaseinemissions.Oftheoverallincreaseof321MtCO2,extremetemperaturescontributed60Mtfromheatingandcoolingforbuildings.Thedeclineinnuclearpowergeneration,duetobothmaintenanceandcontinuedphase-outs,ledtoanother55MtCO2.

Figure3:ChangeinglobalCO2emissionsbydriver,2021-2022

ActualincreaseAvoided

600

400

200

Other600Otherclean

technologies

Nuclearplants

offline

Heatingandcoolingduetoextremeweather

Wind

400

SolarPV

Industrial

200

slowdown

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:SolarPVandwindrefertotheannualgrowthingeneration.Othercleantechnologiesistheannualgrowthinuseofotherrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumps.Inthisfigure,industryincludesironandsteel,chemicals,non-metallicminerals,andnon-ferrousmetals.

Reductionsinemissionsfromnaturalgasweremore

thanreplacedbyemissionsfromcoal

Emissionsfromnaturalgasdecreasedby1.6%or118Mtin2022,asanalreadytightgassupplywasexacerbatedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkraineandthewidespreadtradedisruptionsthatfollowed.

EmissionsreductionswereparticularlypronouncedinEurope,wheretheyfellby13.5%,withthestrongestyear-on-yearreductionscominginthelastmonthsoftheyear.Europeangaspricesreachedrecordhighsin2022followingasharpdeclineinRussiangasflows.However,amildstarttowinterhelpedreducehouseholdheatingdemand.IntheAsiaPacific,LNGspotpricesalsospiked,andnaturalgasemissionsdeclinedby1.8%,thelargestyear-on-yeardeclineeverseenintheregion.Bycontrast,naturalgasdemandremainedrobustintheUnitedStatesandCanada,whereemissionsfromgasincreasedby5.8%.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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GtCO2

Naturalgas

Coalemissionsgrew243Mttoanewall-timehighofalmost15.5Gt.This1.6%increasewasfasterthanthe0.4%annualaveragegrowthoverthepastdecade.

Figure4:ChangeinglobalCO2emissionsbyfuel,relativeto2019levels,2015-2022

1.0

Coal

0.5

0.0

-0.5Oil

-1.0

-1.5

20152016201720182019202020212022

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Oilemissionsgrewthemostlastyear

Emissionsfromoilgrewby2.5%(or268Mt)to11.2Gtin2022.Aroundhalfoftheyear-on-yearincreasecamefromaviationasairtravelcontinueditsrecoveryfrompandemiclows.Thereboundtopre-pandemicemissionslevelswasfasterinadvancedeconomies,wherelastyear’saviationemissionsreached85%of2019levels,comparedwith73%inemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.

Totaltransportemissionsincreasedby2.1%(or137Mt),alsodrivenbygrowthinadvancedeconomies.Nonetheless,emissionswouldhavebeenhigherwithouttheacceleratingdeploymentoflow-carbonvehicles.Electriccarsalessurpassed10millionin2022,makingupover14%ofglobalsales.Ifallnewelectriccarsontheroadhadbeentypicaldieselorgasolinecars,globalemissionslastyearwouldhavebeenanother13Mthigher.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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GtCO2

15

12

9

6

3

Despitepromisinggrowthinrenewables,powersector

emissionshadthelargestsectoralgrowth

Thelargestabsolutesectoralincreaseinemissionsin2022wasfromelectricityandheatgeneration.Electricityandheatsectoremissionsincreasedby1.8%(or261Mt),reachinganall-timehighof14.6Gt.Gas-to-coalswitchinginmanyregionswasthemaindriverofthisgrowth:CO2fromcoal-firedpowergenerationgrewby2.1%,ledbyincreasesinAsianemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.Naturalgasemissionsinthepowersectorremainedcloseto2021levels,proppedupmostsignificantlybyanincreaseintheUnitedStates.

Globalelectricitydemandincreasedby2.7%,andoverallcarbonintensityoftheelectricitygenerationdeclinedby2.0%,resuminganine-yeartrendthathadbeenbrokenin2021.

Theresumeddeclineincarbonintensityresultedfromthefastdeploymentofrenewablesacrossallregions,withrenewablesmeeting90%ofglobalgrowthinelectricitydemand.SolarPVandwindgenerationeachincreasedbyaround275TWh,helpingtoavoidaround465Mtinpowersectoremissions.Althoughseveralcountriesregisteredseveredroughtsin2022,globalhydrogenerationgrewby52TWhfrom2021’slevels,whichwerelowbecauseofwatershortagesinmanyregions.

Figure5:GlobalCO2emissionsbysector,2019-2022

PowerIndustryTransportBuildings

Note:Transportincludesinternationalbunkers.

2019

2020

2021

2022

IEA.CCBY4.0.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|10

Degreedays

China

China

Relianceoncoal-andgas-firedpowerinextreme

weatherdroveupemissionsacrossregions

Emissionswerepushedupbyrelianceonfossilfuelpowerplantstomeetexcesscoolingdemandduringextremesummerheat,withcoolingdegreedaysacrossseveralregionsin2022exceedingtypicallevelsoreventhemaximumseenbetween2000and2021.IntheUnitedStates,theshareofnaturalgasinthepowerfuelmixsurpassed40%inJulyandAugust.CoalpowergenerationinChinaincreasedinAugustby

around15%year-on-year

toexceed500TWh.Inbothcountries,emissionslevelsforthefirsthalfoftheyearwerelowerthanin2021,beforesummerheatwavesreversedthetrend.

Europesawthesecondwarmeststarttowinterinthelast30years,andasaresult,emissionsfrombuildingswerelowerthananticipated.

Forthefullyear,coolingandheatingdemandfromextremeweatherpushedupglobalemissionsbyaround60MtCO2,aroundtwo-thirdsofwhichcamefromadditionalcoolingneeds,andtheremainingthirdfromheatingneeds.Thisaccountedforalmostone-fifthofthetotalglobalincreaseinCO2emissions.

Figure6:Coolingdegreedaysinsummermonthsandheatingdegreedaysinwintermonthsforselectedcountries/regions,2000-2022

600

500

400

300

200

100

Coolingdegreedays(Jun-Aug)

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Heatingdegreedays(Oct-Dec)

2000-2021

2022

UnitedStates

European

Union

United

States

EuropeanUnion

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:Coolingdegreedaysillustratehowhotaveragedailytemperatureswereandaremeasuredrelativeto21?C.Heatingdegreedaysillustratehowcoldaveragedailytemperatureswereandaremeasuredrelativeto18?C.

CO2Emissionsin2022

Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|11

China’semissionsbarelychangedfrom2021to2022,

amidCovid-19lockdownsandarealestateslump

Energy-relatedemissionsinChinawererelativelyflatbetween2021and2022,decreasingby0.2%or23Mttoaround12.1Gt.Emissionsfromenergycombustionalonegrewby88Mt,entirelyduetoincreaseduseofcoal,butthiswasmorethanoffsetbydeclinesinemissionsfromindustrialprocesses.Theoverallyearlydeclinewasthefirstsincestructuralreformsdroveemissionslowerin2015.

WhileChinasignificantlyrampedupdomesticcoalproductionandcoalpowercapacityadditionslastyear,actualcoalconsumptiondidnotfullykeeppace.TemperedbyalargeincreaseinsolarPVandwindgeneration,coalaccountedforaroundthree-fifthsofthefuelmixinelectricitygeneration.Totalelectricitydemandgrewmuchslowerthantheaverageseenoverthelastdecade.Assuch,emissionsfromcoal-firedpowerincreasedbyaround3%,inpartduetotheramp-upofcoalpowerplantsduringheatwaves,aswellastoincreasingrelianceonelectricityordistrictheatingfuelledbycoal.

Industrysectoremissionsdeclined,buttheeffectsofChina’scrackdownondebt-financedpropertyandtheongoingrealestateslumpwerenotfullyreflectedin2022industryemissions.Constructionnewstartsweredownbyaround40%year-on-year,whiletheproductionofsteelandcementwerejust2%and10%lowerthanin2021,respectively.Asaresult,China’sindustrysectoremitted161Mtlessthantheyearbefore,withalargeshareofthisdeclinefromprocessemissions.China’sunprecedentedlylargeyear-on-yeardeclinepulleddownglobalindustryemissions.

Incontrasttotheglobalgrowthintransportsectoremissions,China’stransportemissionsregistereda3.1%decreasein2022.Covid-19measureswerestronglyreinforcedincomparisonto2021,includingtotallockdownsinmajorcitiesandrestrictionsoncrossingprefectureorprovinceboundaries.Atthesametime,electriccarsalesreached6millionin2022,preventingfurtheremissionsfromdieselandgasolinecars.

UnitedStatesemissionsgrewin2022,drivenbyrising

naturalgasconsumption

USemissionsgrewby0.8%(or36Mt)to4.7Gtin2022.Theannualgrowthwasmuchslowerthan2021’sspurtbutstilladeviationfromthepreviousdecade’sdecliningtrend.Whilemostothercountriesshiftedawayfromnaturalgasinthefaceoflastyear’spricespikes,theUnitedStatesincreaseditsconsumption.

CO2Emissionsin2022

Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|12

Emissionsfromnaturalgasincreased89Mt,morethansupplantingthe69Mtdeclineincoalemissions.

Emissionsgrewthemostinthebuildingssector,rising26Mtandfarexceedingthelastdecade’sannualaveragegrowth(around7Mtperyear).Thejumpwasmostlycausedbycoldweatherduringtheearlymonthsoftheyear.

Powersectoremissionsdecreasedby20Mt,inlargepartthankstosolarPVandwindgenerationincreasingbyaround95TWh.Withoutlastyear’sriseinrenewables,powersectoremissionswouldhavebeenaround65MtCO2higher.However,powergenerationcontributedmorethanhalfofthegrowthinnaturalgasemissions,asthetrendofcoal-to-gasswitchingresumedafterastrongcoalreboundin2021,withnaturalgaspowerplantsmeetingpeakcoolingdemandduringthesummer’sheatwaves.

EnergycrisispushedEuropeanUniontocutemissions

throughcleanpoweranddemandreductionmeasures

Despitethecoincidingchallengesofoilandgasmarketdisruptions,hydroshortfallsduetodrought,andnumerousnuclearplantsgoingoffline,theEuropeanUnionreduceditsemissionsby2.5%(or70Mt),thankstoamildwinter,effectiveenergyconservationmeasures,fuelswitching,behaviourchanges,andindustrialproductioncurtailments.Reducednaturalgasemissionsmorethanoffsetincreasesinemissionsfromcoalandoil.

Buildingssectoremissionsdeclinedthemost,by60Mt,enabledbyexceptionallymildweatherfromOctobertoDecember2022–thesecondwarmeststarttowinterinthelast30years–andcollectiveenergyconservationmeasures.Averageelectricityconsumptionwaslower,evenaccountingforweather,andelectricityusewaslesssensitivetotemperaturechangesin2022thanin2019,pointingtotheroleofbehaviourchange.EUheatpumpsalesreached2.8million,morethandoublinginseveralcountriesfromthepreviousyear.MeanwhileindustrysectorCO2emissionsdeclinedby42Mt.

CO2Emissionsin2022

Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|13

GW

Figure7:DailyaverageelectricityloadatdifferenttemperaturesintheEuropeanUnion,2019and2022

400

350

300

250

2019

Oct-Dec2022

Thermosensitivity

2019

Thermosensitivity

Oct-Dec2022

200

0481216?C

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Notes:Thermosensitivityshowsthelineofbestfitbetweenaveragedailyelectricityloadandaveragedailytemperature.2019isshownasanindicativehistoricyearbeforethepandemic.

Source:AnalysisbasedonIEA

WeatherforEnergyTracker

and

RealTimeElectricityTracker.

Powersectoremissionsincreasedby28Mteventhoughelectricitydemanddeclined,asatemporarilyhigherrelianceoncoalincreasedcarbonintensity.A15%increaseinwindandsolarPVgenerationhelpedpreventfurthercoalusewithwindandsolarPVforthefirsttimejointlyovertakinggasaswellasnuclearasthetopsourceofEurope’selectricitygeneration.Thisrecord-breakingincreaseinsolarPVandwindgenerationavoidedalmost75MtCO2ofemissions.Withouthydrogenerationdecreasingby21%year-on-yearandnuclearby17%,another80Mtcouldhavebeenaverted.

Despitetheglobalenergycrisis,recoveryfromthe

Covid-19pandemicisprovingmoresustainablethanpastcrises

CountriesrespondedtothehighenergypricesandenergysecurityconcernscausedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkrainewithenergyconservationmeasures,fuelswitching,andanaccelerationofcleanenergytechnologydeployment.

Emissionstrendsnowstandincontrasttothoseseenafterthe2008globalfinancialcrisis.EnergyintensityofGDPisnow3.5%below2019pre-pandemiclevels,comparedto2%belowthreeyearsaftertheonsetofthefinancialcrisis.CO2intensityofenergyusein2022waslowerthanbeforethepandemic,afterashort-livedreboundin2021,unliketheincreasethatemergedintheearly2010s.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

PAGE|14

Index(2008=100)

Index(2019=100)

Thelargegreenspendingcomponentofstimuluspackagesappearstobemakingalastingimpactoncontrollingemissionsgrowth.BetweenApril2020andOctober2022,economicrecoverypackagesenactedbygovernmentsworldwideincludedUSD1215billionincleanenergyinvestmentsupport,asdetailedintheIEA’s

GovernmentEnergySpendingTracker

.Thisiswellovertwicethefinancialcommitmentsmadetogreenrecoverymeasuresafterthefinancialcrisis.

Figure8:Globalemissionsintensityofenergyuseandenergyintensityofeconomicactivity,2008-2011and2019-2022

Financialcrisis

105

100

952008200920102011

EnergyintensityofGDP

105Covid-19pandemic

100

95

2019202020212022

CO?intensityofenergy

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Energy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsreached

41.3GtCO2-eqin2022

Totalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsincreasedby1.0%toanall-timehighof41.3GtCO2-eq(see“Datasourcesandmethod”forglobalwarmingpotentialvalues).CO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocessaccountedfor89%ofenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsin2022.

Methanefromenergycombustion,leaksandventingrepresentedanother10%,mostlycomingfromonshoreoilandgasoperationsaswellassteamcoalproduction.

Methaneemissionsrosetonearly135Mt

CH4oraround4GtCO2-eqin2022,despitehighnaturalgaspricesthatincreasedthecosteffectivenessofmethaneabatementtechnologies.

IEA.CCBY4.0.

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GtCO2-eq

Figure9:Globalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissions,2000-2022

40

30

20

10

Non-CO2:

Nitrousoxide

Methane

COb2l:ank_series

Industrialprocesses

Flaring

Waste

Naturalgas

Oil

Coal

200020052010201520202022

IEA.CCBY4.0.

Source:FlaringemissionsarefromIEAanalysisbasedonthe

WorldBankGlobalGasFlaringReductionProgramme.

ThisreportisthefirstintheIEA’snewseriescalledthe

GlobalEnergyTransitions

Stocktake

.ThenewtrackerconsolidatestheIEA’slatestanalysisinonelocation,makingitfreelyaccessibleinsupportofthefirstGlobalStocktakeinthelead-uptoCOP28ClimateChangeCo