六級真題與聽力2015年6月

2015年6月六級3030Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying“Ifyoucannotdogreatthings,dosmallthingsinagreatway.”Youcanciteexamplestoillustrateyourpointofview.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan20030Part30SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,markthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughtheThewomanseldomspeakshighlyofThemanisunhappywiththewoman’sThemanbehavesasifhewereathoroughThewomanthinkssheisclevererthantheThreecrewmemberswereinvolvedintheNoneofthehijackerscarriedanydeadlyTheplanehadbeenscheduledtoflytoNoneofthepassengerswereinjuredor3.A)Atacheckout C)AtatravelB)Atacommercial D)Ata frontTherestaurantwasnotuptothespeakers’TherestaurantplacesmanyadsinpopularThecriticthoughthighlyoftheChineseChinatownhasgotthebestrestaurantsintheProf.LaurencehasstoppedconductingProf.LaurenceisgoingintoanactiveTheprofessor’sgraduateseminariswellTheprofessorwillleadaquietlifeafter6.A)Findingareplacementfor C)ArrangingforRodney’svisitB)AssigningLeontoanew D)FindingasolutiontoRodney’sA)HelenhasbeenlookingforwardtotheHelenaskedthemantobookaticketforPhotographyisoneofHelen’smanyA)Thespeakerssharethesame Steveknowshowtomotivate D)ThemanhasabetterunderstandingofQuestions9to12arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)Itiswell C)ItisItis D)Itisfairly10.A)Alighter C)MovingB) D)AquickHehastosignalong-termHehastroubleadaptingtothelocalHehastospendalotmoretravelingbackandHehasdifficultycommunicatingwithlocal12.A)Thewomansympathizeswiththe C)ThemanisgoingtoattendajobB)Themanisintheprocessofjob D)ThewomanwillhelpthemanmakeaQuestions13to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust13.A)Toseeifhecangetaloanfromthewoman’sToseeifhecanfindajobinthewoman’sToinquireaboutthecurrentfinancialmarketToinquireabouttheinterestratesatthewoman’s14.A)Long-term C)Athree-month D)Anyhigh-yield15.A)Shetreatedhimtoa C)SheofferedhimdiningB)Sheraisedinterestratesfor D)ShegavehimloansatlowSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust16.A)Theabilitytopredictfashion C)YearsofpracticalB)Arefinedtasteforartistic PromotingallkindsofAmericanhand-madeConductingtradeinartworkswithdealersPurchasinghandicraftsfromalloverthe18.A)Shehasaccesstofashionable C)ShecanenjoylifeonamodestB)She ngwhatshe D)SheisfreetodowhateversheQuestions19to22arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustItsroleistoregulateinternationalcoffeeItrepresentsseveralcountriesthatexportItsmostimportanttaskistoconductcoffeeItisaPortuguesecompanysellingcoffeeinNew20.A)Theincreasedcoffee C)ThefreezingweatherinB)Thefluctuationofcoffee D)Theimpactofglobal21.A)Heisaheavycoffee C)He ngabachelor’sB)Heistall,richandin D)Heisyoung,handsomeand22.A)Avisittoseveralcoffee-growingplantations.C)CoffeepricesandhisadvertisingB)Avacationonsomebeautifultropical D)Aquickpromotionanda PassageQuestions23to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust23.A)Theyweredelayedbythetrainfor C)TheyboardedawrongcoachinaB)Theywerelateforthefirstmorning D)Theywereheldupinatraffic24.A)Itwaspostponedduetoterrible C)ItwasthemostexcitingtriptheyeverB)Itwasspoiledby D)Itwascanceledbecauseofanunexpected25.A)Go C)TakeescortedB)Stayat D)TakeromanticSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblankswiththeexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.Whywouldananimalkillitself?Itseemsastrangequestion,andyetitisonethathassomepeopleforalongtime.Thelemming(旅鼠)isonesuchanimal.Lemmingsperiodicallycommitmass27. ,andnooneknowsjustwhy!Thesmall28. ,whichinhabittheScandinavianmountains,sustainthemselvesonadietofrootsandliveinneststheymakeunderground.Whentheirfoodsupplyis29. large,thelemmingsliveanormal,undisturbedlife.However,whenthelemmings’food estoolowtosupportthepopulation,singular30. commences.Thelemmingsleavetheirnestsalltogetheratthesametime,forminghugecrowds.GreatnumbersofthelemmingsbeginalongandhardjourneyacrosstheScandinavianplains,ajourneythatmaylastweeks.Thelemmingseateverythingintheirpath,continuingtheir31. marchuntiltheyreachthesea.Thereasonforwhatfollowsremainsamysteryforzoologistsandnaturalists.Uponreachingthecoast,thelemmingsdonotstopbutswimbythethousandsintothesurf.Most32. onlyashorttimebeforetheytire,sink,anddrown.Acommontheoryforthisunusualphenomenonisthatthelemmingsdonotrealizethattheoceanissuch33. water.Intheircross-countryjourney,theanimalsmusttraversemanysmallerbodiesofwater,suchasriversandsmalllakes.Theymay34. thattheseaisjustanothersuchswimmable35. .Butnofinalanswerhasbeenfoundtothemystery.40Part40SectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.YoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanQuestions36to45arebasedonthefollowingTravelwebsiteshavebeenaroundsincethe1990s,whenExpedia,Travelocity,andotherholidaybookingsiteswerelaunched,allowingtravelerstocompareflightandhopriceswiththeclickofamouse.Withinformationnolonger36bytravelagentsorhiddeninbusinessnetworks,thetravelindustrywasrevolutionized,asgreatertransparencyhelped37prices.ratingplatforms—38inhos,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis—allowtravelerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltosee.Hospitalitybusinessesarenowranked,yzed,andcomparednotbyindustry39,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtheserviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas40anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerinterested.Asaresult,businessesaremuchmore41,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful42toimproveAlthoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofunfriendlybellboys(行李員inBerlinormalfunctioninghohairdryersinHouston,thetruepowerofonlinereviewsliesnotjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites’43toaggregatealargevolumeofTheimpactcannotbe44.Businessesthatattracttopratingscanenjoyrapidgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodreviewsand45provideyetmorepositivefeedback.SogreatistheSectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.PlasticAbettercreditcardisthesolutiontoeverlargerhackAthinmagneticstripe(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys.Andthey’vebeenworkinghardtobreakin.That’swhy2014isshaupasamajorshowdown:Banks,lawenforcementandtechnologycompaniesarealltryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginstealingaccountnumbers,names, addressesandothercrucialdatausedinidentitytheft.Morethan100millionaccountsatTarget,NeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacks,startinglastNovember.Swipe(刷卡)istheoperativeword:CardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattackswhenyoumakepurchasesinastoreInseveralrecentincidents,hackershavebeenabletoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-,debit-(借記)orprepaid-cardnumbersusingmalware,i.e.malicioussoftware,insertedsecretlyintotheretailers’point-of-salesystem—thecheckoutregisters.thensoldthedatatoasecondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycornersoftheweb.Notlongafter,thestolendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingusedforonlinepurchases.Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued.ThefixisatechnologyusedheavilyoutsidetheU.S.WhileAmericancreditcardsusethe40-year-oldmagstripetechnologytoprocesstransactions,muchoftherestoftheworldusessmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMV(shortforEuropay,MasterCard,Visa)thatemploysachipembeddedinthecardplusacustomerPIN( alidentificationnumber)toauthenticate(驗證)everytransactiononthespot.IfapurchaserfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckout,thetransactiongetsrejected.(OnlinepurchasescanbemadebysettingupaseparatetransactionWhyhaven’tbigbanksadoptedthemoresecuretechnology?Whenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcards,it’sallaboutrelativecosts,saysDavidRobertson,whorunstheNilsonReport,anindustrynewsletter:“Thecostofthecard,puttingthestickeronit,codingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdateembossing(凸印itthesmallenvelopeallputtogether,you’reinthedollarrangeAchip-and-PINcardcurrentlycostscloserto$3,saysRobertson,becauseofthepriceofchips.(Oncelargeissuersconverttogether,thechipcostsshouldMultiply$3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheU.S.Thenconsiderthatthere’sanestimated$12.4billionincardfraudonaglobalbasis,saysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU.S.,Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$5.5billionannually.CardissuershavesofarcalculatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksliketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanreplacingallthatplastic.ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnologytochargepurchases—andleavesconsumersvulnerable.Eachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformation,explainspaymentssecurityexpertJeremyGumbley,thechieftechnologyofficerofCreditCall,anelectronic-paymentscompany.Thefirstandthirdareusedbythebankorcardissuer.Yourvitalaccountinformationlivesonthesecondtrack,whichhackerstrytocapture.“Malwareisscanningthroughthememoryinrealtimeandlookingfordata,”hesays.“Itcreatesatextfilethatgetsstolen.”Chip-and-PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossiblebecausetheinformationgetsscannedisencrypted(加密).ThehistoricalreasontheU.S.hasstuckwithmagstripe,ironicallyenough,isoncesuperiortechnology.Ourcheap,ultra-reliablewirednetworksmadecredit-cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionless.InFrance,cardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecausetheephonemonopolywassomaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsolutionallowedtransactionstobeverifiedlocallyandsecurely.Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip-and-modelIt’sactuallyahybrid(混合體thatwillstillhaveamagstripesincemostU.Smerchantsdon’thaveEMVterminals.)Shouldyoutakethemuponit?Ifyoutravelinternationally,theanswerisyes.Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards.Ifusesyourcreditcardfraudulently(性地),it’stheissuerormerchant,notyou,thattakesthehit.Debitcardshavedifferentliabilitylimitsdependingonthebankandtheeventssurroundinganyfraud.“Ifit’savailable,thelogicalthingistogetachip-and-PINcardfromyourbank,”saysEricAdamowsky,aco-founderofCre .“Iwouldusecreditcardsoverdebitcardsbecauseofliabilityissues.”Cashstillworksprettywelltoo.Retailersandbanksstandtobenefitfromthelowerfraudlevelsofchip-and-PINcardsbuthavereluctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施neededforthetechnology,especiallyifconsumersdon’thaveaccesstoit.It’sachicken-and-eggproblem:Noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of-salesystemsthatcanreadthechipcardsifshoppersaren’tcarryingthem—yetthere’slittlepointinconsumers’carryingthefancyplasticifstoresaren’tequippedtousethem.(AnearliereffortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedprogress.)AccordingtoGumbley,there’sa“you-firstmentalityThelogjam(僵局hastobeJPMorganChaseCEOJamieDimonrecentlyexpressedhiswillingnesstodoso,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees—thepercentageofthetransactionTheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation:Althoughretailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantsestimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobe patible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater.Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers.“It’stheultimatenightmare,”aretailexecutivefromawell-knownchainadmittedtoTIME.Thecard-paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain—merchant,network,bank—thatiftheydon’t e-pliantbyOctober2015,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraud arebeginningtomakeinroads(侵襲oncardsandcash.PayPalforinstanceistestinganappthatletsyouCreditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeseeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwithmagstripetechnology.“Itseemscrazytome,”saysGumbley,whoisEnglish,“thatacutting-edge-technologycountryisdependingona40-year-oldtechnology.”That’swhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovetheneedleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:“Whenyougettheconsumerintoapositionofworryandinconvenience,that’swheretherubberhitstheroad.”ItisbesttouseanEMVcardforinternationalalinformationoncreditanddebitcardsisincreasinglyvulnerabletoTheFrenchcardcompaniesadoptedEMVtechnologypartlybecauseofinefficientephoneWhilemanycountriesusethesmarterEMVcards,theU.S.stillclingstoitsoldmagstripeAttemptsarebeingmadetopreventhackersfromcarryingoutidentityCreditcardsaremuchsafertousethandebitBigbankshavebeenreluctanttoswitchtomoresecuretechnologybecauseofthehighercostsThepotentialliabilityforretailersusingmagstripeisfarmorecostlythanupgradingtheirTheuseofmagstripecardsbyAmericanretailersleavesconsumersexposedtotherisksoflosingaccountConsumerswillbeadrivingforcebehindtheconversionfrommagstripetoEMVSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingI’lladmitI’veneverquiteunderstoodtheobsession(難以破除的成見)surroundinggeneticallymodified(GMcropsToenvironmentalistopponentsGMfoodsaresimplyevilanunderstudied,possiblyharmfulusedbybigagriculturalbusinessestocontrolglobalseedmarketsandcrushlocalfarmers.TheyarguethatGMfoodshaveneverdeliveredontheirsupposedpromise,thatmoneyspentonGMcropswouldbebetterchanneledtoorganicfarmingandthatconsumersshouldbeprotectedwithwarninglabelsonanyproductsthatcontaingeneticallymodifiedingredients.Tosupporters,GMcropsareakeypartoftheefforttosustainablyprovidefoodtomeetagrowingglobalpopulation.Butmorethanthat,supportersseetheGMoppositionofmanyenvironmentalistsasfundamentallyanti-science,nodifferentthanthosewhoquestionthebasicsofman-madeclimatechange.Forbothsides,GMfoodsseemtoactasasymbol:You’repro-agriculturalbusinessoranti-science.ButscienceisexactlywhatweneedmoreofwhenitcomestoGMfoods,whichiswhyIwashappytoseeNaturedevoteaspecialseriesofarticlestotheGMfoodcontroversy.Theconclusion:whileGMcropshaven’tyetrealizedtheirinitialpromiseandhavebeendominatedbyagriculturalbusinesses,thereisreasontocontinuetouseanddevelopthemtohelpmeettheenormouschallengeofsustainablyfeedingagrowingplanet.Thatdoesn’tmeanGMcropsareperfect,oraone-size-fits-allsolutiontoglobalagricultureproblems.Butanythingthatcanincreasefarmingefficiency—theamountofcropswecanproduceperacreofland—willbeextremelyuseful.GMcropscanandalmostcertainlywillbepartofthatsuiteoftools,butsowilltraditionalplantbreeding,improvedsoilandcropmanagement—andperhapsmostimportantofall,storageandtransportinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施),especiallyinthedeveloworld.(Itdoesn’tdomuchgoodforfarmersinplaceslikesub-SaharanAfricatoproducemorefoodiftheycan’tgetittoconsumers.)I’dliketoseemorenon-industryresearchdoneonGMcrops—notjustbecausewe’dworrylessaboutbias,butalsobecauseseedcompanieslikeMonsantoandPioneershouldn’tbetheonlyentitiesworkingtoharnessgeneticmodification.I’dliketoseeGMresearchonlesscommercialcrops,likecorn.Idon’tthinkit’svitaltolabelGMingredientsinfood,butIalsowouldn’tbeagainstit—andindustrywouldbesmarttogoalongwithlabeling,justasawayofremovingfearsaboutthetechnology.Mostofall,though,Iwishatenthoftheenergythat’sspentendlesslydebatingGMcropswasfocusedonthosemorepressingchallengesforglobalagriculture.TherearemuchbiggerbattlestoHowdoenvironmentalistopponentsviewGMfoodsaccordingtotheTheywilleventuallyruinagricultureandtheTheyareusedbybigbusinessestomonopolizeTheyposeatremendousthreattocurrentfarmingWhatdoestheauthorsayisvitaltosolvingthecontroversybetweenthetwosidesoftheBreakingtheGMfood C)RegulatingGMfoodMorefriendlyexchangeof D)MorescientificresearchonGMWhatisthemainpointoftheNatureFeedingthegrowingpopulationmakesitimperativetodevelopGMPopularizingGMtechnologywillhelpittoliveuptoitsinitialMeasuresshouldbetakentoensurethesafetyofGMBothsupportersandopponentsshouldmakeWhatistheauthor’sviewonthesolutiontoagriculturalIthastodependmoreandmoreonGMItisvitaltothesustainabledevelopmentofhumanGMcropsshouldbealloweduntilbetteralternativesareWhateverisusefultoboostfarmingefficiencyshouldbeWhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheongoingdebatearoundGMItarisesoutofignoranceofandprejudiceagainstnewItdistractsthepublicattentionfromotherkeyissuesoftheEffortsspentonitshouldbeturnedtomoreurgentissuesofNeithersideislikelytogiveinuntilmoreconvincingevidenceisPassageQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingWhentheright isholdingtherightjobattherightmoment,that ’sinfluenceisgreatlyexpanded.ThatisthepositioninwhichJanetYellen,whoisexpectedtobeconfirmedasthenextchairoftheFederalReserveBank(Fed)inJanuary,nowfindsherself.Ifyoubelieve,asmanydo,thatunemploymentisthemajoreconomicandsocialconcernofourday,thenitisnostretchtothinkYellenisthemostpowerful intheworldrightnow.Throughoutthe2008financialcrisisandtherecessionandrecoverythatfollowed,centralbankshavetakenontheroleofstimulatorsoflastresort,holdinguptheglobaleconomywithvastamountsofmoneyintheformofassetbuying.Yellen,previouslyaFedvicechair,wasoneoftheprincipalarchitectsoftheFed’s$3.8trillionmoneydump.Astareconomistknownforhergroundbreakingworkonlabormarkets,Yellenwasakindofprophetessearlyoninthecrisisforherwarningsaboutthesubprime(次級債meown.NowitwillbeherjobtogettheFedandthemarketsoutofthebiggestandmostunconventionalm